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Department of Education: Difference between revisions
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{{ | {{Organization | ||
|OrganizationName=Department of Education | |||
{{ | |OrganizationType=Executive agency | ||
|Mission=The mission of the U.S. Department of Education is to promote student achievement and preparation for global competitiveness by fostering educational excellence and ensuring equal access. This includes improving educational outcomes for all students, preparing the nation's students for higher education, careers, and civic participation, and promoting educational innovation while ensuring that every student receives a fair, equal, and high-quality education. | |||
|ParentOrganization=Executive Office of the President | |||
|CreationLegislation=Department of Education Organization Act | |||
|Employees=4400 | |||
|Budget=$80.1 billion | |||
|OrganizationExecutive=Secretary of Education | |||
|Services=The Department of Education provides services aimed at promoting educational excellence and ensuring equal access to educational opportunities. This includes administering federal student aid programs such as loans, grants, and work-study; collecting data on America’s schools to guide improvements in education; focusing on early learning, elementary, and secondary education; promoting educational equity and diversity; enforcing civil rights in educational institutions; supporting special education and rehabilitative services; fostering educational research and statistics; and encouraging parental involvement and community support in education. | |||
|Regulations=The Department of Education oversees regulations concerning federal student financial aid, educational privacy (FERPA), civil rights in education (including Title IX and Section 504), educational standards for institutions receiving federal funds, accreditation of educational programs, special education standards under IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act), teacher quality and certification, and accountability measures under educational acts like the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA). | |||
|HeadquartersLocation=38.88649, -77.01873 | |||
|HeadquartersAddress=400 Maryland Ave. SW, Washington, DC 20202 | |||
|Website=https://www.ed.gov | |||
|Wikipedia=United States Department of Education | |||
}}The '''[[Department of Education]]''' is a [[United States Cabinet|cabinet]]-level department of the [[Federal government of the United States|United States government]]. It began operating on May 4, 1980, having been created after the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare was split into the Department of Education and the [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|Department of Health and Human Services]] by the Department of Education Organization Act, which President [[Jimmy Carter]] signed into law on October 17, 1979.<ref>{{USStatute|96|88|93|668|1979|10|17|S|210}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Kosar | first=Kevin R. | title=Department of Education Organization Act, 1979 | website=Federal Education Policy History | date=15 April 2011 | url=https://federaleducationpolicy.org/2011/04/15/department-of-education-organization-act-1979/ | access-date=2 May 2024}}</ref> | |||
The Department of Education is administered by the [[United States Secretary of Education|United States secretary of education]]. It has 4,400 employees – the smallest staff of the Cabinet agencies– and a 2024 budget of $238 billion.<ref name="DOE-mission">{{Cite web |title=Agency Profile {{!}} U.S. Department of Education |url=https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-education?fy=2024 |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=www2.ed.gov}}</ref> The 2023 Budget was $274 billion, which included funding for children with disabilities ), pandemic recovery, early childhood education, [[Pell Grant]]s, [[Elementary and Secondary Education Act|Title I]], work assistance, among other programs. This budget was down from $637.7 billion in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-15 |title=What the New PISA Results Really Say About U.S. Schools|url=https://www.future-ed.org/what-the-new-pisa-results-really-say-about-u-s-schools/ |access-date=2024-11-14|website=future-ed.com |language=en}}</ref> Its official abbreviation is '''ED''' ("DOE" refers to the [[United States Department of Energy]]) but is also abbreviated informally as "DoEd". | |||
{{Infobox government agency | {{Infobox government agency | ||
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| parent_department = | | parent_department = | ||
}} | }} | ||
==Purpose and functions== | ==Purpose and functions== | ||
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|Budget of the Department of Education for [[2015 United States federal budget|FY 2015]], showing its largest components<ref>{{cite web|title=ED History|url=https://ed.gov/about/overview/budget/history/edhistory.pdf|publisher=U.S. Department of Education|access-date=2017-02-28|date=2015-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221015517/https://ed.gov/about/overview/budget/history/edhistory.pdf|archive-date=21 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | |Budget of the Department of Education for [[2015 United States federal budget|FY 2015]], showing its largest components<ref>{{cite web|title=ED History|url=https://ed.gov/about/overview/budget/history/edhistory.pdf|publisher=U.S. Department of Education|access-date=2017-02-28|date=2015-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221015517/https://ed.gov/about/overview/budget/history/edhistory.pdf|archive-date=21 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
|} | |} | ||
For 2006, the ED discretionary budget was $56 billion and the mandatory budget contained $23 billion.<ref name=":0" /> In 2009 it received additional [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009|ARRA]] funding of $102 billion.<ref name="FY2011 Federal Budget">{{cite web|title=Budget of the US Government, Fiscal Year 2011|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2011/assets/budget.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201203603/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2011/assets/budget.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=1 February 2017|via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|work=[[Office of Management and Budget]]|date=13 January 2017}}</ref> As of 2011, the discretionary budget is $70 billion.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/index.html?src=ct|title=Overview|date=2011-02-12|publisher=U.S. Department of Education Budget Office|access-date=2011-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904204006/http://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/budget/index.html?src=ct|archive-date=4 September 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
== History == | == History == | ||
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Over the years, the office remained relatively small, operating under different titles and housed in various agencies, including the [[United States Department of the Interior]] and the former United States Department of Health Education and Welfare (DHEW) (now the [[United States Department of Health and Human Services]] (DHHS)).<ref name="Department History"/> An unsuccessful attempt at creating a Department of Education, headed by a [[United States Secretary of Education|Secretary of Education]], came with the Smith–Towner Bill in 1920.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=April 1920|title=The Smith-Towner Bill|journal=[[Elementary School Journal]]|volume=20|issue=8|pages=575–583|jstor=994235|doi=10.1086/454812|doi-access=free}}</ref> | Over the years, the office remained relatively small, operating under different titles and housed in various agencies, including the [[United States Department of the Interior]] and the former United States Department of Health Education and Welfare (DHEW) (now the [[United States Department of Health and Human Services]] (DHHS)).<ref name="Department History"/> An unsuccessful attempt at creating a Department of Education, headed by a [[United States Secretary of Education|Secretary of Education]], came with the Smith–Towner Bill in 1920.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=April 1920|title=The Smith-Towner Bill|journal=[[Elementary School Journal]]|volume=20|issue=8|pages=575–583|jstor=994235|doi=10.1086/454812|doi-access=free}}</ref> | ||
In 1939, the organization (then a bureau) was transferred to the [[Federal Security Agency]], where it was renamed as the Office of Education. After [[World War II]], President | In 1939, the organization (then a bureau) was transferred to the [[Federal Security Agency]], where it was renamed as the Office of Education. After [[World War II]], President Dwight D. Eisenhower promulgated "Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1953." The Federal Security Agency was abolished and most of its functions were transferred to the newly formed DHEW.<ref>[http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/ewing3.htm "Oral History Interview with Oscar R. Ewing."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821024839/http://trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/ewing3.htm |date=21 August 2016 }} Oral History Interviews. Truman Presidential Library. May 1, 1969; [https://www.fda.gov/opacom/laws/reorg.htm Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1953. Title 5: Appendix: Reorganization Plans.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512143544/http://www.fda.gov/opacom/laws/reorg.htm |date=12 May 2009 }} Transmitted to the U.S. Senate and U.S. House of Representatives, March 12, 1953.</ref> | ||
In 1979, President Carter advocated for creating a cabinet-level Department of Education.<ref name=outlined>{{cite news |title= Department of Education Outlined |agency= Associated Press |date= February 9, 1979 |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IkwNAAAAIBAJ&pg=5661,1224804&dq=department+of+education&hl=en |access-date= 23 October 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160307083553/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IkwNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OG0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5661,1224804&dq=department+of+education&hl=en |archive-date= 7 March 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref> Carter's plan was to transfer most of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare's education-related functions to the Department of Education.<ref name=outlined/> Carter also planned to transfer the education-related functions of the departments of Defense, Justice, Housing and Urban Development, and Agriculture, as well as a few other federal entities.<ref name=outlined/> Among the federal education-related programs that were not proposed to be transferred were Headstart, the Department of Agriculture's school lunch and nutrition programs, the Department of the Interior's Native Americans' education programs, and the Department of Labor's education and training programs.<ref name=outlined/> | In 1979, President Carter advocated for creating a cabinet-level Department of Education.<ref name=outlined>{{cite news |title= Department of Education Outlined |agency= Associated Press |date= February 9, 1979 |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IkwNAAAAIBAJ&pg=5661,1224804&dq=department+of+education&hl=en |access-date= 23 October 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160307083553/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IkwNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OG0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5661,1224804&dq=department+of+education&hl=en |archive-date= 7 March 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref> Carter's plan was to transfer most of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare's education-related functions to the Department of Education.<ref name=outlined/> Carter also planned to transfer the education-related functions of the departments of Defense, Justice, Housing and Urban Development, and Agriculture, as well as a few other federal entities.<ref name=outlined/> Among the federal education-related programs that were not proposed to be transferred were Headstart, the Department of Agriculture's school lunch and nutrition programs, the Department of the Interior's Native Americans' education programs, and the Department of Labor's education and training programs.<ref name=outlined/> | ||
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After the [[Newt Gingrich]]-led "revolution" in 1994 had taken control of both Houses of Congress, federal control of and spending on education soared. That trend continued unabated despite the fact that the Republican Party made abolition of the department a cornerstone of 1996 platform and campaign promises, calling it an inappropriate federal intrusion into local, state, and family affairs.<ref name="catoed" /> The GOP platform read: "The Federal government has no constitutional authority to be involved in school curricula or to control jobs in the market place. This is why we will abolish the Department of Education, end federal meddling in our schools, and promote family choice at all levels of learning."<ref name="catoed" /> | After the [[Newt Gingrich]]-led "revolution" in 1994 had taken control of both Houses of Congress, federal control of and spending on education soared. That trend continued unabated despite the fact that the Republican Party made abolition of the department a cornerstone of 1996 platform and campaign promises, calling it an inappropriate federal intrusion into local, state, and family affairs.<ref name="catoed" /> The GOP platform read: "The Federal government has no constitutional authority to be involved in school curricula or to control jobs in the market place. This is why we will abolish the Department of Education, end federal meddling in our schools, and promote family choice at all levels of learning."<ref name="catoed" /> | ||
In 2000, the [[Republican Liberty Caucus]] passed a resolution to abolish the Department of Education.<ref name="workingca">{{cite web|url=http://workingcalifornians.com/2008_presidential_issues/education|title=Education|year=2007|access-date=2007-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117185409/http://workingcalifornians.com/2008_presidential_issues/education|archive-date=17 November 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Abolition of the organization was not pursued under the | In 2000, the [[Republican Liberty Caucus]] passed a resolution to abolish the Department of Education.<ref name="workingca">{{cite web|url=http://workingcalifornians.com/2008_presidential_issues/education|title=Education|year=2007|access-date=2007-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117185409/http://workingcalifornians.com/2008_presidential_issues/education|archive-date=17 November 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Abolition of the organization was not pursued under the George W. Bush administration, which made reform of federal education a key priority of the president's first term. In 2008 and 2012, presidential candidate [[Ron Paul]] campaigned in part on an opposition to the department.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/2020/Stossel/story?id=3970818|title=Ron Paul Unplugged|date=2007-12-10|publisher=ABC News|access-date=2008-01-30|author=Stossel, John|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209020218/https://abcnews.go.com/2020/Stossel/story?id=3970818|archive-date=9 December 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
=== Later history === | === Later history === | ||
[[File:Department of Education - NCLB door.jpeg|thumb|right|upright=1.05|A construction project to repair and update the building façade at the Department of Education headquarters in 2002 resulted in the installation of structures at all of the entrances to protect employees and visitors from falling debris. ED redesigned these protective structures to promote the [[No Child Left Behind Act]]. The structures were temporary and were removed in 2008. Source: U.S. Department of Education<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ed.gov/news/pressreleases/2002/04/04112002a.html|title=Paige Fields Team to Leave No Child Behind|date=April 11, 2002|publisher=United States Department of Education|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030924230508/http://www.ed.gov/news/pressreleases/2002/04/04112002a.html|archive-date=September 24, 2003}}</ref>]] | [[File:Department of Education - NCLB door.jpeg|thumb|right|upright=1.05|A construction project to repair and update the building façade at the Department of Education headquarters in 2002 resulted in the installation of structures at all of the entrances to protect employees and visitors from falling debris. ED redesigned these protective structures to promote the [[No Child Left Behind Act]]. The structures were temporary and were removed in 2008. Source: U.S. Department of Education<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ed.gov/news/pressreleases/2002/04/04112002a.html|title=Paige Fields Team to Leave No Child Behind|date=April 11, 2002|publisher=United States Department of Education|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030924230508/http://www.ed.gov/news/pressreleases/2002/04/04112002a.html|archive-date=September 24, 2003}}</ref>]] | ||
Under President | Under President George W. Bush, the department primarily focused on elementary and secondary education, expanding its reach through the [[No Child Left Behind Act]]. The department's budget increased by $14 billion between 2002 and 2004, from $46 billion to $60 billion.<ref name="catoed">{{citation |url=http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/elimination-lost-what-happened-abolishing-department-education|title=Elimination Lost: What happened to abolishing the Department of Education?|date=2004-02-11|publisher=Cato Institute|quote=This article originally appeared in [[National Review Online]] on February 11, 2004.|first1=Veronique | last1=de Rugy | first2=Marie | last2=Gryphon|access-date=February 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207081957/http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/elimination-lost-what-happened-abolishing-department-education|archive-date=7 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Young|first1=Michelle D.|last2=Winn|first2=Kathleen M.|last3=Reedy|first3=Marcy A.|date=2017-10-13|title=The Every Student Succeeds Act: Strengthening the Focus on Educational Leadership|journal=Educational Administration Quarterly|volume=53|issue=5|pages=705–726|doi=10.1177/0013161x17735871|s2cid=149148569|issn=0013-161X}}</ref> | ||
On March 23, 2007, President | On March 23, 2007, President George W. Bush signed into law {{USBill|110|H.R.|584}}, which designates the ED Headquarters building as the [[Lyndon Baines Johnson Department of Education Building]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/03/20070323-6.html |title=President Bush Signs H.R. 584, Designates U.S. Department of Education as the Lyndon Baines Johnson Federal Building |date=2007-03-23 |access-date=2012-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721032706/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/03/20070323-6.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
In December 2015, President Barack Obama instituted the [[Every Student Succeeds Act]], which reauthorized the Elementary Secondary Education Act. "In December 2015, the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) was signed into law, reauthorizing the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) and replacing the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). ESEA, the federal law that authorizes federal funding for K-12 schools, represents the nation's commitment to equal educational opportunity for all students and has influenced the education of millions of children."{{Citation needed|date=August 2020|reason=This whole paragraph has no citation, plus is poorly written in general}} | In December 2015, President Barack Obama instituted the [[Every Student Succeeds Act]], which reauthorized the Elementary Secondary Education Act. "In December 2015, the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) was signed into law, reauthorizing the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) and replacing the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). ESEA, the federal law that authorizes federal funding for K-12 schools, represents the nation's commitment to equal educational opportunity for all students and has influenced the education of millions of children."{{Citation needed|date=August 2020|reason=This whole paragraph has no citation, plus is poorly written in general}} | ||
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| [[Institute of Education Sciences]] | | [[Institute of Education Sciences]] | ||
*[[National Center for Education Statistics]] | *[[National Center for Education Statistics]] | ||
[[National Assessment of Educational Progress]] | |||
[[Education Resources Information Center]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Office of Innovation and Improvement]] | | [[Office of Innovation and Improvement]] | ||