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Chief of Naval Operations: Difference between revisions
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===Creating the position of Chief of Naval Operations (1915)=== | ===Creating the position of Chief of Naval Operations (1915)=== | ||
[[File:Josephus Daniels 1.jpg|thumb|upright|Secretary of the Navy [[Josephus Daniels]]]] | [[File:Josephus Daniels 1.jpg|thumb|upright|Secretary of the Navy [[Josephus Daniels]]]] | ||
In 1914, Fiske, frustrated at Daniels' ambivalence towards his opinion that the Navy was unprepared for the possibility of entry into | In 1914, Fiske, frustrated at Daniels' ambivalence towards his opinion that the Navy was unprepared for the possibility of entry into World War I, bypassed the secretary to collaborate with Representative [[Richmond P. Hobson]], a retired Navy admiral, to draft legislation providing for the office of "a chief of naval operations".{{sfn|Hone|Utz|p=14}} The preliminary proposal (passed off as Hobson's own to mask Fiske's involvement), in spite of Daniels' opposition, passed Hobson's subcommittee unanimously on 4 January 1915,{{sfn|Hone|Utz|p=14}} and passed the full [[House Committee on Naval Affairs]] on 6 January.{{sfn|Hone|Utz|p=14-15}} | ||
Fiske's younger supporters expected him to be named the first chief of naval operations,{{sfn|Hone|Utz|p=15}} and his versions of the bill provided for the minimum rank of the officeholder to be a two-star rear admiral.{{sfn|Hone|Utz|p=15}} | Fiske's younger supporters expected him to be named the first chief of naval operations,{{sfn|Hone|Utz|p=15}} and his versions of the bill provided for the minimum rank of the officeholder to be a two-star rear admiral.{{sfn|Hone|Utz|p=15}} | ||
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====CNO Leahy==== | ====CNO Leahy==== | ||
[[File:Ad. Leahy & Ad. Standley LCCN2016871031.jpg|thumb|upright|CNO Leahy and outgoing CNO Standley shake hands after Leahy is sworn in on 2 January 1937.]] | [[File:Ad. Leahy & Ad. Standley LCCN2016871031.jpg|thumb|upright|CNO Leahy and outgoing CNO Standley shake hands after Leahy is sworn in on 2 January 1937.]] | ||
Outgoing commander, [[Battle Fleet|Battle Force]] William D. Leahy succeeded Standley as CNO on 2 January 1937.<ref>{{cite news |title=Leahy Will Direct Naval Operations |newspaper= | Outgoing commander, [[Battle Fleet|Battle Force]] William D. Leahy succeeded Standley as CNO on 2 January 1937.<ref>{{cite news |title=Leahy Will Direct Naval Operations |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 11, 1936 |page=53 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1936/11/11/88083939.html?pageNumber=53 |access-date=May 14, 2022}}</ref> Leahy's close personal friendship with President Roosevelt since his days as [[Assistant Secretary of the Navy|Navy assistant secretary]], as well as good relationships with Representative Vinson and Secretary Swanson{{sfn|Borneman|2012|p=239-240}} brought him to the forefront of potential candidates for the post.{{sfn|Borneman|2012|p=258}} Unlike Standley, who tried to dominate the bureaus, Leahy preferred to let the bureau chiefs function autonomously as per convention, with the CNO acting as a ''[[primus inter pares]]''.{{sfn|O'Brien|2019|p=109}}{{sfn|Adams|1985|p=90}} Leahy's views of the CNO's authority led to clashes with his predecessor; Standley even attempted to block Leahy from being assigned a fleet command in retaliation.{{sfn|Borneman|2012|p=239-240}} Leahy, on his part, continued Standley's efforts to insert the CNO into the ship design process.{{sfn|Borneman|2012|p=258}} | ||
Swanson's ill health and assistant secretary Henry Roosevelt's death on 22 February 1936 gave Leahy unprecedented influence.<ref>{{cite news |title=Henry Roosevelt is Dead in Capital |newspaper= | Swanson's ill health and assistant secretary Henry Roosevelt's death on 22 February 1936 gave Leahy unprecedented influence.<ref>{{cite news |title=Henry Roosevelt is Dead in Capital |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 23, 1936 |page=1 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1936/02/23/87914167.html?pageNumber=1 |access-date=May 14, 2022}}</ref> Leahy had private lunches with the President frequently; during his tenure as CNO, Roosevelt had 52 meetings with him, compared with 12 with his Army counterpart, [[General (United States)|General]] [[Malin Craig]], none of which were private lunches. | ||
Leahy retired from the Navy on 1 August 1939 to become [[Governor of Puerto Rico]], a month before the [[invasion of Poland]].{{sfn|Borneman|2012|p=280}} | Leahy retired from the Navy on 1 August 1939 to become [[Governor of Puerto Rico]], a month before the [[invasion of Poland]].{{sfn|Borneman|2012|p=280}} | ||
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| alt_officeholder2 = [[W. Graham Claytor Jr.]] | | alt_officeholder2 = [[W. Graham Claytor Jr.]] | ||
| cabinet = [[James R. Schlesinger]] | | cabinet = [[James R. Schlesinger]] | ||
| cabinet2 = | | cabinet2 = Donald Rumsfeld | ||
| cabinet3 = [[Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)|Harold Brown]] | | cabinet3 = [[Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)|Harold Brown]] | ||
| ref = <ref name="CNOList"/> | | ref = <ref name="CNOList"/> | ||
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| alt_officeholder2 = [[Gordon R. England]] | | alt_officeholder2 = [[Gordon R. England]] | ||
| cabinet = [[William Cohen]] | | cabinet = [[William Cohen]] | ||
| cabinet2 = | | cabinet2 = Donald Rumsfeld | ||
| ref = <ref name="CNOList"/> | | ref = <ref name="CNOList"/> | ||
}} | }} | ||
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| alt_officeholder = [[Gordon R. England]] | | alt_officeholder = [[Gordon R. England]] | ||
| alt_officeholder2 = [[Donald C. Winter]] | | alt_officeholder2 = [[Donald C. Winter]] | ||
| cabinet = | | cabinet = Donald Rumsfeld | ||
| cabinet2 = [[Robert Gates]] | | cabinet2 = [[Robert Gates]] | ||
| ref = <ref name="CNOList"/> | | ref = <ref name="CNOList"/> | ||