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{{Short description|Research institute}} '''Pacific Northwest National Laboratory''' ('''PNNL''') is one of the [[United States Department of Energy national laboratories]], managed by the [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]]'s (DOE) [[Office of Science]]. The main campus of the laboratory is in [[Richland, Washington]], with additional research facilities around the country. Originally named the Pacific Northwest Laboratory, PNL was established in 1965 when [[research and development]] at the [[Hanford Site]] was separated from other Hanford operations. In 1995, the laboratory was renamed the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL).<ref name = "pnnl1995">{{cite web |url=https://www.pnnl.gov/news/release.aspx?id=694 |title=What's in a name? — PNL goes national |last=PNNL News & Media Relations |date=October 26, 1995 |website=Pacific Northwest National Laboratory |access-date=June 17, 2019 }}</ref> ==Research facilities== [[File:Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) Richland Campus Entrance.jpg|thumb|right|360px|Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Campus. PNNL has been operated for the U.S. Department of Energy by [[Battelle Memorial Institute]] since 1965.]] The [[Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory]] (EMSL) is a U.S. Department of Energy national scientific user facility. EMSL provides researchers around the world with integrated capabilities in oxide and mineral interface chemistry, high-performance computing and [[computational chemistry]] software, [[mass spectrometry]], high-field [[nuclear magnetic resonance|magnetic resonance]], and subsurface flow and transport research.<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory {{!}} PNNL |url=https://www.pnnl.gov/environmental-molecular-sciences-laboratory |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=The Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL)}}</ref> The Bioproducts, Sciences, and Engineering Laboratory (BSEL) is a joint effort between Washington State University and PNNL, and is located on the [[Washington State University Tri-Cities|WSU-Tri-Cities]] campus. Within BSEL, researchers are developing technology for converting [[biomass|agricultural byproducts]] into chemicals for products like plastics, solvents, fibers, pharmaceuticals, and [[gasoline additive|fuel additives]].<ref name="schill">[http://www.biomassmagazine.com/article.jsp?article_id=1730 Schill, SR. 2008. “PNNL, WSU partner in new biomass research lab.” ''Biomass Magazine'']</ref> Researchers at PNNL's Radiochemical Processing Laboratory are developing processes to advance the cleanup of radiological and [[hazardous waste]]s; the processing and disposal of [[nuclear fuels]]; and the production and delivery of [[medical isotopes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pnnl.gov/radiochemical-processing-laboratory|title=Radiochemical Processing Laboratory {{!}} PNNL|website=www.pnnl.gov|access-date=2019-04-12}}</ref>[[File:BattReliability-31 (50991814382).jpg|thumb|Battery reliability testing at the laboratory]] Three research facilities were constructed on PNNL's [[Richland, Washington]] campus to partially replace laboratory and office space PNNL had been using on the south end of the nearby Hanford Site. The Physical Sciences Facility, a federally funded research complex, houses research in [[materials science]], radiation detection, and ultra-trace analysis. The privately funded Computational Sciences Facility and Biological Sciences Facility house about 310 staff who support PNNL's energy, environmental, national security, and fundamental science research missions. These two new facilities opened in 2009. The CSF contains scientific capabilities in information analytics, [[high-performance computing]], [[cyber security]] and [[bioinformatics]]. The BSF focuses on [[bioenergy]], [[soil remediation|environmental and soil remediation]] and includes [[systems biology]], microbial and [[cellular biology]] and analytical interfacial chemistry.<ref name="doe">[http://www.er.doe.gov/News_Information/News_Room/PSF%20Final%2008-14-07.pdf U.S. Department of Energy. 2007. "Construction Approved for State-of-the-Art Physical Sciences Facility- Existing Facilities Included in Project". Pacific Northwest Site Office, Richland, WA. ]</ref> The Electricity Infrastructure Operations Center at PNNL combines software, real-time power grid data and computation into a control room setting. The ideas and technologies developed in the EIOC address better management of the power grid. The EIOC also is available to utilities, vendors, government agencies and universities interested in research, development or training.<ref name="huang">Huang Z, RT Guttromson, J Nieplocha, and RG Pratt. 2007. "Transforming Power Grid Operations". ''Scientific Computing'' 24(5):22-27.</ref> PNNL-Sequim (2022–present), previously known as the Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory (2021) and the Marine Sciences Laboratory (1966–2021), located at [[Sequim]], Washington, is the DOE's only marine laboratory. PNNL-Sequim provides analytical and general-purpose laboratories, as well as wet or support laboratories supplied with heated and cooled freshwater and seawater. More than 20 engineers and scientists work on coastal restoration and security projects, from reviving salmon habitat to research on how shellfish could detect a bioterrorist attack. PNNL-Sequim also operates a {{convert|28|ft|m|adj=on}} research vessel.<ref name="urbani">[http://www.peninsuladailynews.com/article/20081014/news/310149996 Urbani de la Paz, D. October 14, 2008. "Plant power on the rise at Sequim Bay lab". ''Peninsula Daily News''.]</ref> Other PNNL research facilities include the following: * Research Aircraft * [[Joint Global Change Research Institute]] * Shallow underground laboratory for low-activity radiation measurement ==Awards and honors== PNNL staff have received numerous awards and recognition. These achievements include 126 R&D100 Awards, 102 Federal Laboratory Consortium Awards, seven [[Ernest Lawrence|E. O. Lawrence]] Awards,<ref name="EOLawrence">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-01 |title=LAWRENCE Award Laureates {{!}} U.S. DOE Office of Science (SC) |url=https://science.osti.gov/lawrence/Award-Laureates |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=science.osti.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> and two Department of Energy Office of Science Distinguished Scientist Fellowships.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-08 |title=FELLOWS Office of Science Distin... {{!}} U.S. DOE Office of Science(SC) |url=https://science.osti.gov/fellows/Distinguished-Scientist-Fellows |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=science.osti.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> PNNL staff serve as editors-in-chief for scientific journals, hold office in national and international technical societies, and have been granted Guggenheim fellowships, Humboldt Research Awards, and society medals. Staff have been elected to the rank of fellow in national societies including, but not limited to, the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]], [[American Physical Society]], the Materials Research Society, and the American Chemical Society.<ref name="futrell">{{cite web |url=http://www.pnl.gov/news/2002/02-34.htm |date=2006 |title=Futrell Named Head of PNNL's Council of Fellows |website=Pacific Northwest National Laboratory |location=Richland, WA |access-date=2009-08-06 |archive-date=2008-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920095701/http://www.pnl.gov/news/2002/02-34.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="smithBio">[http://www.pnl.gov/science/staff/staff_info.asp?staff_num=5832 Staff Information Richard Smith].</ref> ==Facts and figures== * 6,089 staff members (scientists, engineers and business professionals) * Annual spending of $1.49 billion (2023) * 126 R&D 100 Awards for significant innovations since 1969<ref>{{Cite web |title=R&D 100 Award Winners Archive |url=https://www.rdworldonline.com/rd-100-archive/?YEAR=2022 |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=Research & Development World |language=en-US}}</ref> * 102 Federal Laboratory Consortium awards for technology transfer since 1984<ref>{{Cite web |title=FLC {{!}} Awards Publications |url=https://federallabs.org/flc-highlights/awards/awards-publications |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=federallabs.org}}</ref> * 301 invention disclosures (2023)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Economic Impact |url=https://www.pnnl.gov/economic-impact |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=www.pnnl.gov |language=en}}</ref> * 50 U.S. patents granted (2023)<ref name=":0" /> * According to Essential Science Indicators<ref>[http://ipscience.thomsonreuters.com/product/essential-science-indicators/ Essential Science Indicators]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201182220/http://ipscience.thomsonreuters.com/product/essential-science-indicators/ |date=2016-12-01 }}.</ref>{{page needed|date=January 2024}} rankings, PNNL ranks among top 1% in publications and citations (FY13) in: ** Biology and biochemistry ** Chemistry ** Clinical medicine ** Engineering ** Environment and ecology ** Geosciences ** Materials science ** Microbiology ** Pharmacology and toxicology ** Physics * The main campus is located in Richland, Washington; PNNL operates a marine research facility in Sequim, and has satellite offices in Seattle, Washington; Portland, Oregon; College Park, Maryland, and Washington, D.C. The Laboratory has been operated by Ohio-based Battelle since 1965.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pacific Northwest National Laboratory {{!}} PNNL |url=https://www.pnnl.gov |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=www.pnnl.gov |language=en}}</ref> ==History== [[Image:Newspaper small.jpg|thumb|right|300px|This November 1964 [[Tri-City Herald]] newspaper clip announces Battelle has been selected to manage the new Pacific Northwest Laboratory in Richland beginning in January 1965.]] PNNL was established in 1965 but traces its origins to [[World War II]], in the establishment of the [[Hanford Site]] in 1943. Plutonium production for the [[Manhattan Project]] required extensive research and development activities at the Hanford Site. The [[General Electric|General Electric Company]] began operating the site in 1946 and consolidated R&D into the new '''Hanford Laboratory''' in 1953. After GE ended its contract in 1963 to avoid conflicts with its growing commercial nuclear business, the [[United States Atomic Energy Commission|Atomic Energy Commission]] split the Hanford contract among several organizations, awarding the laboratory contract to Ohio-based Battelle Memorial Institute. Battelle took over operations on January 4, 1965, and named it the '''Pacific Northwest Laboratory'''.<ref name = "marceau">{{cite book |last=Marceau |first=Thomas |display-authors=etal |date=2002 |title=Hanford Site Historic District: History of the Plutonium Production Facilities, 1943-1990 |url=https://pdw.hanford.gov/arpir/index.cfm/viewDoc?accession=0081396H |location=Richland, WA |publisher=United States Department of Energy}}</ref> Initially, PNL's research emphasized nuclear energy and non-destructive uses for nuclear materials, including the design for the [[Fast Flux Test Facility]] to test fuels and materials for the AEC's commercial nuclear power program. However, PNL scientists and engineers also worked on nongovernment projects. [[James Russell (inventor)|Jim Russell]] patented a method for optical digital recording and playback, eventually used in [[compact discs]] and [[DVD|digital video discs]], while a Senior Scientist at PNL in the 1960s and 1970s.<ref name="mit1999">{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/russell.html |title=Inventor of the Week - James T. Russell - The Compact Disc |date=December 1999 |publisher=[[MIT]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030417162935/http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/russell.html |archive-date=April 17, 2003 }}</ref> In 1969, [[NASA]] chose PNL to measure the concentration of both solar and galactic cosmic-ray-produced [[radionuclides]] in lunar material collected from the entire [[Apollo program]]. In the 1970s, PNL expanded into energy, environment, health and national security research. The shift occurred as the AEC was replaced by the [[Energy Research and Development Administration]] (ERDA) in 1974 and the Department of Energy in 1977. During this period, researchers at PNL developed [[Radioactive waste#Vitrification|vitrification]], a process to lock hazardous waste inside glass, and an [[acoustics|acoustic]] [[holography]] technique allowing medical personnel to view internal organs, detect fetal abnormalities, and locate blood clots without an operation. In the 1980s, PNL researchers introduced the first portable [[blood irradiation therapy|blood irradiator]] for leukemia treatments,<ref name="humgate">Hungate, FP. 1995. "Portable Blood Irradiator." ''Radiation Protection Dosimetry'' 60(4): 359-362.</ref> and worked with the [[Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center]] in Seattle under a [[cooperative research and development agreement]] to develop safe and effective protocols for its use. In the mid-1980s, PNL became one of the [[United States Department of Energy national laboratories|U.S. Department of Energy's multiprogram laboratories]]. In 1995, the laboratory was renamed the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.<ref name = "pnnl1995"/> The Laboratory's global environmental and nuclear nonproliferation work moved to the forefront during the 1990s. The Pacific Northwest Center for Global Security was established to coordinate nuclear nonproliferation programs, research and policy work within the Laboratory and throughout the region.<ref name="cgs">[http://pnwcgs.pnl.gov/ PNNL: Pacific Northwest Center for Global Security]</ref> The Material Identification System and the Ultrasonic Pulse Echo instrument, technologies developed at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, were provided to customs inspectors<ref name="anon">Anonymous. 1998. "Instruments Smother Smuggling Attempts." ''Research & Development'' 40(2):140.</ref> in [[Eastern Europe]] and [[former Soviet Union]] republics to reduce smuggling and terrorism. Researchers also studied [[global climate model]]s, including [[cloud formation]] and radiative properties of clouds. In addition, the Laboratory created energy efficiency centers to promote economic growth while mitigating its harmful effects and participating on the [[United Nations]] panel on climate change assessments.<ref name="aboutPNNL">[http://www.pnl.gov/about/history.asp About PNNL - Laboratory history]</ref> In 2007, more than 20 PNNL scientists were recognized for their contributions to the [[United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)]] that received the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize in equal parts with former Vice President Al Gore.<ref name="nobelPrize">[http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003946883_nobellocal13m.html "Local researchers among thousands who share in prize" ''Seattle Times'', 13 October 2007]</ref> Technologies to [[counterterrorism|counter acts of terrorism]] have progressed at PNNL in this decade with the expansion of radiation portal monitoring technology developed at the Laboratory. This technology is used at ports of entry around the country to scan for and detect the presence of nuclear and radiological materials. In 2004, The U.S. Department of Homeland Security established the National Visualization and Analytics Center (NVAC) to advance [[Jim Thomas (visualization)|visualization research]] using computer technology to enable humans to visually synthesize and derive insight from massive amounts of information to help the nation predict and respond to manmade and natural disasters and terrorist incidents. PNNL scientists are designing catalysts to use solar energy to power reactions that turn water into hydrogen. They are incorporating the concepts of energy matching and proton relays to design inexpensive nickel and cobalt containing molecular complexes that catalyze that reaction. DOE has awarded $22.5 million over five years for PNNL's new Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, where scientists will study catalysts that convert electrical energy into chemical bonds and back again.<ref name="dubois">DuBois, MR and DL DuBois. 2008. "The Role of Pendant Bases in Molecular Catalysts for H2 Oxidation and Production." ''Comptes Rendus Chimie'' 11(8):805-817.</ref><ref name="bes">[https://science.energy.gov/bes/efrc/ Basic Energy Science, Energy Frontier Research Centers. Office of Basic Energy Science, U.S. Department of Energy]</ref> ==Directors== * Sherwood Fawcett (1965–1967) * Fred Albaugh (1967–1971) * Ron Paul (1971–1973) * Ed Alpen (1973–1975) * Tommy Ambrose (1975–1979) * Doug Olesen (1979–1984) * William R. Wiley (1984–1994) * [[Bill Madia]] (1994–2000) * Lura Powell (2000–2003) * Leonard Peters (2003–2007) * Mike Kluse (2008–2015) * Steve Ashby (2015–present) ==References== {{reflist|30em}} == External links == {{Commons category|Pacific Northwest National Laboratory}} * {{Official website|http://www.pnnl.gov/}} {{coord|46.343224|-119.276333|type:landmark|display=title}} {{DOE agencies}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:United States Department of Energy national laboratories]] [[Category:Federally Funded Research and Development Centers]] [[Category:Tri-Cities, Washington]] [[Category:Battelle Memorial Institute]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Benton County, Washington]] [[Category:Richland, Washington]] [[Category:Research institutes in Washington (state)]] [[Category:Radiation protection organizations]]
