Gallaudet University: Difference between revisions

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 During the third academic year (1859–1860), Kendall beseeched the federal government for funds to relocate the school to more spacious grounds. Gallaudet praised Kendall for donating money needed to construct a new brick building; both existing school buildings were already at capacity. There were 24 deaf students, necessitating a second teacher of the deaf. The teacher of the 6 blind students resigned due to health concerns.<ref>{{cite web|title=Third Annual Report|url=http://saveourdeafschools.org/columbia_institution_1860.pdf|publisher=Save Our Deaf Schools|date=5 November 1860|access-date=18 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209174816/http://saveourdeafschools.org/columbia_institution_1860.pdf|archive-date=February 9, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
-By the start of the 1860–1861 academic year, the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] had been in progress for over six months. Gallaudet reported that the students were safe and free from fear. There were 35 deaf students and 6 blind students in attendance during the academic year. An art teacher was hired for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fourth Annual Report|url=http://saveourdeafschools.org/columbia_institution_1861.pdf|publisher=Save Our Deaf Schools|date=5 November 1861|access-date=18 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054740/http://saveourdeafschools.org/columbia_institution_1861.pdf|archive-date=September 21, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
+By the start of the 1860–1861 academic year, the Civil War had been in progress for over six months. Gallaudet reported that the students were safe and free from fear. There were 35 deaf students and 6 blind students in attendance during the academic year. An art teacher was hired for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fourth Annual Report|url=http://saveourdeafschools.org/columbia_institution_1861.pdf|publisher=Save Our Deaf Schools|date=5 November 1861|access-date=18 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054740/http://saveourdeafschools.org/columbia_institution_1861.pdf|archive-date=September 21, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
 During 1861–1862, new monies provided for industrial education were used to rent a nearby shop in order to teach cabinet-making to the male students. Plans were underway to construct a new building using $9,000 that Congress appropriated to the school. There were 35 deaf students and 6 blind students. During vacation in August a regiment of [[Union (Civil War)|Union]] troops used the brick building for a hospital, and some of the students who stayed over the summer helped with tending to the sick soldiers. One soldier died. For the first time, Gallaudet proposed expanding the school to create a college for deaf students.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fifth Annual Report|url=http://saveourdeafschools.org/columbia_institution_1862.pdf|publisher=Save Our Deaf Schools|date=3 November 1862|access-date=18 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054124/http://saveourdeafschools.org/columbia_institution_1862.pdf|archive-date=September 21, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
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 Jordan publicly accused some critics of rejecting Fernandes because "she is not deaf enough." He described the protest as "[[identity politics]]", saying, "We are squabbling about what it means to be deaf."<ref>[[Fox News]]: [https://www.foxnews.com/story/is-gallaudet-universitys-dean-deaf-enough "Is Gallaudet University's Dean 'Deaf Enough'?"] </ref>
-''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported that Fernandes "would like to see the institution become more inclusive of people who might not have grown up using sign language", stating that Gallaudet must embrace "all kinds of deaf people".<ref>''[[The Washington Post]]'': [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/14/AR2006051400805.html "Signs of Change At Gallaudet."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061940/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/14/AR2006051400805.html |date=September 21, 2013 }}</ref> Those who opposed her said that they feared a "weakening of American Sign Language at an institution that should be its standard-bearer."<ref>''[[The New York Times]]'': [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/13/us/13gallaudet.html "Protests Continue at University for Deaf."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514193506/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/13/us/13gallaudet.html |date=May 14, 2018 }}</ref> Protesters said Fernandes distorted their arguments and that the protest centered on her inability to lead, an unfair selection process and longstanding problems at the school.<ref>''[[The Washington Post]]'': [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/22/AR2006102201086.html "Source of Gallaudet Turmoil Is Up for Debate."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122518/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/22/AR2006102201086.html |date=March 4, 2016 }}</ref>
+''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported that Fernandes "would like to see the institution become more inclusive of people who might not have grown up using sign language", stating that Gallaudet must embrace "all kinds of deaf people".<ref>''[[The Washington Post]]'': [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/14/AR2006051400805.html "Signs of Change At Gallaudet."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061940/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/14/AR2006051400805.html |date=September 21, 2013 }}</ref> Those who opposed her said that they feared a "weakening of American Sign Language at an institution that should be its standard-bearer."<ref>''The New York Times'': [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/13/us/13gallaudet.html "Protests Continue at University for Deaf."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514193506/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/13/us/13gallaudet.html |date=May 14, 2018 }}</ref> Protesters said Fernandes distorted their arguments and that the protest centered on her inability to lead, an unfair selection process and longstanding problems at the school.<ref>''[[The Washington Post]]'': [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/22/AR2006102201086.html "Source of Gallaudet Turmoil Is Up for Debate."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122518/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/22/AR2006102201086.html |date=March 4, 2016 }}</ref>
 In the spring 2006 protest, students blocked entrances to the Gallaudet campus, held rallies, and set up tents near the university's main entrance. Fernandes, appointed to serve as president-designate until Jordan retired, said that she would not step down. On May 8, the faculty gave a vote of no confidence for Fernandes.
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 * President [[Grover Cleveland]], 1885.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://saveourdeafschools.org/columbia_institution_for_the_deaf_annual_report_1885.pdf|title=Columbia Institution for the Deaf Annual Report, Gallaudet University Archives, 1885|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327004806/http://saveourdeafschools.org/columbia_institution_for_the_deaf_annual_report_1885.pdf|archive-date=March 27, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
 * President [[Benjamin Harrison]], 1889 (two visits, May and June).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://saveourdeafschools.org/columbia_institution_for_the_deaf_annual_report_1989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327063422/http://saveourdeafschools.org/columbia_institution_for_the_deaf_annual_report_1989.pdf|title=Columbia Institution for the Deaf Annual Report, Gallaudet University Archives, 1889|archive-date=March 27, 2015}}</ref><ref>Gallaudet College Alumni Association. 1964. [http://saveourdeafschools.org/Our_Heritage.pdf Our Heritage: Gallaudet College Centennial] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211075801/http://saveourdeafschools.org/Our_Heritage.pdf |date=February 11, 2017 }}, Washington, DC: Graphic Arts Press, p. 28</ref>
-* President [[Theodore Roosevelt]], 1906.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/presidentialadd17roosrich|title=Presidential addresses and state papers|first=Theodore|last=Roosevelt|date=March 23, 2018|publisher=New York : The Review of Reviews Company|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://saveourdeafschools.org/columbia_institution_for_the_deaf_annual_report_1906.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327020530/http://saveourdeafschools.org/columbia_institution_for_the_deaf_annual_report_1906.pdf|title=Columbia Institution for the Deaf Annual Report, Gallaudet University Archives, 1906|archive-date=March 27, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Our Heritage: Gallaudet College Centennial |date=1964 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Graphic Arts Press |df=mdy-all |oclc=3215893}}</ref>
+* President Theodore Roosevelt, 1906.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/presidentialadd17roosrich|title=Presidential addresses and state papers|first=Theodore|last=Roosevelt|date=March 23, 2018|publisher=New York : The Review of Reviews Company|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://saveourdeafschools.org/columbia_institution_for_the_deaf_annual_report_1906.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327020530/http://saveourdeafschools.org/columbia_institution_for_the_deaf_annual_report_1906.pdf|title=Columbia Institution for the Deaf Annual Report, Gallaudet University Archives, 1906|archive-date=March 27, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Our Heritage: Gallaudet College Centennial |date=1964 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Graphic Arts Press |df=mdy-all |oclc=3215893}}</ref>
 * President [[Lyndon Baines Johnson]], 1964<ref>Gannon, Jack. 1981. ''Deaf Heritage–A Narrative History of Deaf America'', Silver Spring, MD: National Association of the Deaf, p. 319 ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120424041543/http://saveourdeafschools.org/Deaf_Heritage_by_Jack_Gannon_page_319.pdf PDF])</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=26297 |title=Lyndon B. Johnson: Remarks at the Gallaudet College Centennial Banquet |publisher=Presidency.ucsb.edu |date=June 6, 1964 |access-date=July 16, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523135955/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=26297 |archive-date=May 23, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>[https://ssl.gallaudet.edu/videolibrary/?embed=19941 President Lyndon B. Johnson Visits Gallaudet College]</ref><ref>[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt11/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt11-8-1.pdf ''Congressional Record--Senate''] (June 26, 1964), p. 15212</ref> and 1966.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://saveourdeafschools.org/lyndon_johnson_itinerary_june_13_1966.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2008-01-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227174452/http://saveourdeafschools.org/lyndon_johnson_itinerary_june_13_1966.pdf |archive-date=February 27, 2008 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://videocatalog.gallaudet.edu/?video=19798|title=Deaf film 166-4: President Lyndon B. Johnson as guest speaker at Gallaudet Commencement, June 13, 1966 – Gallaudet University|first=Gallaudet|last=University|website=videocatalog.gallaudet.edu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927230149/http://videocatalog.gallaudet.edu/?video=19798|archive-date=September 27, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/06/14/archives/uninvited-guest-named-johnson-is-graduation-speaker-for-deaf.html|title = Uninvited Guest Named Johnson is Graduation Speaker for Deaf|newspaper = The New York Times|date = June 14, 1966}}</ref>
 * President [[Bill Clinton]], 1994.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2889/is_n19_v30/ai_15524191 | work=Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents | title=Remarks at the Gallaudet University Commencement Ceremony | year=1994 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711222316/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2889/is_n19_v30/ai_15524191/ | archive-date=July 11, 2012 | df=mdy-all }}</ref>