United States Armed Forces: Difference between revisions

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 * {{Coast guard|United States|name=U.S. Coast Guard|size=25px}}
 }}
-| headquarters = [[The Pentagon]], [[Arlington County, Virginia]]
+| headquarters = [[The Pentagon]], Arlington County, Virginia
 | website = {{URL|https://www.defense.gov/about/|defense.gov}}<br>{{URL|https://www.dhs.gov/operational-and-support-components|dhs.gov}}
 <!-- Leadership -->
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 Each of the different military services is assigned a role and domain. The Army conducts land operations. The Navy and Marine Corps conduct maritime operations, the Marine Corps specializing in amphibious and maritime littoral operations primarily for supporting the Navy. The Air Force conducts air operations. The Space Force conducts space operations. The Coast Guard is unique in that it specializes in maritime operations and is also a [[Law enforcement in the United States|law enforcement]] agency.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.defense.gov/About/Our-Forces/|title=Our Forces|website=U.S. Department of Defense}}</ref><ref name="auto5">{{Cite web |date=17 September 2020 |title=DIRECTIVE Functions of the Department of Defense and Its Major Components |url=https://www.esd.whs.mil/portals/54/documents/dd/issuances/dodd/510001p.pdf |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=Department of Defense}}</ref>
-From their inception during the [[American Revolutionary War]], the U.S. Armed Forces have played a decisive role in [[History of the United States|the country's history]]. They helped forge a sense of national unity and identity through victories in the early-19th-century [[First Barbary War|First]] and [[Second Barbary War]]s. They played a critical role in the [[Territorial evolution of the United States|territorial evolution of the U.S.]], including the [[American Civil War]]. The [[National Security Act of 1947]] created the modern U.S. military framework, establishing the [[National Military Establishment]] (later the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] or DoD) headed by the [[United States Secretary of Defense|secretary of defense]] and creating both the U.S. Air Force and [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]]; in 1949, an amendment to the act merged the cabinet-level departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force into the DoD.<ref>Kinnard, Douglas. "The Secretary of Defense in Retrospect." The Secretary of Defense. Lexington: University of Kentucky, 1980. 192–93. Print.</ref>
+From their inception during the American Revolutionary War, the U.S. Armed Forces have played a decisive role in [[History of the United States|the country's history]]. They helped forge a sense of national unity and identity through victories in the early-19th-century [[First Barbary War|First]] and [[Second Barbary War]]s. They played a critical role in the [[Territorial evolution of the United States|territorial evolution of the U.S.]], including the American Civil War. The [[National Security Act of 1947]] created the modern U.S. military framework, establishing the [[National Military Establishment]] (later the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] or DoD) headed by the [[United States Secretary of Defense|secretary of defense]] and creating both the U.S. Air Force and [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]]; in 1949, an amendment to the act merged the cabinet-level departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force into the DoD.<ref>Kinnard, Douglas. "The Secretary of Defense in Retrospect." The Secretary of Defense. Lexington: University of Kentucky, 1980. 192–93. Print.</ref>
 The [[president of the U.S.]] is the [[Commander-in-Chief of the United States|commander-in-chief]] of the armed forces and forms military policy with the DoD and [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]] (DHS), both [[United States federal executive departments|federal executive departments]], acting as the principal organs by which military policy is carried out.
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 {{Main|Military history of the United States|History of the United States Army|l2=History of the Army|History of the United States Marine Corps|l3=Marine Corps|History of the United States Navy|l4=Navy|History of the United States Air Force|l5=Air Force|History of the United States Space Force|l6=Space Force|History of the United States Coast Guard|l7=Coast Guard}}
-The history of the U.S. Armed Forces dates back to 14 June 1775, with the creation of the [[Continental Army]], even before the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] marked the establishment of the United States.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=1775 |url=https://www.army.mil/1775/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=U.S. Army }}</ref> The [[Continental Navy]], established on 13 October 1775, and [[Continental Marines]], established on 10 November 1775, were created in close succession by the [[Second Continental Congress]] in order to defend the new nation against the [[British Empire]] in the [[American Revolutionary War]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Birth of the U.S. Navy |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/heritage/origins-of-the-navy/birth-of-the-us-navy.html |date=Dec 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209034256/https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/heritage/origins-of-the-navy/birth-of-the-us-navy.html |archive-date=February 9, 2023 |access-date=May 23, 2023 |website=U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Resolution Establishing the Continental Marines |url=https://www.usmcu.edu/Research/Marine-Corps-History-Division/Frequently-Requested-Topics/Historical-Documents-Orders-and-Speeches/Resolution-Establishing-the-Continental-Marines/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=Marine Corps University |date=10 November 1775 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418235155/https://www.usmcu.edu/Research/Marine-Corps-History-Division/Frequently-Requested-Topics/Historical-Documents-Orders-and-Speeches/Resolution-Establishing-the-Continental-Marines/  |archive-date= April 18, 2022 }}</ref>
+The history of the U.S. Armed Forces dates back to 14 June 1775, with the creation of the [[Continental Army]], even before the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] marked the establishment of the United States.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=1775 |url=https://www.army.mil/1775/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=U.S. Army }}</ref> The [[Continental Navy]], established on 13 October 1775, and [[Continental Marines]], established on 10 November 1775, were created in close succession by the [[Second Continental Congress]] in order to defend the new nation against the [[British Empire]] in the American Revolutionary War.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Birth of the U.S. Navy |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/heritage/origins-of-the-navy/birth-of-the-us-navy.html |date=Dec 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209034256/https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/heritage/origins-of-the-navy/birth-of-the-us-navy.html |archive-date=February 9, 2023 |access-date=May 23, 2023 |website=U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Resolution Establishing the Continental Marines |url=https://www.usmcu.edu/Research/Marine-Corps-History-Division/Frequently-Requested-Topics/Historical-Documents-Orders-and-Speeches/Resolution-Establishing-the-Continental-Marines/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=Marine Corps University |date=10 November 1775 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418235155/https://www.usmcu.edu/Research/Marine-Corps-History-Division/Frequently-Requested-Topics/Historical-Documents-Orders-and-Speeches/Resolution-Establishing-the-Continental-Marines/  |archive-date= April 18, 2022 }}</ref>
 These forces demobilized in 1784 after the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] ended the Revolutionary War. The [[Congress of the Confederation]] created the current [[United States Army]] on 3 June 1784.<ref name=":4" /> The [[United States Congress]] created the current [[United States Navy]] on 27 March 1794 and the current [[United States Marine Corps]] on 11 July 1798.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Brief History of the United States Marine Corps |url=https://www.usmcu.edu/Research/Marine-Corps-History-Division/Brief-Histories/Brief-History-of-the-United-States-Marine-Corps/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=Marine Corps University }}</ref> All three services trace their origins to their respective Continental predecessors. The 1787 adoption of the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]] gave [[United States Congress|Congress]] the power to "raise and support armies," to "provide and maintain a navy", and to "make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces", as well as the power to [[Declaration of war by the United States|declare war]]. The President of the United States is the United States Armed Forces' [[commander-in-chief]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Power to Declare War  |url=https://history.house.gov/Institution/Origins-Development/War-Powers/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives }}</ref>
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 The U.S. Armed Forces is the [[List of countries by number of active troops|world's third largest]] military by active personnel, after the Chinese [[People's Liberation Army]] and the [[Indian Armed Forces]], consisting of 1,359,685 servicemembers in the regular armed forces with an additional 799,845 servicemembers in the reserves as of 28 February 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/appj/dwp/dwp_reports.jsp|title=DoD Personnel, Workforce Reports & Publications|website=dmdc.osd.mil|publisher=Defence Manpower Data Centre|access-date=7 May 2019|archive-date=10 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310233433/https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/appj/dwp/dwp_reports.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{update inline|date=June 2024|reason=stale data}}
-While the United States Armed Forces is an all-volunteer military, conscription through the [[Selective Service System]] can be enacted at the president's request and Congress' approval, with all males ages 18 through 25 living in the United States required to register with the Selective Service.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sss.gov/About/Quick-Facts-and-Figures|title=Quick Facts and Figures|website=Sss.gov|access-date=17 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141339/https://www.sss.gov/About/Quick-Facts-and-Figures|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Although the constitutionality of registering only males for Selective Service was [[National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System|challenged by federal district court]] in 2019, its legality was upheld by a federal appeals court in 2020.<ref name="McGill">{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/6240679fed466f36679b7492d015cf0c|title=Federal appeals court: Male-only draft is constitutional|last=McGill|first=Kevin|website=[[Associated Press]]|date=13 August 2020|access-date=13 September 2020}}</ref>
+While the United States Armed Forces is an all-volunteer military, conscription through the [[Selective Service System]] can be enacted at the president's request and Congress' approval, with all males ages 18 through 25 living in the United States required to register with the Selective Service.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sss.gov/About/Quick-Facts-and-Figures|title=Quick Facts and Figures|website=Sss.gov|access-date=17 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141339/https://www.sss.gov/About/Quick-Facts-and-Figures|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Although the constitutionality of registering only males for Selective Service was [[National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System|challenged by federal district court]] in 2019, its legality was upheld by a federal appeals court in 2020.<ref name="McGill">{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/6240679fed466f36679b7492d015cf0c|title=Federal appeals court: Male-only draft is constitutional|last=McGill|first=Kevin|website=Associated Press|date=13 August 2020|access-date=13 September 2020}}</ref>
 As in most militaries, members of the U.S. Armed Forces hold a rank, either that of [[Officer (armed forces)|officer]], [[Warrant Officer (United States)|warrant officer]] or [[Enlisted rank|enlisted]], to determine seniority and eligibility for promotion. Those who have served are known as [[Veteran#United States|veterans]].
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 Women experienced combat as nurses in the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] on 7 December 1941, before the U.S. officially entered the war. In 1944, WACs arrived in the Pacific and in Normandy. During the war, 67 Army nurses and 16 [[United States Navy Nurse Corps|Navy nurses]] were captured and spent three years as Japanese prisoners of war. There were 350,000 American women who served during World War II, and 432 were killed in the line of service.{{r|desimone}} In total, they gained over 1,500 medals, citations, and commendations.
-After World War II, demobilization led to the vast majority of serving women being returned to civilian life. By 1946, the Coast Guard had demobilized all of its women members, while the other branches retained some.{{r|holm|p=105}} Law 625, [[Women's Armed Services Integration Act|The Women's Armed Services Act]] of 1948, was signed by President [[Harry S. Truman]], allowing women to serve in the U.S. Armed Forces in fully integrated units during peace time, albeit with limits that did not apply to men.{{efn|The proportion of women in each service was limited to 2 percent, and additional limits were placed on commissioned ranks, age of enlistment, and designation of their family members as dependents.{{r|holm|p=120}}}} The intent of Congress was that women should be noncombatants only, but because of the difficulty in defining restrictions for the Army in the law, it was left up to the [[Organizational_structure_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Defense#Military Departments|service secretaries]] to comply with that intent, although the law did prohibit women from serving aboard ships and on aircraft that engaged in combat missions.{{r|holm|pp=118-120}} The Army retained a separate corps for women (WAC), while the other services integrated women into their organizational structure.{{r|holm|p=121}} In 1951, Executive Order 10240 was issued, authorizing the services to discharge women who became pregnant or had minor children in the home (including stepchildren, foster children, and siblings).{{r|holm|p=125}}
+After World War II, demobilization led to the vast majority of serving women being returned to civilian life. By 1946, the Coast Guard had demobilized all of its women members, while the other branches retained some.{{r|holm|p=105}} Law 625, [[Women's Armed Services Integration Act|The Women's Armed Services Act]] of 1948, was signed by President Harry S. Truman, allowing women to serve in the U.S. Armed Forces in fully integrated units during peace time, albeit with limits that did not apply to men.{{efn|The proportion of women in each service was limited to 2 percent, and additional limits were placed on commissioned ranks, age of enlistment, and designation of their family members as dependents.{{r|holm|p=120}}}} The intent of Congress was that women should be noncombatants only, but because of the difficulty in defining restrictions for the Army in the law, it was left up to the [[Organizational_structure_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Defense#Military Departments|service secretaries]] to comply with that intent, although the law did prohibit women from serving aboard ships and on aircraft that engaged in combat missions.{{r|holm|pp=118-120}} The Army retained a separate corps for women (WAC), while the other services integrated women into their organizational structure.{{r|holm|p=121}} In 1951, Executive Order 10240 was issued, authorizing the services to discharge women who became pregnant or had minor children in the home (including stepchildren, foster children, and siblings).{{r|holm|p=125}}
-During the [[Korean War]] of 1950–1953, many women served in the [[Mobile Army Surgical Hospital]]s. A recruiting project started in 1951 aimed to increase the number of women in the military from 40,000 to 112,000 by July 1952, but it only achieved 46,000. Some of the reasons were the lack of public support for involvement in Korea; public disapproval of women in the military; fewer women in the right age group due to the low birthrate during the Depression; and the higher standards required for women enlistees.{{r|holm|pp=149-155}}{{efn|Women recruits had to meet higher educational, mental, and physical standards than men. In addition, they had to pass a psychiatric examination as well as "an investigation of the records of local police, mental hospitals, schools, former employers, and personal references".{{r|holm|pp=154-155}}}}
+During the Korean War of 1950–1953, many women served in the [[Mobile Army Surgical Hospital]]s. A recruiting project started in 1951 aimed to increase the number of women in the military from 40,000 to 112,000 by July 1952, but it only achieved 46,000. Some of the reasons were the lack of public support for involvement in Korea; public disapproval of women in the military; fewer women in the right age group due to the low birthrate during the Depression; and the higher standards required for women enlistees.{{r|holm|pp=149-155}}{{efn|Women recruits had to meet higher educational, mental, and physical standards than men. In addition, they had to pass a psychiatric examination as well as "an investigation of the records of local police, mental hospitals, schools, former employers, and personal references".{{r|holm|pp=154-155}}}}
 In the 1960s, recruiting and training focused on the attractiveness and femininity of women enlistees. Outside of the medical fields, women were mostly assigned to clerical, administrative, and protocol-related jobs. Women who were previously in technical positions were retrained for the few jobs now permitted for women. Of the 61 non-combat occupational groups, only 36 were open to women by 1965.{{r|holm|pp=180-184}} Beginning in 1965, efforts to increase the number of women in the armed forces accompanied concern about the expiration of the Selective Service Act and reduction in enlistment standards to ensure sufficient troops to support the Vietnam War. Public Law 90-130, signed on 8 November 1967, removed the restrictions on female officers in the armed forces and in 1970, two women Army officers were promoted to brigadier general.{{r|holm|pp=187-203}}
-During the [[Vietnam War]], 600 women served in the country as part of the Air Force, along with 500 members of the WAC and over 6,000 medical personnel and support staff.{{r|holm|pp=205-228}}
+During the Vietnam War, 600 women served in the country as part of the Air Force, along with 500 members of the WAC and over 6,000 medical personnel and support staff.{{r|holm|pp=205-228}}
 The end of conscription in the early 1970s was a major driver of the expansion of the roles of women in the armed forces. The number of enlisted and commissioned women in the military hit 110,000 by June 1977.{{r|holm|pp=246-250}} The [[United States Army Ordnance Corps|Army Ordnance Corps]] began accepting female missile technicians in 1974.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.redstone.army.mil/history/women_chron/chron1970s.html |title=The Women of Redstone Arsenal |publisher=United States Army |access-date=6 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620074416/http://www.redstone.army.mil/history/women_chron/chron1970s.html |archive-date=20 June 2008}}</ref> Female crewmembers and officers were accepted into [[Field Artillery Branch (United States)|Field Artillery]] missile units.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Busse |first=Charlane |date=July 1978 |title=First women join Pershing training |journal=[[Field Artillery (magazine)|Field Artillery Journal]] |publisher=[[United States Army Field Artillery School]] |page=40 |url=http://sill-www.army.mil/famag/1978/JUL_AUG_1978/JUL_AUG_1978_PAGES_40_43.pdf |access-date=5 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518064322/http://sill-www.army.mil/FAMAG/1978/JUL_AUG_1978/JUL_AUG_1978_PAGES_40_43.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=November 1978 |title=The Journal interviews: 1LT Elizabeth A. Tourville |journal=Field Artillery Journal |publisher=United States Army Field Artillery School |pages=40–43 |url=http://sill-www.army.mil/FAMAG/1978/JUL_AUG_1978/JUL_AUG_1978_PAGES_40_43.pdf |access-date=5 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518064322/http://sill-www.army.mil/FAMAG/1978/JUL_AUG_1978/JUL_AUG_1978_PAGES_40_43.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> The services opened up their [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps]] (ROTC) programs to women, and in 1976, women were admitted to the service academies.{{r|holm|pp=268-270}}

United States Armed Forces: Difference between revisions

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