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Center for Devices and Radiological Health: Difference between revisions
Center for Devices and Radiological Health (view source)
Revision as of 23:21, 3 March 2025
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{{Organization | |||
{{Organization|OrganizationName=Center for Devices and Radiological Health | |OrganizationName=Center for Devices and Radiological Health | ||
|OrganizationType=Independent Agencies (Sub-organization) | |OrganizationType=Independent Agencies (Sub-organization) | ||
|Mission=The Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) protects and promotes public health by ensuring patients and providers have timely and continued access to safe, effective, and high-quality medical devices and safe radiation-emitting products. CDRH facilitates medical device innovation by advancing regulatory science and providing transparent regulatory pathways. | |Mission=The Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) protects and promotes public health by ensuring patients and providers have timely and continued access to safe, effective, and high-quality medical devices and safe radiation-emitting products. CDRH facilitates medical device innovation by advancing regulatory science and providing transparent regulatory pathways. | ||
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|Website=https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices | |Website=https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{ | {{Infobox government agency | ||
| logo = FDA Bldg 62 - Exterior (5161375340).jpg | |||
| logo_caption = FDA White Oak Building 62 | | logo_caption = FDA White Oak Building 62 | ||
| logo_width = 180px | | logo_width = 180px | ||
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| jurisdiction = [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|HHS]] | | jurisdiction = [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|HHS]] | ||
| headquarters = White Oak Campus; Silver Spring, MD | | headquarters = White Oak Campus; Silver Spring, MD | ||
| employees = 2,230 (2023) < | | employees = 2,230 (2023) <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/cdrh-reports/cdrh-2023-annual-report|title=CDRH 2023 Annual Report|work=FDA |date=3 April 2024 |publisher=Food and Drug Administration |access-date= October 25, 2024 }}</ref> | ||
| chief1_name = Michelle Tarver M.D., Ph.D, Director | | chief1_name = Michelle Tarver M.D., Ph.D, Director | ||
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CDRH consists of seven offices that work in collaboration to assure that consumers have access to safe and effective medical products. | CDRH consists of seven offices that work in collaboration to assure that consumers have access to safe and effective medical products. | ||
* Office of the Center Director (OCD)< | * Office of the Center Director (OCD)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/cdrh-offices/office-center-director|title=Office of the Center Director|date=August 2024 |publisher=Food and Drug Administration |access-date= October 25, 2024 }}</ref> provides vision, leadership, and strategic direction to the Center. | ||
* Office of Policy (OP)< | * Office of Policy (OP)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/cdrh-offices/office-policy|title=Office of Policy|date=30 October 2023 |publisher=Food and Drug Administration |access-date= October 25, 2024 }}</ref> provides leadership for policy-related activities. | ||
* Office of Strategic Partnership and Technology Innovation (OST)< | * Office of Strategic Partnership and Technology Innovation (OST)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/cdrh-offices/office-strategic-partnerships-and-technology-innovation|title=Office of Strategic Partnerships and Technology Innovation|date=24 January 2024 |publisher=Food and Drug Administration |access-date= October 25, 2024 }}</ref> provides leadership for scientific collaborations and emerging technologies. | ||
* Office of Product Evaluation and Quality (OPEQ)< | * Office of Product Evaluation and Quality (OPEQ)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/cdrh-offices/office-product-evaluation-and-quality|title=Office of Product Evaluation and Quality|date=26 September 2024 |publisher=Food and Drug Administration |access-date= October 25, 2024 }}</ref> assures patients have continued access to high quality, safe, and effective products through the total product life cycle review of medical devices. | ||
* Office of Communication, Information Disclosure, Training and Education (OCITE)< | * Office of Communication, Information Disclosure, Training and Education (OCITE)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/cdrh-offices/office-communication-information-disclosure-training-and-education|title=Office of Communication, Information Disclosure, Training and Education|date=16 July 2024 |publisher=Food and Drug Administration |access-date= October 25, 2024 }}</ref> manages communication to the public and internal education and training. | ||
* Office of Management (OM)< | * Office of Management (OM)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/cdrh-offices/office-management|title=Office of Management|date=23 January 2024 |publisher=Food and Drug Administration |access-date= October 25, 2024 }}</ref> develops and executes the Center's management activities including budget and human resources. | ||
* Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories (OSEL)< | * Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories (OSEL)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/cdrh-offices/office-science-and-engineering-laboratories|title=Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories|date=24 September 2024 |publisher=Food and Drug Administration |access-date= October 25, 2024 }}</ref> undertakes regulatory research to promote innovation in the development of new lifesaving medical devices. | ||
=== Office of Product Evaluation and Quality === | === Office of Product Evaluation and Quality === | ||
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== History == | == History == | ||
Medical devices first came under comprehensive regulation with the passage of the [[Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938]] (FD&C),< | Medical devices first came under comprehensive regulation with the passage of the [[Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938]] (FD&C),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/histories-fda-regulated-products/history-medical-and-radiation-emitting-device-regulation|title=The History of Medical and Radiation-Emitting Device Regulation|work=FDA |date=9 August 2024 |publisher=Food and Drug Administration |access-date= October 25, 2024 }}</ref> which replaced the earlier [[Pure Food and Drug Act]] of 1906. The FD&C allowed the FDA to perform factory inspections and prohibited misbranded marketing of cosmetic and therapeutic medical devices.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Schlauderaff |first1= Abraham |last2= Boyer|first2= Kaleigh |date= May 9, 2019|title= An Overview of Food and Drug Administration Medical Device Legislation and Interplay with Current Medical Practices|journal= Cureus|volume= 11 |issue= 5|pages= e4627|doi= 10.7759/cureus.4627|doi-access= free |pmid= 31312553 |pmc= 6615584 }}</ref> | ||
In the 1970s, Congress responded to the public's desire for additional oversight over medical devices by passing the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Device_Regulation_Act#:~:text=The%20Title%2021%20amendments%20were,Ford.&text=An%20Act%20to%20amend%20the,use%2C%20and%20for%20other%20purposes. Medical Device Amendments of 1976 (MDA)] to the FD&C. The MDA established a risk-based framework for the classification of medical devices and a regulatory pathway for medical devices to get to the market, created a regulatory pathway for medical device [[clinical trials]], and established several post-market requirements including manufacturer registration and device listing with the FDA, [[good manufacturing practices]] (GMPs), and reporting of adverse events. | In the 1970s, Congress responded to the public's desire for additional oversight over medical devices by passing the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Device_Regulation_Act#:~:text=The%20Title%2021%20amendments%20were,Ford.&text=An%20Act%20to%20amend%20the,use%2C%20and%20for%20other%20purposes. Medical Device Amendments of 1976 (MDA)] to the FD&C. The MDA established a risk-based framework for the classification of medical devices and a regulatory pathway for medical devices to get to the market, created a regulatory pathway for medical device [[clinical trials]], and established several post-market requirements including manufacturer registration and device listing with the FDA, [[good manufacturing practices]] (GMPs), and reporting of adverse events. | ||
Another predecessor of CDRH was the [[United States Public Health Service|Public Health Service]]'s Division of Radiological Health, which was formed in the late 1950s within the [[Environmental Health Divisions]] of the [[Bureau of State Services]].< | Another predecessor of CDRH was the [[United States Public Health Service|Public Health Service]]'s Division of Radiological Health, which was formed in the late 1950s within the [[Environmental Health Divisions]] of the [[Bureau of State Services]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/programsofusdep195859unit/page/n60 |title=Programs of the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare: An Executive Reference Book |publisher=U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare |year=1959 |pages=27}}</ref> In 1970, as part of the [[U.S. Public Health Service reorganizations of 1966–1973|Public Health Service reorganizations of 1966–1973]], this division was split, with part going to the new [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]]<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2016-08-15 |title=Records of the Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/412.html |access-date=2021-04-23 |website=National Archives |at=Section 412.2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":44">{{Cite web |title=Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970 |url=https://archive.epa.gov/epa/aboutepa/reorganization-plan-no-3-1970.html |access-date=2021-04-23 |website=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |language=en}}</ref> and part moving into FDA.<ref name=":63">{{Cite web |date=2006-01-09 |title=CDRH Milestones |url=https://www.fda.gov/media/108643/download |access-date=2020-08-29 |website=U.S. Food and Drug Administration}}</ref> | ||
In 1982, the organizational units at the FDA that regulated medical devices and radiation-emitting products merged to form the Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH). | In 1982, the organizational units at the FDA that regulated medical devices and radiation-emitting products merged to form the Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH). | ||
Former leaders of CDRH< | Former leaders of CDRH<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.fda.gov/media/108641/download|title=CDRH Leadership|publisher=Food and Drug Administration |access-date= October 25, 2024 }}</ref> | ||
* [[Jeffrey Shuren]], M.D., J.D., CDRH Director 2009 – 2024 | * [[Jeffrey Shuren]], M.D., J.D., CDRH Director 2009 – 2024 | ||
* Daniel Schultz M.D., CDRH Director 2004 – 2009 | * Daniel Schultz M.D., CDRH Director 2004 – 2009 | ||
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=== Strategic priorities === | === Strategic priorities === | ||
In order to maintain and continuously improve the vision for high-quality safe and effective medical devices for all patients, CDRH regularly develops strategic priorities.< | In order to maintain and continuously improve the vision for high-quality safe and effective medical devices for all patients, CDRH regularly develops strategic priorities.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/center-devices-and-radiological-health/cdrh-strategic-priorities-and-updates|title=CDRH Strategic Priorities and Updates|date=5 August 2024 |publisher=Food and Drug Administration |access-date= October 25, 2024 }}</ref> The following were established for 2022 – 2025. | ||
''Promote a Modern and Diverse Workforce'': CDRH strives to prepare the organization so it is exceedingly proactive, flexible, resilient, collaborative, and engaged. | ''Promote a Modern and Diverse Workforce'': CDRH strives to prepare the organization so it is exceedingly proactive, flexible, resilient, collaborative, and engaged. | ||
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==== Continuing partnerships with patients ==== | ==== Continuing partnerships with patients ==== | ||
* CDRH advances the collection of scientific evidence about patient experience through the Patient Science and Engagement Program, and more recently with the creation of the Division for Patient-Centered Development.< | * CDRH advances the collection of scientific evidence about patient experience through the Patient Science and Engagement Program, and more recently with the creation of the Division for Patient-Centered Development.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/center-devices-and-radiological-health/division-patient-centered-development|title=Division of Patient-Centered Development|date=19 January 2024 |publisher=Food and Drug Administration |access-date= October 25, 2024 }}</ref> CDRH proactively integrates these patient perspectives into the entirety of medical device review. CDRH promotes patient-centric clinical trials and the use of patient-reported outcome (PRO) data to foster access to new devices that meet patients’ needs. As of 2024, PROs were included in 52% of authorizations with clinical studies, with 34% using PROs as the primary and secondary [[clinical endpoint]]s. | ||
* CDRH created the Patient Engagement Advisory Committee (PEAC),< | * CDRH created the Patient Engagement Advisory Committee (PEAC),<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/division-patient-centered-development/cdrh-patient-engagement-advisory-committee|title=CDRH Patient Engagement Advisory Committee|work=FDA |date=24 September 2024 |publisher=Food and Drug Administration |access-date= October 25, 2024 }}</ref> the first and only advisory committee whose members are all patients, caregivers, and [[Patient advocacy|patient advocates]]. This advisory committee has held 7 meetings since 2017 and has provided recommendations on complex issues, including patient engagement in clinical trial design and conduct, use of patient-generated health data in post-market surveillance, communications about medical devices, such as communications regarding cybersecurity vulnerabilities, AR/VR and AI/ML in medical devices, and most recently advancing health equity in medical devices in 2023. | ||
* CDRH provides patients and caregivers with an opportunity to share their experiences living with a condition or using medical devices with CDRH staff through the Patient and Caregiver Connection.< | * CDRH provides patients and caregivers with an opportunity to share their experiences living with a condition or using medical devices with CDRH staff through the Patient and Caregiver Connection.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/division-patient-centered-development/cdrh-patient-and-caregiver-connection|title=CDRH Patient and Caregiver Connection|work=FDA |date=24 June 2024 |publisher=Food and Drug Administration |access-date= October 25, 2024 }}</ref> There are approximately 20 Patient and Caregiver Connection Partner Organizations reflecting different medical specialties and cross-cutting topics. Partners include [[The Michael J. Fox Foundation]], [[Breakthrough T1D]], and [[Mended Hearts]]. | ||
* Collaborative Communities bring public and private sector members together to address health care challenges. CDRH currently participates in 17 collaborative communities,< | * Collaborative Communities bring public and private sector members together to address health care challenges. CDRH currently participates in 17 collaborative communities,<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/cdrh-strategic-priorities-and-updates/collaborative-communities-addressing-health-care-challenges-together|title=Collaborative Communities: Addressing Health Care Challenges Together|work=FDA |date=20 September 2024 |publisher=Food and Drug Administration |access-date= October 25, 2024 }}</ref> including the National Evaluation System for Health Technology Coordinating Center (NESTcc) Collaborative Community (NESTcc) that aims to strategically leverage real-world evidence in the innovation of medical devices and the Heart Valve Collaboratory (HVC) to help patients with [[heart valve disease]] achieve their fullest potential for health. | ||
==== Initiatives to encourage innovation and collaboration with innovators ==== | ==== Initiatives to encourage innovation and collaboration with innovators ==== | ||
* The Breakthrough Devices Program< | * The Breakthrough Devices Program<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/how-study-and-market-your-device/breakthrough-devices-program|title=Breakthrough Devices Program|work=FDA |date=9 August 2024 |publisher=Food and Drug Administration |access-date= October 25, 2024 }}</ref> and Safer Technologies Program (STeP)<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/how-study-and-market-your-device/safer-technologies-program-step-medical-devices#:~:text=The%20Safer%20Technologies%20Program%20(STeP)%20is%20a%20voluntary%20program%20for,condition%20associated%20with%20morbidities%20and|title=Safer Technologies Program (SteP) for Medical Devices|work=FDA |date=15 August 2023 |publisher=Food and Drug Administration |access-date= October 25, 2024 }}</ref> programs facilitate timely access to life-saving devices by expediting regulatory review. Devices granted a designation qualify for priority review and active engagement of senior management. CDRH has authorized over 100 devices through the Breakthrough Devices Program since program launch in 2015 and 2 devices through the STeP Program since program launch in 2021. | ||
* The Safety and Performance Based Pathway Program< | * The Safety and Performance Based Pathway Program<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/premarket-notification-510k/safety-and-performance-based-pathwayd|title=Safety and Performance Based Pathway|publisher=Food and Drug Administration |access-date= October 25, 2024 }}</ref> ensures better quality devices on the market by allowing innovators to assess devices against performance criteria as opposed to outdated predicates. This option is available for 10 device areas for which guidances have been published. | ||
* The Digital Health Center of Excellence (DHCoE)< | * The Digital Health Center of Excellence (DHCoE)<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/digital-health-center-excellence|title=Digital Health Center of Excellence|date=26 September 2024 |publisher=Food and Drug Administration |access-date= October 25, 2024 }}</ref> empowers interested parties to advance health care by fostering responsible and high-quality digital health innovation. The DHCoE provides centralized expertise and serves as a resource for digital health technologies and policy for digital health innovators, the public, and FDA staff. More than 700 [[AI]]/[[Machine learning|ML]]-enabled devices have been authorized since the center's launch in 2020. | ||
* In early 2023, CDRH launched the Total Product Life Cycle Advisory Program (TAP)< | * In early 2023, CDRH launched the Total Product Life Cycle Advisory Program (TAP)<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/how-study-and-market-your-device/total-product-life-cycle-advisory-program-tap|title=Total Product Life Cycle Advisory Program|publisher=Food and Drug Administration |access-date= October 25, 2024 }}</ref> under MDUFA V to proactively help innovators navigate the journey from concept to commercialization. To date, there are 50 cardiovascular, neurological, and physical medicine devices participating in TAP. CDRH intends to enroll more innovators and their devices across a broader range of clinical disciplines, with a goal of enrolling up to 325 by 2027. | ||
* The use of peer-reviewed Regulatory Science Tools (RSTs)< | * The use of peer-reviewed Regulatory Science Tools (RSTs)<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/science-and-research-medical-devices/catalog-regulatory-science-tools-help-assess-new-medical-devices|title=Catalog of Regulatory Science Tools to Help Assess New Medical Devices|work=FDA |date=26 September 2024 |publisher=Food and Drug Administration |access-date= October 25, 2024 }}</ref> allows innovators to efficiently navigate the design and redesign loop and expedite medical device innovation. The tools include methods, models, datasets and clinical outcome assessments based on the most innovative science. There are currently more than 150 tools in the catalog, with more than 20 new tools added every year. To date, more than 1,250 premarket submissions covering over 500 different product codes have cited use of RSTs. | ||
* In 2024, CDRH launched the groundbreaking Home as a Healthcare Hub< | * In 2024, CDRH launched the groundbreaking Home as a Healthcare Hub<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/home-health-and-consumer-devices/home-health-care-hub|title=Home as a Health Care Hub|work=FDA |date=6 August 2024 |publisher=Food and Drug Administration |access-date= October 25, 2024 }}</ref> initiative to reimagine healthcare delivery and facilitate the adoption of devices that will establish the home as an integral part of the healthcare system. CDRH is co-creating a prototype home model with an architectural firm, patient groups, healthcare providers, and the medical device industry. This home prototype is necessary to facilitate meaningful innovation in home use devices by jump starting the community in conversation. The prototype is anticipated to be completed in late 2024. | ||
==== Initiatives to encourage safety and quality ==== | ==== Initiatives to encourage safety and quality ==== | ||
* Based on a 2011 report< | * Based on a 2011 report<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.druganddevicelawblog.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2016/08/FDA-Device-Quality-Report.pdf|title=Understanding Barriers to Medical Device Quality|publisher=Food and Drug Administration |access-date= October 25, 2024 }}</ref> concluding that firms that proactively manage risks have fewer complaints and investigations, and often have lower quality-related costs, FDA launched the Case for Quality Program (CfQ).<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/quality-and-compliance-medical-devices/case-quality|title=Case for Quality|work=FDA |date=9 August 2024 |publisher=Food and Drug Administration |access-date= October 25, 2024 }}</ref> CfQ includes various initiatives and pilots to further CDRH's goal of improving device quality, including the Voluntary Improvement Program (VIP), in which participating companies continue to show a downward trend in medical device [[Product recall|recalls]]. | ||
* Globally, CDRH fosters quality and enables harmonization of quality management system requirements across regulatory jurisdictions. In early 2024, FDA issued a final rule< | * Globally, CDRH fosters quality and enables harmonization of quality management system requirements across regulatory jurisdictions. In early 2024, FDA issued a final rule<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/02/02/2024-01709/medical-devices-quality-system-regulation-amendments|title=Federal Register Medical Devices; Quality System Regulation Amendments|date=2 February 2024 |publisher=Food and Drug Administration |access-date= October 25, 2024 }}</ref> amending the device current good manufacturing requirements to align more closely with the international consensus standards set by [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO). | ||
* Established during the [[COVID-19]] [[Public health emergency (United States)|public health emergency]], the Office of Supply Chain Resilience (OSCR)< | * Established during the [[COVID-19]] [[Public health emergency (United States)|public health emergency]], the Office of Supply Chain Resilience (OSCR)<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/cdrh-offices/office-supply-chain-resilience|title=Office of Supply Chain Resilience|work=FDA |date=April 2024 |publisher=Food and Drug Administration |access-date= October 25, 2024 }}</ref> within OST strengthens public health supply chains by proactively working with manufacturers, distributors, health care providers and other interested parties to prevent and mitigate shortages and improve the resiliency of the U.S. medical device [[supply chain]]. | ||
* [[Cybersecurity]] threats to the healthcare sector may lead to patient harm as a result of delay in diagnoses and/or treatment. The CDRH cybersecurity vision is to protect patient safety by strengthening medical device resiliency to cybersecurity threats. CDRH provides manufacturers with recommendations to integrate cybersecurity throughout the medical device design process and simultaneously issues safety communications to the public about cybersecurity vulnerabilities when needed. | * [[Cybersecurity]] threats to the healthcare sector may lead to patient harm as a result of delay in diagnoses and/or treatment. The CDRH cybersecurity vision is to protect patient safety by strengthening medical device resiliency to cybersecurity threats. CDRH provides manufacturers with recommendations to integrate cybersecurity throughout the medical device design process and simultaneously issues safety communications to the public about cybersecurity vulnerabilities when needed. | ||
==== Initiatives to enhance regulatory flexibility ==== | ==== Initiatives to enhance regulatory flexibility ==== | ||
* CDRH continues to strengthen and streamline the clinical trial program to make it more attractive for industry to perform studies in the U.S. such that patients have earlier access to innovative technologies. Since 2009 CDRH has decreased the median time to clinical trial ([[Investigational Device Exemption]]) authorization by 90%. | * CDRH continues to strengthen and streamline the clinical trial program to make it more attractive for industry to perform studies in the U.S. such that patients have earlier access to innovative technologies. Since 2009 CDRH has decreased the median time to clinical trial ([[Investigational Device Exemption]]) authorization by 90%. | ||
* CDRH strives to promote the use of Real-World Date and Evidence (RWE)< | * CDRH strives to promote the use of Real-World Date and Evidence (RWE)<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.fda.gov/science-research/science-and-research-special-topics/real-world-evidence|title=Real World Evidence|date=19 September 2024 |publisher=Food and Drug Administration |access-date= October 25, 2024 }}</ref> in place of conventional clinical trial data to reduce time to answer important device questions. CDRH has authorized more than 100 devices using RWE. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{ | {{Reflist}} | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
* {{ | * {{Official website}} | ||
[https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/default.htm Medical Devices] | [https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/default.htm Medical Devices] | ||
[https://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/default.htm Radiation-Emitting Products] | [https://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/default.htm Radiation-Emitting Products] | ||
{{ | {{Food and Drug Administration}} | ||
{{ | {{Authority control}} | ||
[[Category:Food and Drug Administration]] | [[Category:Food and Drug Administration]] | ||
[[Category:Laser safety and standards]] | [[Category:Laser safety and standards]] | ||