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Women's Bureau: Difference between revisions
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==Establishment== | ==Establishment== | ||
The Women's Bureau evolved out of the Woman in Industry Service, which was established on July 1, 1918, as a war-time service to employ women.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/wb/info_about_wb/interwb.htm|title=WB – Our History (An Overview 1920–2012)|website=www.dol.gov|access-date=2015-10-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/086.html|title=Records of the Women's Bureau|website=www.archives.gov|access-date=2015-10-15}}</ref> It was headed by social activist [[Mary van Kleeck]], who was the head of the Department of Industrial Studies at the [[Russell Sage Foundation]]. In 1917, amidst | The Women's Bureau evolved out of the Woman in Industry Service, which was established on July 1, 1918, as a war-time service to employ women.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/wb/info_about_wb/interwb.htm|title=WB – Our History (An Overview 1920–2012)|website=www.dol.gov|access-date=2015-10-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/086.html|title=Records of the Women's Bureau|website=www.archives.gov|access-date=2015-10-15}}</ref> It was headed by social activist [[Mary van Kleeck]], who was the head of the Department of Industrial Studies at the [[Russell Sage Foundation]]. In 1917, amidst World War I, van Kleeck undertook an investigation of the possibility of employment of women in Army warehouses at the behest of the [[War Industries Board]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8JBZAAAAYAAJ&q=alliance%20employment%20bureau%20nyc%20van%20kleeck&pg=PA113 |title=Life and Labor |date=1918 |publisher=National Women's Trade Union League |editor-last=Robins |editor-first=Margaret Dreier |volume=8 |language=en |editor-last2=Rippey |editor-first2=Sarah Cory}}</ref> She recommended the creation of a Women's Bureau in the [[United States Department of War|War Department]], and as a result [[Woodrow Wilson|President Wilson]] appointed<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cCHLa6mBmj8C&q=van+Kleeck+new+deal&pg=PA63|title=The Road Not Taken: A History of Radical Social Work in the United States|last1=Reisch|first1=Michael|last2=Andrews|first2=Janice|date=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9780415933995|pages=61–65|language=en}}</ref> van Kleeck to lead a new Women in Industry Service group, a sub-agency of the [[United States Department of Labor|Department of Labor]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/United-States-Womens-Bureau|title=United States Women's Bureau {{!}} United States federal agency|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=September 5, 2019}}</ref> Van Kleeck wrote that the great numbers of [[American women in World War I|women brought into the workforce by the war]] represented a "new freedom" for women: "freedom to serve their country through their industry not as women but as workers judged by the same standards and rewarded by the same recompense as men".<ref name=":62">{{Cite web|url=https://insidefraser.stlouisfed.org/2019/03/the-woman-power-behind-the-woman-in-industry-service/|title=Uncurrent Events: The Woman-Power Behind the "Woman in Industry Service"|date=March 4, 2019|website=Inside FRASER|publisher=St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank of the United States|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816192721/https://insidefraser.stlouisfed.org/2019/03/the-woman-power-behind-the-woman-in-industry-service/|archive-date=August 16, 2019|access-date=September 5, 2019}}</ref> | ||
The Women in Industry Service group produced a series of reports documenting [[Gender pay gap|wage disparities]], [[Occupational safety and health|unsafe working conditions]], and discrimination against female laborers, conducting investigations in 31 states.<ref name=":62"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dol.gov/wb/info_about_wb/interwb.htm|title=Women's Bureau (WB) – About Us, Our History|website=www.dol.gov|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619072633/https://www.dol.gov/wb/info_about_wb/interwb.htm|archive-date=June 19, 2019|access-date=September 14, 2019}}</ref> However, their recommendations were often ignored, and at an October 1918 conference to discuss women's labor organized by van Kleeck, [[United States Secretary of Labor|Secretary of Labor]] [[William Bauchop Wilson|William Wilson]] declined to take action to address wage inequality.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lyZYS_GxglIC&q=van+Kleeck&pg=PA342|title=Women and War|last=McGuire|first=John Thomas|date=2006|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781851097708|pages=624|language=en}}</ref> In December 1918, the group published a wide-ranging report entitled ''Standards for the Employment of Women in Industry'', which was later used as the basis for the groundbreaking [[Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938]], which applied basic working standards to men and women throughout the country.<ref name=":62"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=41Mc6YEN_3kC&q=fair+labor+standards+act+%22employment+of+women+in+industry%22&pg=PA522|title=Handbook of labor statistics|last=Bureau of Labor Statistics|first=United States|date=1942|publisher=U.S. G.P.O.|pages=522–535|language=en}}</ref> | The Women in Industry Service group produced a series of reports documenting [[Gender pay gap|wage disparities]], [[Occupational safety and health|unsafe working conditions]], and discrimination against female laborers, conducting investigations in 31 states.<ref name=":62"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dol.gov/wb/info_about_wb/interwb.htm|title=Women's Bureau (WB) – About Us, Our History|website=www.dol.gov|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619072633/https://www.dol.gov/wb/info_about_wb/interwb.htm|archive-date=June 19, 2019|access-date=September 14, 2019}}</ref> However, their recommendations were often ignored, and at an October 1918 conference to discuss women's labor organized by van Kleeck, [[United States Secretary of Labor|Secretary of Labor]] [[William Bauchop Wilson|William Wilson]] declined to take action to address wage inequality.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lyZYS_GxglIC&q=van+Kleeck&pg=PA342|title=Women and War|last=McGuire|first=John Thomas|date=2006|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781851097708|pages=624|language=en}}</ref> In December 1918, the group published a wide-ranging report entitled ''Standards for the Employment of Women in Industry'', which was later used as the basis for the groundbreaking [[Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938]], which applied basic working standards to men and women throughout the country.<ref name=":62"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=41Mc6YEN_3kC&q=fair+labor+standards+act+%22employment+of+women+in+industry%22&pg=PA522|title=Handbook of labor statistics|last=Bureau of Labor Statistics|first=United States|date=1942|publisher=U.S. G.P.O.|pages=522–535|language=en}}</ref> | ||