Manufacturing USA: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|Advanced industrial policy research network}}

{{Program

|ProgramName=Manufacturing USA

'''Manufacturing USA''' ('''MFG USA'''), previously known as the '''National Network for Manufacturing Innovation''', is a network of research institutes in the [[United States]] that focuses on developing manufacturing technologies through [[public-private partnership]]s among U.S. industry, universities, and federal government agencies. Modeled similar to Germany's [[Fraunhofer Institute]]s, the network currently consists of 16 institutes.<ref name="nstc13" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.nap.edu/catalog/13386/rising-to-the-challenge-us-innovation-policy-for-the-global |doi=10.17226/13386|title=Rising to the Challenge|year=2012|publisher=National Academies Press |pmid=22953359|isbn=978-0-309-25551-6 }}</ref><ref name=2020report /> The institutes work independently and together on a number of advanced technologies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/pages/manufacturing/articles/manufacturing-usa-program-assessment.html|title=Manufacturing USA third-party assessment report of program design and impact {{!}} Deloitte US|date=January 2017|website=Deloitte United States|language=en|access-date=2018-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.manufacturingusa.com/institutes|title=Manufacturing USA member institutes and technologies|work=Manufacturing USA Institutes and Technologies|access-date=2018-08-17|language=en}}</ref>

In June 2011, [[United States President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology]] (PCAST) recommended that the [[United States federal government|federal government]] launch an advanced manufacturing initiative of public-private partnerships to support "academia and industry for applied research on new technologies and design methodologies." The recommendation called for $500 million per year to be appropriated to the Departments of [[U.S. Department of Defense|Defense]], [[U.S. Department of Commerce|Commerce]] and [[U.S. Department of Energy|Energy]], increasing to $1 billion per year over four years.<ref name=pcast11>{{cite book |author=United States President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology |author-link=United States President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology |title=Report to the President on Ensuring American Leadership in Advanced Manufacturing |publisher=[[Executive Office of the President of the United States]] |date=June 2011 |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-advanced-manufacturing-june2011.pdf |page=iv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120221500/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-advanced-manufacturing-june2011.pdf |archive-date=January 20, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=mccormack12a>{{cite news |last=McCormack |first=Richard A. |title=Obama Will Unveil $1-Billion National Manufacturing Innovation Network Initiative Based On Germany's Fraunhofer Institute |magazine=Manufacturing & Technology News |date=February 28, 2012 |volume=19 |issue=3 |url=http://www.manufacturingnews.com/news/national-network-for-manufacturing-innovation-228112.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511193421/http://www.manufacturingnews.com/news/national-network-for-manufacturing-innovation-228112.html |archive-date=May 11, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The National Network for Manufacturing Innovation was proposed in the President's fiscal year 2013 budget and formally unveiled by the administration several weeks later in March 2012. The proposal called for a joint federal effort between the Department of Defense, Department of Energy, [[National Science Foundation]] and the Department of Commerce's [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] to create a network of 15 regional institutes, funded by a one-time investment of $1 billion and carried out over a period of 10 years.<ref name="nstc13" /><ref name=mccormack12a /><ref name="nnmi">{{cite web|url=https://www.manufacturing.gov|title=Manufacturing USA - includes the national network|publisher=Advanced Manufacturing Portal}}</ref><ref name=nnmi_overview>{{cite web |title=From Discovery to Scale-up: About the National Network for Manufacturing Innovation |publisher=Advanced Manufacturing Portal |url=http://www.manufacturing.gov/nnmi_overview.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213203428/http://www.manufacturing.gov/nnmi_overview.html |archive-date=February 13, 2013  |access-date=June 17, 2013 }}</ref><ref name=sargent12>{{cite book |last=Sargent |first=John F. Jr. |title=The Obama Administration's Proposal to Establish a National Network for Manufacturing Innovation |publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]] |date=August 28, 2012 |url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42625.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130124951/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42625.pdf |archive-date=January 30, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The administration reprogramed $45 million of existing resources from the Departments of Defense, Energy, Commerce and the National Science Foundation through executive action to fund a pilot, proof-of-concept institute for the program.<ref name=nnmi /><ref name=nnmi_overview /><ref name=manuftech12>{{cite news |title=$1-Billion National Advanced Manufacturing Network Will Take Off With Or Without Congressional Approval |magazine=Manufacturing & Technology News |date=March 16, 2012 |volume=19 |issue=4 |page=8 |url=http://www.manufacturingnews.com/subscribers/users_orig.cgi?mfgnews_username=1309&flag=read_article&id_title=1&id_article=4965&id_issue=331&id_sub=572&id_sl= |access-date=June 17, 2013 |archive-date=June 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616103250/http://www.manufacturingnews.com/subscribers/users_orig.cgi?mfgnews_username=1309&flag=read_article&id_title=1&id_article=4965&id_issue=331&id_sub=572&id_sl= }}</ref> In May the Department of Defense solicited proposals from consortiums led by nonprofit organizations and universities to establish an [[additive manufacturing]] (which includes [[3D printing]]) research institute to serve as the prototype facility.<ref name=nnmi_overview /><ref name=sargent12 /><ref name=tonkin13>{{cite news |last=Tonkin |first=Lea |title=National Manufacturing Innovation Network Gains Momentum |newspaper=Manufacturing Pulse |date=May 27, 2013 |url=http://www.manufacturingpulse.com/featured-stories/2013/05/27/national-manufacturing-innovation-network-gains-momentum |access-date=June 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620002524/http://www.manufacturingpulse.com/featured-stories/2013/05/27/national-manufacturing-innovation-network-gains-momentum |archive-date=June 20, 2013  }}</ref>

In August, 2012 the government announced the winning proposal, the National Additive Manufacturing Innovation Institute (NAMII), also known as AmericaMakes led by the National Center for Defense Manufacturing and Machining and based in [[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]], [[Ohio]].<ref name=nnmi /><ref name=sargent12 /> The consortium's members include 40 companies, nine research universities, five community colleges and 11 nonprofit organizations.<ref name=sargent12 /> AmericaMakes was established with an initial federal government investment of $30 million, while the consortium contributed almost $40 million in additional funding.<ref name=nnmi /> The administration stated that it expected AmericaMakes to become financially self-sustaining.<ref name=whitehouse13-5>{{cite press release |title=Obama Administration Launches Competition for Three New Manufacturing Innovation Institutes |publisher=[[White House Office of the Press Secretary]] |date=May 9, 2013 |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/05/09/obama-administration-launches-competition-three-new-manufacturing-innova |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123003157/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/05/09/obama-administration-launches-competition-three-new-manufacturing-innova |archive-date=January 23, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2013, the administration announced the establishment of three additional institutes using $200 million in funding through two federal agencies: the Departments of Defense, and Energy.<ref name=tonkin13 /><ref name=whitehouse13-5 /><ref name=palmer13>{{cite web |last=Palmer |first=Chris |title=Obama administration announces manufacturing institutes |work=NewsBlog |publisher=[[Nature (journal)|Nature.com]] |date=May 13, 2013 |url=http://blogs.nature.com/news/2013/05/obama-administration-announces-manufacturing-institutes.html}}</ref>

In September 2016, the program adopted the name "Manufacturing USA".<ref name=iw2016/><ref name=comm16/> {{As of|2023}}, Manufacturing USA consists of seventeen institutes. Nine are managed in part by the Department of Defense (MxD, BioMade, LIFT, America Makes, ARM, BioFab, AFFOA, AIM, NEXTFLEX). Seven are managed in part the Department of Energy (REMADE, RAPID, Power America, IACMI, CYMANII, CESMII, EPIX). One is managed in part by the Department of Commerce (NIIMBL).<ref name=2020report/>{{Rp|2}} In 2024, NIST announced an eighteenth institute focused on AI and a nineteenth focused on Chips and digital twin.   

According to the original  National Network for Manufacturing Innovation proposal, it would consist of up to 45 linked institutes with unique research concentrations to serve as regional manufacturing innovation hubs with spokes that link to project locations as seen represented by the various linked activities across the network.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=nnmi /> Each institute would be independently run by a nonprofit organization and form a public-private partnership designed to leverage existing resources and promote collaboration and co-investment between industry, universities and government agencies.<ref name=nstc13>{{cite book |author=National Science and Technology Council, Advanced Manufacturing National Program Office |author-link=National Science and Technology Council |title=National Network for Manufacturing Innovation: A Preliminary Design |publisher=[[Executive Office of the President of the United States]] |date=January 2013 |url=http://www.manufacturing.gov/docs/nnmi_prelim_design.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213183701/http://manufacturing.gov/docs/nnmi_prelim_design.pdf |archive-date=February 13, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=nnmi /> The network is designed to address the inconsistency in U.S economic and innovation policy in that federal [[research and development]] (R&D) investments and [[Research & Experimentation Tax Credit|tax incentives]] are not matched by corresponding incentives to encourage the domestic manufacture of the technologies and products that arise from this R&D.<ref name=nnmi_overview /> The goal of the institutes is to develop, showcase and reduce risks sufficiently so that commercial companies can commercialize new products and processes for domestic production, as well as to train a manufacturing workforce at all skill levels to enhance domestic manufacturing capabilities.<ref name=mccormack12a /><ref name=nnmi /> Institute activities include connecting proven basic research to additional problem solving that ranges from basic to applied research and demonstration projects that reduce the cost and risk of commercializing new technologies or that solve generic industrial problems, education and training, development of methodologies and practices for supply-chain integration, and engagement with small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises.<ref name=nnmi_overview />

Critics of Manufacturing USA have argued taxes and burdensome regulations are the most pressing problems facing U.S. manufacturers.<ref name=pisano13>{{cite news |last=Pisano |first=Gary |title=Building a Strong Foundation for American Manufacturing |magazine=[[Forbes]] |date=April 30, 2013 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/hbsworkingknowledge/2013/04/30/building-a-strong-foundation-for-american-manufacturing/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527124201/http://www.forbes.com/sites/hbsworkingknowledge/2013/04/30/building-a-strong-foundation-for-american-manufacturing/ |archive-date=May 27, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=mccormack12b>{{cite news |last=McCormack |first=Richard A. |title=NIST Director Defends $1-Billion Manufacturing Program, But Doesn't Know Where The Money Will Come From |magazine=Manufacturing & Technology News |date=May 31, 2012 |volume=19 |issue=9 |url=http://www.manufacturingnews.com/news/NNMI531121.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511152151/http://www.manufacturingnews.com/news/NNMI531121.html |archive-date=May 11, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Supporters counter that the U.S. government has a long history of successful investments in R&D to support innovation in U.S. industry.<ref name=pisano13 /> Others argue that the Manufacturing USA can help alleviate two key [[market failure]]s that plague industrial innovation, namely that innovators generally do not capture the full economic benefits that their innovations provide and thus achieving the optimal level of R&D investment requires government support, and the so-called "valley of death" problem in which no single business can afford the risk or the cost to invest or where businesses tend not to invest in long-term R&D projects with profits that are far in the future.<ref name=mccormack12b /><ref name=hart12>{{cite book |last1=Hart |first1=David M. |last2=Ezell |first2=Stephen J. |last3=Atkinson |first3=Robert D. |author-link3=Robert D. Atkinson |title=Why America Needs A National Network for Manufacturing Innovation |publisher=[[Information Technology and Innovation Foundation]] |date=December 2012 |pages=8–10 |url=http://www2.itif.org/2012-national-network-manufacturing-innovation.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601043711/http://www2.itif.org/2012-national-network-manufacturing-innovation.pdf |archive-date=June 1, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, supporters argue that the Manufacturing USA will create a more attractive domestic environment for manufacturing, and thus will encourage manufacturers to locate production facilities in the United States.<ref name=hart12 />

! Institute<ref name=2020report/>

! Technology<ref name=2020report/>{{Rp|2}}

! Established<ref name=2020report/>

! Location<ref name=2020report/>{{Rp|2}}

| [[Regenerative medicine]], [[tissue engineering]]<ref name=2020report/>{{Rp|65}}

| [[Manchester, New Hampshire]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bookman |first=Todd |date=2023-11-19 |title=Dean Kamen’s private companies reap millions from the federally funded nonprofit he runs |url=https://www.nhpr.org/nh-news/2023-11-19/dean-kamen-companies-reap-millions-from-federally-funded-nonprofit-he-runs |access-date=2023-11-20 |work=New Hampshire Public Radio |language=en}}</ref>

| Bioindustrial Manufacturing and Design Ecosystem (BioMADE)<ref name=biomade/>

| Cybersecurity Manufacturing Innovation Institute (CyManII)<ref name=cymanii />

| LIFT (formerly Lightweight Innovations for Tomorrow<ref name=liftpr/>)

| [[3D Printing]], [[additive manufacturing]]<ref name=2020report/>{{Rp|30}}

| [[Process engineering]], [[Modularity|modularization]]<ref name=2020report/>{{Rp|99}}

| [[Remanufacturing]]<ref name=2020report/>{{Rp|95}}

{{reflist|45em|refs=

   <ref name=2020report>{{Cite report |title=Manufacturing USA Highlights Report |date=December 2020 |publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] |url=https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ams/NIST.AMS.600-6.pdf}}</ref>

   <ref name=biomade>{{cite press release |date=October 20, 2020 |title=U.S. Department of Defense awards $87.5 million to EBRC-led BioMADE establishing the Bioindustrial Manufacturing Innovation Institute |url=https://ebrc.org/bioindustrial-manufacturing-and-design-ecosystem/ |publisher=Engineering Biology Research Consortium |access-date=June 7, 2021}}</ref>

   <ref name=cymanii>{{cite press release |date=November 19, 2020 |title=UTSA officially launches Cybersecurity Manufacturing Innovation Institute |url= https://www.utsa.edu/today/2020/11/story/cymanii-officially-launches-at-utsa.html |publisher=[[University of Texas at San Antonio]] |access-date=June 7, 2021}}</ref>

   <ref name="iw2016">{{cite magazine|title=National Network for Manufacturing Innovation Rebrands as Manufacturing USA |magazine=[[IndustryWeek]] |date=September 12, 2016 |url=http://www.industryweek.com/competitiveness/national-network-manufacturing-innovation-rebrands-manufacturing-usa |access-date=September 13, 2016}}</ref>

   <ref name="comm16">{{cite press release |title=U.S. Secretary of Commerce Penny Pritzker Announces Manufacturing USA: New Brand for National Network for Manufacturing Innovation |publisher=[[U.S. Department of Commerce]] |date=September 12, 2016 |url=https://www.commerce.gov/news/press-releases/2016/09/us-secretary-commerce-penny-pritzker-announces-manufacturing-usa-new |access-date=September 13, 2016 |archive-date=June 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616053642/https://www.commerce.gov/news/press-releases/2016/09/us-secretary-commerce-penny-pritzker-announces-manufacturing-usa-new  }}</ref>

   <ref name=liftpr>{{cite press release |date=November 19, 2019 |title=LIFT Receives $5 Million Department of Defense Grant To Expand "Operation Next" Across the Country |url=https://lift.technology/lift-receives-5-million-department-of-defense-grant-to-expand-operation-next-across-the-country-2/ |publisher=LIFT |access-date=June 7, 2021}}</ref>

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