Naval Criminal Investigative Service: Difference between revisions

Naval Criminal Investigative Service (view source)

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 ===Origins===
-NCIS traces its roots to Navy Department General Order 292 of 1882, signed by [[William H. Hunt]], [[Secretary of the Navy]], which established the [[Office of Naval Intelligence]] (ONI). Initially, ONI was tasked with collecting information on the characteristics and weaponry of foreign vessels, charting foreign passages, rivers, or other bodies of water, and touring overseas fortifications, industrial plants, and shipyards. In anticipation of the [[United States]] entry into [[World War I]], ONI's responsibilities expanded to include [[espionage]], [[sabotage]], and all manner of information on the U.S. Navy's potential adversaries. The plan contemplated obtaining information by both overt and covert means, and, in the fall of 1916, the first branch office (a small undercover unit) was established in [[New York City]] under the supervision of the ONI. Heavy reliance was placed on reserve, active duty, and civilian operatives, many of the latter serving voluntarily and without pay. Rapid demobilization and the desire to return to normalcy after World War I saw investigative activity reduced to a virtual standstill. In early 1926, initiatives were undertaken to organize special groups of volunteer reserve intelligence officers who were envisioned to obtain information on persons and activities that might threaten the naval establishment, as well as provide a cadre of trained personnel in the event of a national emergency.<ref name=Manual />
+NCIS traces its roots to Navy Department General Order 292 of 1882, signed by [[William H. Hunt]], [[Secretary of the Navy]], which established the [[Office of Naval Intelligence]] (ONI). Initially, ONI was tasked with collecting information on the characteristics and weaponry of foreign vessels, charting foreign passages, rivers, or other bodies of water, and touring overseas fortifications, industrial plants, and shipyards. In anticipation of the [[United States]] entry into World War I, ONI's responsibilities expanded to include [[espionage]], [[sabotage]], and all manner of information on the U.S. Navy's potential adversaries. The plan contemplated obtaining information by both overt and covert means, and, in the fall of 1916, the first branch office (a small undercover unit) was established in [[New York City]] under the supervision of the ONI. Heavy reliance was placed on reserve, active duty, and civilian operatives, many of the latter serving voluntarily and without pay. Rapid demobilization and the desire to return to normalcy after World War I saw investigative activity reduced to a virtual standstill. In early 1926, initiatives were undertaken to organize special groups of volunteer reserve intelligence officers who were envisioned to obtain information on persons and activities that might threaten the naval establishment, as well as provide a cadre of trained personnel in the event of a national emergency.<ref name=Manual />
 During the early and mid-1930s, the development of an independent professional investigative capability within the Navy was being nurtured. In [[Washington, D.C.]], the first civilian agent was employed in 1936 on a verbal basis and paid by personal check of the [[Director of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy|Director of Naval Intelligence]]. He was followed by a small handful of civilian special agents who were seeded throughout the naval districts beginning in 1936, although by September 1937 they numbered only 14 nationwide.<ref name=Manual /> In June 1939, [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|President Roosevelt]] directed that ONI handle the investigation of Navy cases relating to sabotage, espionage, and [[subversive activities]]. By the fall of 1940, selective call-up of intelligence reservists for investigative and counterintelligence duties was undertaken on a broad scale and following entry into [[World War II]], the Navy's investigative arm was staffed almost exclusively by reserve officers. Their primary tasks related to personnel security inquiries, sabotage, and espionage cases, investigation of Japanese activities in the United States, and war fraud matters. A peak was reached in 1943 when over 97,000 separate investigations were conducted by what was known as the "Naval Intelligence Service."<ref name=Manual /> After World War II, there was again a general demobilization, resulting in only a small corps of civilian special agents being retained. Although the Secretary of the Navy extended investigative jurisdiction in 1945, no meaningful expansion of personnel occurred until the [[Korean conflict]] when a major buildup of civilian agents took place.<ref name=Manual />