National Guard: Difference between revisions

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 Many states also maintain their own [[state defense force]]s. Although not federal entities like the National Guard of the United States, these forces are components of the state militias like the individual state National Guards.
-These forces were created by Congress in 1917 as a result of the state National Guards' being deployed and were known as Home Guards. In 1940, with the onset of [[World War II]] and as a result of its federalizing the National Guard, Congress amended the [[National Defense Act of 1916]], and authorized the states to maintain "military forces other than National Guard."<ref>54 Stat. 1206 (1940)</ref> This law authorized the [[United States Department of War|War Department]] to train and arm the new military forces that became known as State Guards. In 1950, with the outbreak of the [[Korean War]] and at the urging of the National Guard, Congress reauthorized the separate state military forces for a time period of two years. These state military forces were authorized military training at federal expense, and "arms, ammunition, clothing, and equipment," as deemed necessary by the [[Secretary of the Army]].<ref>64 Stat. 1073 (1950)</ref> In 1956, Congress finally revised the law and authorized "State defense forces" permanently under Title 32, Section 109, of the United States Code.<ref>70A Stat. 600 (1956)</ref>
+These forces were created by Congress in 1917 as a result of the state National Guards' being deployed and were known as Home Guards. In 1940, with the onset of [[World War II]] and as a result of its federalizing the National Guard, Congress amended the [[National Defense Act of 1916]], and authorized the states to maintain "military forces other than National Guard."<ref>54 Stat. 1206 (1940)</ref> This law authorized the [[United States Department of War|War Department]] to train and arm the new military forces that became known as State Guards. In 1950, with the outbreak of the Korean War and at the urging of the National Guard, Congress reauthorized the separate state military forces for a time period of two years. These state military forces were authorized military training at federal expense, and "arms, ammunition, clothing, and equipment," as deemed necessary by the [[Secretary of the Army]].<ref>64 Stat. 1073 (1950)</ref> In 1956, Congress finally revised the law and authorized "State defense forces" permanently under Title 32, Section 109, of the United States Code.<ref>70A Stat. 600 (1956)</ref>
 === Naval militias ===
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 Throughout the 19th century the Regular U.S. Army was small, and the state militias provided the majority of the troops during the [[Mexican–American War]], the [[American Civil War]], and the [[Spanish–American War]]. With the [[Militia Act of 1903]], the militia was more organized and the name "National Guard" recommended. In 1908, the prohibition on National Guard units serving overseas was dropped. This resulted in constitutional debates within the U.S. government surrounding the legality of the use of the National Guard overseas, culminating in 1912 when U.S. Attorney General [[George W. Wickersham]] declared the 1908 amendment to be unconstitutional. The [[National Defense Act of 1916]] contained a provision whereby the president could discharge National Guard members from the militia and draft them into the Army in the event of a war, allowing for their use overseas. This resulted in former National Guard members being discharged from the Army entirely (also losing their status as state troops) when they left service, so the [[National Defense Act of 1920|1920 amendments to the act]] defined the National Guard's dual role as a state and federal reserve force; the "National Guard while in the service of the United States" as a component of the [[Army of the United States]] could be ordered to active duty by the president, be deployed overseas if they so wished, and the Guardsmen would then revert to their status as state troops. The dual state and federal status proved confusing, so in 1933, the National Defense Act of 1916 was amended again. It finally severed the National Guard's traditional connection with the militia clause of the Constitution, providing for a new component called the "National Guard of the United States" that was to be a reserve component of the Army of the United States at all times. This is the beginning of the present legal basis of the National Guard. In World War I, National Guard soldiers made up 40 percent of the men in U.S. combat divisions in France. In World War II, the National Guard made up 18 divisions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/portals/31/Documents/About/Publications/Documents/Fact%20Sheet%20-%20National%20Guard%20In%20World%20War%20II.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.nationalguard.mil/portals/31/Documents/About/Publications/Documents/Fact%20Sheet%20-%20National%20Guard%20In%20World%20War%20II.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Army National Guard size WW2}}</ref>
 [[File:National Guard Mobilization of 1940-41.jpg|thumb|300px|National Guard training, 1941.]]
-One hundred forty thousand Guardsmen were mobilized during the [[Korean War]] and over 63,000 for [[Operation Desert Storm]]. They have also participated in U.S. peacekeeping operations in [[Somalia]], Haiti, [[Saudi Arabia]], Kuwait, [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], and [[Kosovo]] and for natural disasters, strikes, riots and security for the [[Olympic Games]] when they have been in the States.
+One hundred forty thousand Guardsmen were mobilized during the Korean War and over 63,000 for [[Operation Desert Storm]]. They have also participated in U.S. peacekeeping operations in [[Somalia]], Haiti, [[Saudi Arabia]], Kuwait, [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], and [[Kosovo]] and for natural disasters, strikes, riots and security for the [[Olympic Games]] when they have been in the States.
 Following World War II, the National Guard aviation units that had previously been part of the [[U.S. Army Air Corps]] and its successor organization, the [[U.S. Army Air Forces]], became the [[Air National Guard]] (ANG), one of two reserve components of the newly established [[United States Air Force]].