CargoAdmin, Bureaucrats, Moderators (CommentStreams), fileuploaders, Interface administrators, newuser, Push subscription managers, Suppressors, Administrators
14,662
edits
International Atomic Energy Agency: Difference between revisions
m
Text replacement - "Dwight D. Eisenhower" to "Dwight D. Eisenhower"
m (Text replacement - "The New York Times" to "The New York Times") |
m (Text replacement - "Dwight D. Eisenhower" to "Dwight D. Eisenhower") |
||
| Line 75: | Line 75: | ||
The '''International Atomic Energy Agency''' ('''IAEA''') is an [[intergovernmental organization]] that seeks to promote the peaceful use of [[nuclear technology|nuclear energy]] and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including [[nuclear weapon]]s. It was established in 1957 as an autonomous organization within the [[United Nations System|United Nations system]];<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2016-06-08 |title=History |url=https://www.iaea.org/about/overview/history |access-date=2022-09-08 |publisher=IAEA |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://www.un.org/en/conf/npt/2015/pdf/IAEA%20factsheet.pdf IAEA Factsheet], {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413200825/https://www.un.org/en/conf/npt/2015/pdf/IAEA%20factsheet.pdf |date=13 April 2016}}, Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (2015)</ref> though governed by its own founding [[treaty]], the organization reports to both the [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]] and the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]] of the [[United Nations]], and is headquartered at the [[United Nations Office at Vienna|UN Office at Vienna]], Austria. | The '''International Atomic Energy Agency''' ('''IAEA''') is an [[intergovernmental organization]] that seeks to promote the peaceful use of [[nuclear technology|nuclear energy]] and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including [[nuclear weapon]]s. It was established in 1957 as an autonomous organization within the [[United Nations System|United Nations system]];<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2016-06-08 |title=History |url=https://www.iaea.org/about/overview/history |access-date=2022-09-08 |publisher=IAEA |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://www.un.org/en/conf/npt/2015/pdf/IAEA%20factsheet.pdf IAEA Factsheet], {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413200825/https://www.un.org/en/conf/npt/2015/pdf/IAEA%20factsheet.pdf |date=13 April 2016}}, Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (2015)</ref> though governed by its own founding [[treaty]], the organization reports to both the [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]] and the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]] of the [[United Nations]], and is headquartered at the [[United Nations Office at Vienna|UN Office at Vienna]], Austria. | ||
The IAEA was created in response to growing international concern toward nuclear weapons, especially [[Cold War (1953–1962)|amid rising tensions]] between the foremost nuclear powers, the United States and the Soviet Union.<ref name="auto"/> U.S. president | The IAEA was created in response to growing international concern toward nuclear weapons, especially [[Cold War (1953–1962)|amid rising tensions]] between the foremost nuclear powers, the United States and the Soviet Union.<ref name="auto"/> U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower's "[[Atoms for Peace|Atoms for Peace" speech]], which called for the creation of an international organization to monitor the global proliferation of nuclear resources and technology, is credited with catalyzing the formation of the IAEA, whose treaty came into force on 29 July 1957 upon U.S. ratification. | ||
The IAEA serves as an intergovernmental forum for scientific and technical cooperation on the peaceful use of [[nuclear technology]] and [[nuclear power]] worldwide. It maintains several programs that encourage the development of peaceful applications of nuclear energy, science, and technology; provide international safeguards against misuse of nuclear technology and [[nuclear material]]s; and promote and implement [[nuclear safety]] (including [[radiation protection]]) and nuclear security standards. The organization also conducts research in nuclear science and provides technical support and training in nuclear technology to countries worldwide, particularly in the developing world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Atomic Energy Agency |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/International-Atomic-Energy-Agency |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref> | The IAEA serves as an intergovernmental forum for scientific and technical cooperation on the peaceful use of [[nuclear technology]] and [[nuclear power]] worldwide. It maintains several programs that encourage the development of peaceful applications of nuclear energy, science, and technology; provide international safeguards against misuse of nuclear technology and [[nuclear material]]s; and promote and implement [[nuclear safety]] (including [[radiation protection]]) and nuclear security standards. The organization also conducts research in nuclear science and provides technical support and training in nuclear technology to countries worldwide, particularly in the developing world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Atomic Energy Agency |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/International-Atomic-Energy-Agency |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref> | ||
| Line 108: | Line 108: | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
[[File:IAEA Expert Mission (02011232) (52318506586).jpg|thumb|The inspection team, led by Director-General [[Rafael Grossi]], Head of the Department of Nuclear Safety and Security [[Lydie Evrard]] and Head of the Department of Safeguards [[Massimo Aparo]], that on 1 September 2022 started IAEA's first inspection of a nuclear plant in a war zone, at [[Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant]] in Ukraine<ref name=nei-20220901>{{cite news |url=https://www.neimagazine.com/news/newsiaea-team-begins-inspection-of-zaporizhzhia-npp-grossi-leaves-after-a-few-hours-9971589 |title=IAEA team begins inspection of Zaporizhzhia NPP; Grossi leaves after a few hours |publisher=Nuclear Engineering International |date=1 September 2022 |access-date=2 September 2022}}</ref><ref name=sky-20220901>{{cite news |url=https://news.sky.com/video/ukraine-war-explosion-near-zaporizhzhia-nuclear-power-plant-12687040 |title=Ukraine war: Explosion near Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant |publisher=Sky News |date=1 September 2022 |access-date=2 September 2022}}</ref>]] | [[File:IAEA Expert Mission (02011232) (52318506586).jpg|thumb|The inspection team, led by Director-General [[Rafael Grossi]], Head of the Department of Nuclear Safety and Security [[Lydie Evrard]] and Head of the Department of Safeguards [[Massimo Aparo]], that on 1 September 2022 started IAEA's first inspection of a nuclear plant in a war zone, at [[Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant]] in Ukraine<ref name=nei-20220901>{{cite news |url=https://www.neimagazine.com/news/newsiaea-team-begins-inspection-of-zaporizhzhia-npp-grossi-leaves-after-a-few-hours-9971589 |title=IAEA team begins inspection of Zaporizhzhia NPP; Grossi leaves after a few hours |publisher=Nuclear Engineering International |date=1 September 2022 |access-date=2 September 2022}}</ref><ref name=sky-20220901>{{cite news |url=https://news.sky.com/video/ukraine-war-explosion-near-zaporizhzhia-nuclear-power-plant-12687040 |title=Ukraine war: Explosion near Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant |publisher=Sky News |date=1 September 2022 |access-date=2 September 2022}}</ref>]] | ||
In 1946 [[United Nations Atomic Energy Commission]] was founded, but stopped working in 1949 and was disbanded in 1952. In 1953, [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] | In 1946 [[United Nations Atomic Energy Commission]] was founded, but stopped working in 1949 and was disbanded in 1952. In 1953, [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] Dwight D. Eisenhower proposed the creation of an international body to both regulate and promote the peaceful use of atomic power (nuclear power), in his [[Atoms for Peace]] address to the UN General Assembly.<ref name=Fischer>{{cite book |url=http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1032_web.pdf |title=History of the International Atomic Energy Agency: The First Forty Years |first=David |last=Fischer |year=1997 |publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency |isbn=978-92-0-102397-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030916084755/http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1032_web.pdf |archive-date=16 September 2003 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal |url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/international-atomic-energy-agency |journal=Science and Diplomacy|date=22 June 2015 |title=The International Atomic Energy Agency: Linking Nuclear Science and Diplomacy |first=John |last=Brittain}}</ref> In September 1954, the United States proposed to the General Assembly the creation of an international agency to take control of [[fissile material]], which could be used either for nuclear power or for nuclear weapons. This agency would establish a kind of "nuclear bank". | ||
The United States also called for an international scientific conference on all of the peaceful aspects of nuclear power.<ref>{{cite web|title=60th Anniversary of the International Atomic Energy Agency|editor=William Burr|publisher=[[National Security Archive]]|url=https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2017-10-26/60th-anniversary-international-atomic-energy-agency-iaea|access-date=2 August 2018|date=26 October 2017}}</ref> By November 1954, it had become clear that the [[Soviet Union]] would reject any international custody of fissile material if the United States did not agree to disarmament first, but that a ''clearinghouse'' for nuclear transactions might be possible. From 8 to 20 August 1955, the United Nations held the International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy in Geneva, [[Switzerland]]. In October 1957, a Conference on the IAEA Statute was held at the Headquarters of the United Nations to approve the founding document for the IAEA, which was negotiated in 1955–1957 by a group of twelve countries.<ref name=Fischer /> The Statute of the IAEA was approved on 23 October 1956 and came into force on 29 July 1957.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Statute of the IAEA|date=8 June 2016 |publisher=IAEA |url=http://www.iaea.org/about/about-statute}}</ref><ref name=IAEA_Statute>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaea.org/About/statute.html |title=Statute of the IAEA |publisher=IAEA |access-date=16 November 2013}}</ref> | The United States also called for an international scientific conference on all of the peaceful aspects of nuclear power.<ref>{{cite web|title=60th Anniversary of the International Atomic Energy Agency|editor=William Burr|publisher=[[National Security Archive]]|url=https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2017-10-26/60th-anniversary-international-atomic-energy-agency-iaea|access-date=2 August 2018|date=26 October 2017}}</ref> By November 1954, it had become clear that the [[Soviet Union]] would reject any international custody of fissile material if the United States did not agree to disarmament first, but that a ''clearinghouse'' for nuclear transactions might be possible. From 8 to 20 August 1955, the United Nations held the International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy in Geneva, [[Switzerland]]. In October 1957, a Conference on the IAEA Statute was held at the Headquarters of the United Nations to approve the founding document for the IAEA, which was negotiated in 1955–1957 by a group of twelve countries.<ref name=Fischer /> The Statute of the IAEA was approved on 23 October 1956 and came into force on 29 July 1957.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Statute of the IAEA|date=8 June 2016 |publisher=IAEA |url=http://www.iaea.org/about/about-statute}}</ref><ref name=IAEA_Statute>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaea.org/About/statute.html |title=Statute of the IAEA |publisher=IAEA |access-date=16 November 2013}}</ref> | ||