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National Guard: Difference between revisions
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The Marquis de Lafayette [[Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States|visited]] the U.S. in 1824–25. The 2nd Battalion, 11th New York Artillery, was one of many militia commands who turned out in welcome. This unit decided to adopt the title "National Guard," in honor of Lafayette's [[French National Guard]]. The Battalion, later the 7th Regiment, was prominent in the line of march on the occasion of Lafayette's final passage through New York en route home to France. Taking note of the troops named for his old command, Lafayette alighted from his carriage, walked down the line, clasping each officer by the hand as he passed.<ref>[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/,1825. By an officer in the late army] Retrieved 15 January 2023</ref> | The Marquis de Lafayette [[Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States|visited]] the U.S. in 1824–25. The 2nd Battalion, 11th New York Artillery, was one of many militia commands who turned out in welcome. This unit decided to adopt the title "National Guard," in honor of Lafayette's [[French National Guard]]. The Battalion, later the 7th Regiment, was prominent in the line of march on the occasion of Lafayette's final passage through New York en route home to France. Taking note of the troops named for his old command, Lafayette alighted from his carriage, walked down the line, clasping each officer by the hand as he passed.<ref>[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/,1825. By an officer in the late army] Retrieved 15 January 2023</ref> | ||
Militia units provided 70% of the soldiers that fought in the [[Mexican–American War]],<ref name=abtarng /> and also provided the majority of soldiers in the early months of the | Militia units provided 70% of the soldiers that fought in the [[Mexican–American War]],<ref name=abtarng /> and also provided the majority of soldiers in the early months of the American Civil War<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ng.mil/About/default.aspx |title=About the National Guard |access-date=December 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117043307/http://www.ng.mil/About/default.aspx|archive-date=January 17, 2013}}</ref> The majority of soldiers in the [[Spanish–American War]] were from the National Guard.<ref name=abtarng /> | ||
===Industrialization and labor unrest=== | ===Industrialization and labor unrest=== | ||
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[[File:National Guardsman NGM-v31-p347.jpg|thumb|left|A National Guardsman in 1917]] | [[File:National Guardsman NGM-v31-p347.jpg|thumb|left|A National Guardsman in 1917]] | ||
Throughout the 19th century the Regular U.S. Army was small, and the state militias provided the majority of the troops during the [[Mexican–American War]], the | Throughout the 19th century the Regular U.S. Army was small, and the state militias provided the majority of the troops during the [[Mexican–American War]], the American Civil War, and the [[Spanish–American War]]. With the [[Militia Act of 1903]], the militia was more organized and the name "National Guard" recommended. In 1908, the prohibition on National Guard units serving overseas was dropped. This resulted in constitutional debates within the U.S. government surrounding the legality of the use of the National Guard overseas, culminating in 1912 when U.S. Attorney General [[George W. Wickersham]] declared the 1908 amendment to be unconstitutional. The [[National Defense Act of 1916]] contained a provision whereby the president could discharge National Guard members from the militia and draft them into the Army in the event of a war, allowing for their use overseas. This resulted in former National Guard members being discharged from the Army entirely (also losing their status as state troops) when they left service, so the [[National Defense Act of 1920|1920 amendments to the act]] defined the National Guard's dual role as a state and federal reserve force; the "National Guard while in the service of the United States" as a component of the [[Army of the United States]] could be ordered to active duty by the president, be deployed overseas if they so wished, and the Guardsmen would then revert to their status as state troops. The dual state and federal status proved confusing, so in 1933, the National Defense Act of 1916 was amended again. It finally severed the National Guard's traditional connection with the militia clause of the Constitution, providing for a new component called the "National Guard of the United States" that was to be a reserve component of the Army of the United States at all times. This is the beginning of the present legal basis of the National Guard. In World War I, National Guard soldiers made up 40 percent of the men in U.S. combat divisions in France. In World War II, the National Guard made up 18 divisions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/portals/31/Documents/About/Publications/Documents/Fact%20Sheet%20-%20National%20Guard%20In%20World%20War%20II.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.nationalguard.mil/portals/31/Documents/About/Publications/Documents/Fact%20Sheet%20-%20National%20Guard%20In%20World%20War%20II.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Army National Guard size WW2}}</ref> | ||
[[File:National Guard Mobilization of 1940-41.jpg|thumb|300px|National Guard training, 1941.]] | [[File:National Guard Mobilization of 1940-41.jpg|thumb|300px|National Guard training, 1941.]] | ||
One hundred forty thousand Guardsmen were mobilized during the Korean War and over 63,000 for [[Operation Desert Storm]]. They have also participated in U.S. peacekeeping operations in [[Somalia]], Haiti, [[Saudi Arabia]], Kuwait, [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], and [[Kosovo]] and for natural disasters, strikes, riots and security for the [[Olympic Games]] when they have been in the States. | One hundred forty thousand Guardsmen were mobilized during the Korean War and over 63,000 for [[Operation Desert Storm]]. They have also participated in U.S. peacekeeping operations in [[Somalia]], Haiti, [[Saudi Arabia]], Kuwait, [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], and [[Kosovo]] and for natural disasters, strikes, riots and security for the [[Olympic Games]] when they have been in the States. | ||