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{{short description|Measurement standards laboratory in the United States}} {{Infobox government agency | agency_name = National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) | nativename = | nativename_a = | nativename_r = | seal = NIST logo.svg | seal_width = | seal_caption = | formed = {{ubil|{{start date and age|p=y|March 3, 1901}} as National Bureau of Standards,<br />became NIST in 1988 }} | preceding1 = | preceding2 = | dissolved = | superseding = | jurisdiction = | headquarters = 100 Bureau Drive<br />[[Gaithersburg, Maryland]], U.S. | coordinates = {{Coordinates|39|07|59|N|77|13|25|W|type:landmark_region:US-MD}} | employees = Approx. 3,400<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.nist.gov/director/pao/nist-general-information |title=NIST General Information |journal=NIST |date=December 24, 2008 |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |access-date=July 18, 2021 |archive-date=August 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801002320/https://www.nist.gov/director/pao/nist-general-information |url-status=live }}</ref> | budget = [[United States dollar|$]]1.03 billion (FY 2021)<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.nist.gov/director/congressional-and-legislative-affairs/nist-appropriations-summary-0/fy-2022-presidential |title=FY 2022: Presidential Budget Request Summary |journal=NIST |date=June 8, 2021 |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |access-date=July 18, 2021 |archive-date=August 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801002329/https://www.nist.gov/director/congressional-and-legislative-affairs/nist-appropriations-summary-0/fy-2022-presidential |url-status=live }}</ref> | minister1_name = | minister1_pfo = | minister2_name = | minister2_pfo = | chief1_name = [[Laurie E. Locascio]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.commerce.gov/about/leadership/laurie-e-locascio |title=Laurie E. Locascio |publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce]] |access-date=January 19, 2024 |archive-date=January 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119230710/https://www.commerce.gov/about/leadership/laurie-e-locascio |url-status=live }}</ref> | chief1_position = Director of NIST and [[Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology]] | chief2_name = | chief2_position = | parent_department = [[United States Department of Commerce|Department of Commerce]] | child1_agency = | child2_agency = | website = {{URL|https://www.nist.gov/|nist.gov}} | footnotes = }} The '''National Institute of Standards and Technology''' ('''NIST''') is an agency of the [[United States Department of Commerce]] whose mission is to promote American innovation and industrial competitiveness. NIST's activities are organized into [[Outline of physical science|physical science]] laboratory programs that include [[Nanotechnology|nanoscale science and technology]], [[engineering]], [[information technology]], [[neutron]] research, material measurement, and physical measurement. From 1901 to 1988, the agency was named the '''National Bureau of Standards'''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Institute of Standards and Technology|url=https://www.commerce.gov/bureaus-and-offices/nist|access-date=2021-09-05|website=U.S. Department of Commerce|language=en|archive-date=September 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905040220/https://www.commerce.gov/bureaus-and-offices/nist|url-status=live}}</ref> ==History== ===Background=== The [[Articles of Confederation]], ratified by the colonies in 1781, provided: <blockquote>The United States in Congress assembled shall also have the sole and exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy and value of coin struck by their own authority, or by that of the respective states—fixing the standards of weights and measures throughout the United States.<ref>Articles of Confederation of 1781, article IX, paragraph 4.</ref></blockquote> Article 1, section 8, of the [[Constitution of the United States]], ratified in 1789, granted these powers to the new Congress: "The Congress shall have power ... To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures".<ref name=":0" /> In January 1790, [[President of the United States|President]] [[George Washington]], in his first [[State of the Union|annual message to Congress]], said, "Uniformity in the currency, weights, and measures of the United States is an object of great importance, and will, I am persuaded, be duly attended to."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Founders Online: From George Washington to the United States Senate and House o …|url=http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-04-02-0361|access-date=2021-11-16|website=founders.archives.gov|language=en|archive-date=September 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917025218/https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-04-02-0361|url-status=live}}</ref> On October 25, 1791, Washington again appealed Congress: <blockquote>A uniformity of the weights and measures of the country is among the important objects submitted to you by the Constitution and if it can be derived from a standard at once invariable and universal, must be no less honorable to the public council than conducive to the public convenience.<ref>https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/bulletin/01/nbsbulletinv1n3p365_A2b.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604174515/https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/bulletin/01/nbsbulletinv1n3p365_A2b.pdf |date=June 4, 2018 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=September 2022}}</ref></blockquote> In 1821, [[President of the United States|President]] [[John Quincy Adams]] declared, "Weights and measures may be ranked among the necessities of life to every individual of human society.".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Presidential Measurements Timeline |journal=NIST |date=February 5, 2014 |url=https://www.nist.gov/pml/weights-and-measures/presidential-measurements-timeline |access-date=October 2, 2021 |archive-date=October 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002043154/https://www.nist.gov/pml/weights-and-measures/presidential-measurements-timeline |url-status=live }}</ref> Nevertheless, it was not until 1838 that the United States government adopted a uniform set of standards.<ref name=":0">[http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/upload/SP_447-2.pdf NBS special publication 447] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017035453/http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/upload/SP_447-2.pdf |date=October 17, 2011 }}-Retrieved September 28, 2011</ref> From 1830 until 1901, the role of overseeing weights and measures was carried out by the Office of Standard Weights and Measures, which was part of the Survey of the Coast—renamed the United States Coast Survey in 1836 and the [[United States Coast and Geodetic Survey]] in 1878—in the [[United States Department of the Treasury]].<ref name="archives">[https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/167.html Records of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019033843/https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/167.html |date=October 19, 2017 }}, [[National Archives and Records Administration]] website, (Record Group 167), 1830–1987.</ref><ref name="timeline18071899">{{Cite web |url=http://www.history.noaa.gov/legacy/time1800.html |title=noaa.gov NOAA History: NOAA Legacy Timeline 1807–1899 |access-date=December 16, 2020 |archive-date=September 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905070715/http://www.history.noaa.gov/legacy/time1800.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="theberge3">[http://www.lib.noaa.gov/noaainfo/heritage/coastsurveyvol1/HASSLER3.html#REBIRTH Theberge, Captain Albert E., ''The Coast Survey 1807–1867: Volume I of the History of the Commissioned Corps of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration'', "THE HASSLER LEGACY: FERDINAND RUDOLPH HASSLER and the UNITED STATES COAST SURVEY: THE REBIRTH OF THE SURVEY," no publisher listed, NOAA History, 1998.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109093503/http://www.lib.noaa.gov/noaainfo/heritage/coastsurveyvol1/HASSLER3.html|date=November 9, 2014}}</ref> ===Bureau of Standards (1901–1988)=== In 1901, in response to a bill proposed by Congressman [[James H. Southard]] (R, Ohio), the [[National Bureau of Standards]] was founded with the mandate to provide standard weights and measures, and to serve as the national physical laboratory for the United States. Southard had previously sponsored a bill for metric conversion of the United States.<ref name=Perry55>John Perry, ''The Story of Standards'', Funk and Wagnalls, 1953, Library of Congress Cat. No. 55-11094, p. 123</ref> [[File:Wheeled chart of National Bureau of Standards activities, 1915.jpg|thumb|Chart of NBS activities, 1915]] President Theodore Roosevelt appointed [[Samuel Wesley Stratton|Samuel W. Stratton]] as the first director. The budget for the first year of operation was $40,000. The Bureau took custody of the copies of the [[kilogram]] and [[Metre|meter]] bars that were the standards for US measures, and set up a program to provide [[metrology]] services for United States scientific and commercial users. A laboratory site was constructed in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], and instruments were acquired from the national physical laboratories of Europe. In addition to weights and measures, the Bureau developed instruments for electrical units and for measurement of light. In 1905 a meeting was called that would be the first "National Conference on Weights and Measures". Initially conceived as purely a [[metrology]] agency, the Bureau of Standards was directed by [[Herbert Hoover]] to set up divisions to develop commercial standards for materials and products.<ref name=Perry55/> Some of these standards were for products intended for government use, but product standards also affected private-sector consumption. Quality standards were developed for products including some types of clothing, automobile brake systems and headlamps, [[antifreeze]], and electrical safety. During World War I, the Bureau worked on multiple problems related to war production, even operating its own facility to produce [[Crown glass (optics)|optical glass]] when European supplies were cut off. Between the wars, [[Harry Diamond (engineer)|Harry Diamond]] of the Bureau developed a [[Instrument approach|blind approach]] radio aircraft landing system. During [[Governmental impact on science during World War II|World War II, military research and development]] was carried out, including development of [[radio propagation]] forecast methods, the [[proximity fuze]] and the standardized airframe used originally for [[Project Pigeon]], and shortly afterwards the autonomously radar-guided [[ASM-N-2 Bat|Bat]] anti-ship guided bomb and the [[Project Kingfisher|Kingfisher family]] of torpedo-carrying missiles. [[File:SpectroscopyResearch 012.jpg|thumb|A [[mass spectrometer]] in use at the NBS in 1948]] In 1948, financed by the United States Air Force, the Bureau began design and construction of [[SEAC (computer)|SEAC]], the Standards Eastern Automatic Computer. The computer went into operation in May 1950 using a combination of [[vacuum tube]]s and solid-state [[diode]] logic. About the same time the [[SWAC (computer)|Standards Western Automatic Computer]], was built at the Los Angeles office of the NBS by [[Harry Huskey]] and used for research there. A mobile version, [[DYSEAC]], was built for the Signal Corps in 1954. ===National Institute of Standards and Technology (from 1988)=== Due to a changing mission, the "National Bureau of Standards" became the "National Institute of Standards and Technology" in 1988.<ref name="archives"/> Following the [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]] attacks, under the National Construction Safety Team Act (NCST), NIST conducted the official investigation into the [[collapse of the World Trade Center]] buildings. Following the 2021 [[Surfside condominium building collapse]], NIST sent engineers to the site to investigate the cause of the collapse.<ref>{{cite news |title=Agency that studied fall of Twin Towers in line to probe collapse of condo near Miami Beach |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/miami-beach/article252392883.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627203825/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/miami-beach/article252392883.html |archive-date=June 27, 2021 |access-date=8 July 2021 |work=Miami Herald}}</ref> In 2019, NIST launched a program named NIST on a Chip to decrease the size of instruments from lab machines to chip size. Applications include aircraft testing, communication with satellites for navigation purposes, and temperature and pressure.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=sarah.henderson@nist.gov|date=2019-12-17|title=NIST on a Chip Introduction|url=https://www.nist.gov/noac/introduction|access-date=2022-02-16|journal=NIST|language=en|archive-date=February 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216025021/https://www.nist.gov/noac/introduction|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, the [[Presidency of Joe Biden|Biden administration]] began plans to create a U.S. AI Safety Institute within NIST to coordinate [[AI safety]] matters. According to ''[[The Washington Post]]'', NIST is considered "notoriously underfunded and understaffed", which could present an obstacle to these efforts.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Faiola |first1=Anthony |last2=Zakrzewski |first2=Cat |date=2023-11-02 |title=Governments used to lead innovation. On AI, they're falling behind. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/11/02/ai-regulation-bletchley-park/ |access-date=2023-11-06 |newspaper=Washington Post |archive-date=November 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103175334/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/11/02/ai-regulation-bletchley-park/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Constitution== NIST, known between 1901 and 1988 as the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), is a [[measurement standards laboratory]], also known as the National Metrological Institute (NMI), which is a non-regulatory agency of the [[United States Department of Commerce]]. The institute's official mission is to:<ref>[https://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/general_information.cfm NIST General Information.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823052049/http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/general_information.cfm |date=August 23, 2016 }} Retrieved on August 21, 2010.</ref> {{blockquote|Promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing [[metrology|measurement science]], [[Technical standard|standards]], and [[technology]] in ways that enhance economic security and improve our [[quality of life]].|sign=|source=NIST }} NIST had an operating [[budget]] for fiscal year 2007 (October 1, 2006{{snd}}September 30, 2007) of about $843.3 million. NIST's 2009 budget was $992 million, and it also received $610 million as part of the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009|American Recovery and Reinvestment Act]].<ref>{{cite journal | title=NIST Budget, Planning and Economic Studies | journal=NIST | publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology | date=October 5, 2010 | url=https://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/budget/index.cfm | access-date=October 6, 2010 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922195101/http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/budget/index.cfm | archive-date=September 22, 2010 | df=mdy-all }}</ref> NIST employs about 2,900 scientists, engineers, technicians, and support and administrative personnel. About 1,800 NIST associates (guest researchers and engineers from American companies and foreign countries) complement the staff. In addition, NIST partners with 1,400 manufacturing specialists and staff at nearly 350 affiliated centers around the country. NIST publishes the '''''[[#Handbook 44|Handbook 44]]''''' that provides the "Specifications, tolerances, and other technical requirements for weighing and measuring devices". ===Metric system=== The [[39th United States Congress|Congress of 1866]] made use of the metric system in commerce a legally protected activity through the passage of [[Metric Act of 1866]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/upload/SP_447-2.pdf |website=ts.nist.gov |title=Weights and Measures Standards of the United States a brief history |page=41 |access-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026194248/http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/upload/SP_447-2.pdf |archive-date=October 26, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> On May 20, 1875, 17 out of 20 countries signed a document known as the ''Metric Convention'' or the ''Treaty of the Meter'', which established the [[International Bureau of Weights and Measures]] under the control of an international committee elected by the [[General Conference on Weights and Measures]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/upload/SP_447-2.pdf |website=ts.nist.gov |title=Weights and Measures Standards of the United States a brief history |page=22 |access-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026194248/http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/upload/SP_447-2.pdf |archive-date=October 26, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> =={{anchor|CTL|EL|ITL|NCNR|MML|PML|MEP}}Organization== [[File:NIST AML building.jpg|thumb|Advanced Measurement Laboratory Complex in Gaithersburg]] [[File:NIST campus aerial 2019.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of the Gaithersburg campus in 2019]] [[File:NIST in the mist.jpg|thumb|Boulder Laboratories]] NIST is headquartered in [[Gaithersburg, Maryland]], and operates a facility in [[Boulder, Colorado]], which was dedicated by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] in 1954.<ref name=idlvph>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VcxOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z0kDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2568%2C2237101 |work=Deseret News |location=(Salt Lake City, Utah) |agency=United Press |title=Ike dedicates lab, voices peace hopes |date=September 14, 1954 |page=A1 |access-date=March 23, 2021 |archive-date=October 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010002155/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VcxOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z0kDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2568%2C2237101 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=idednew>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RVBHAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cP4MAAAAIBAJ&pg=1790%2C1441025 |work=Meriden Record |location=(Connecticut) |agency=Associated Press |title=Ike dedicates two labs;'New type of frontier' |date=September 15, 1954 |page=22 |access-date=March 23, 2021 |archive-date=October 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010002217/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RVBHAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cP4MAAAAIBAJ&pg=1790%2C1441025 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=ftyrsbl>{{cite web |url=https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/IR/nistir6618.pdf |title=Significant papers from the first 50 years of the Boulder Labs |publisher=United States Department of Commerce: Boulder Laboratories |date=August 2004 |page=4 |access-date=July 23, 2021 |archive-date=August 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801002847/https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/IR/nistir6618.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> NIST's activities are organized into laboratory programs and extramural programs. Effective October 1, 2010, NIST was realigned by reducing the number of NIST laboratory units from ten to six.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2010/09/nist-strengthens-laboratory-mission-focus-new-structure|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828105829/http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/reorg_092810.cfm|url-status=dead|title=NIST Strengthens Laboratory Mission Focus with New Structure|date=September 28, 2010|archivedate=August 28, 2016|website=NIST}}</ref> NIST Laboratories include:<ref>[https://www.nist.gov/laboratories.cfm NIST Laboratories] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826064401/http://www.nist.gov/laboratories.cfm |date=August 26, 2016 }}. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved on May 10, 2016.</ref> * Communications Technology Laboratory (CTL)<ref>[https://www.nist.gov/ctl/ Communications Technology Laboratory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007063009/https://www.nist.gov/ctl |date=October 7, 2017 }} (CTL)</ref> * Engineering Laboratory (EL)<ref>[https://www.nist.gov/el/ Engineering Laboratory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712173821/https://www.nist.gov/el |date=July 12, 2017 }} (EL)</ref> * Information Technology Laboratory (ITL)<ref>[https://www.nist.gov/itl/ Information Technology Laboratory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712174825/https://www.nist.gov/itl |date=July 12, 2017 }} (ITL)</ref> * Center for Neutron Research (NCNR)<ref>[https://www.nist.gov/ncnr/ NIST Center for Neutron Research] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712182603/https://www.nist.gov/ncnr |date=July 12, 2017 }} (NCNR)</ref> * Material Measurement Laboratory (MML)<ref>[https://www.nist.gov/mml/ Material Measurement Laboratory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712175349/https://www.nist.gov/mml |date=July 12, 2017 }} (MML)</ref> * Physical Measurement Laboratory (PML)<ref>[https://www.nist.gov/pml/ Physical Measurement Laboratory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712180833/https://www.nist.gov/pml |date=July 12, 2017 }} (PML)</ref> Extramural programs include: * Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP),<ref>[https://www.nist.gov/mep/ Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712192444/https://www.nist.gov/mep |date=July 12, 2017 }} (MEP)</ref> a nationwide network of centers to assist small and mid-sized manufacturers to create and retain jobs, improve efficiencies, and minimize waste through process improvements and to increase market penetration with innovation and growth strategies; * [[Advanced Technology Program|Technology Innovation Program]] (TIP), a grant program where NIST and industry partners cost share the early-stage development of innovative but high-risk technologies; * Baldrige Performance Excellence Program, which administers the [[Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award]], the nation's highest award for performance and business excellence. {{Anchor|NIST-F1}} NIST's Boulder laboratories are best known for [[NIST-F1|NIST‑F1]], which houses an [[atomic clock]]. NIST‑F1 serves as the source of the nation's official time. From its measurement of the natural resonance frequency of [[cesium]]—which defines the [[second]]—NIST broadcasts [[time signal]]s via [[longwave]] radio station [[WWVB]] near [[Fort Collins, Colorado|Fort Collins]], Colorado, and [[shortwave]] [[radio station]]s [[WWV (radio station)|WWV]] and [[WWVH]], located near Fort Collins and [[Kekaha, Hawaii]], respectively.<ref>[https://www.nist.gov/pml/div688/grp40/wwvb.cfl]. NIST. Retrieved on March 18, 2014.{{dead link|date=February 2017}}</ref> NIST also operates a [[Neutron source|neutron]] science user facility: the [[NIST Center for Neutron Research]] (NCNR). The NCNR provides scientists access to a variety of [[neutron scattering]] instruments, which they use in many research fields (materials science, fuel cells, biotechnology, etc.). The SURF III Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility is a source of [[synchrotron radiation]], in continuous operation since 1961. SURF III now serves as the US national standard for source-based radiometry throughout the generalized optical spectrum. All [[NASA]]-borne, extreme-ultraviolet observation instruments have been calibrated at SURF since the 1970s, and SURF is used for the measurement and characterization of systems for [[extreme ultraviolet lithography]]. The Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST) performs research in [[nanotechnology]], both through internal research efforts and by running a user-accessible [[cleanroom]] [[nanomanufacturing]] facility. This "NanoFab" is equipped with tools for [[lithography|lithographic]] patterning and imaging (e.g., [[electron microscopes]] and [[atomic force microscope]]s). ===Committees=== NIST has seven standing committees: * [[Technical Guidelines Development Committee]] (TGDC) * [[Advisory Committee on Earthquake Hazards Reduction]] (ACEHR) * National Construction Safety Team Advisory Committee (NCST Advisory Committee) * Information Security and Privacy Advisory Board (ISPAB) * Visiting Committee on Advanced Technology (VCAT) * Board of Overseers for the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA Board of Overseers) * Manufacturing Extension Partnership National Advisory Board (MEPNAB) ==Projects== [[File:NIST HipHopAtomLogo.jpg|thumb|A 40 nm wide NIST logo made with cobalt atoms]] ===Measurements and standards=== As part of its mission, NIST supplies industry, academia, government, and other users with over 1,300 [[Standard Reference Material]]s (SRMs). These artifacts are certified as having specific characteristics or component content, used as calibration standards for measuring equipment and procedures, quality control benchmarks for industrial processes, and experimental control samples. ===''Handbook 44''=== NIST publishes the ''Handbook 44'' each year after the annual meeting of the [[National Conference on Weights and Measures]] (NCWM). Each edition is developed through cooperation of the '''Committee on Specifications and Tolerances''' of the NCWM and the '''Weights and Measures Division''' (WMD) of NIST. The purpose of the book is a partial fulfillment of the statutory responsibility for "cooperation with the states in securing uniformity of weights and measures laws and methods of inspection". NIST has been publishing various forms of what is now the ''Handbook 44'' since 1918 and began publication under the current name in 1949. The 2010 edition conforms to the concept of the primary use of the SI (metric) measurements recommended by the [[Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act|Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988]].<ref>[http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/Publications/upload/HB44-10-Complete.pdf Handbook 44] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020021623/http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/Publications/upload/HB44-10-Complete.pdf |date=October 20, 2011 }}- "Forward; page 5" Retrieved: September 28, 2011</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h100-4848 |title=H.R. 4848 |access-date=September 28, 2011 |author=100th Congress (1988) |date=June 16, 1988 |work=Legislation |publisher=GovTrack.us |quote=Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 |archive-date=October 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010002156/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/100/hr4848 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Homeland security=== NIST is developing government-wide [[identity document]] standards for federal employees and contractors to prevent unauthorized persons from gaining access to government buildings and computer systems.<ref>{{cite web | title=Personal Identity Verification (PIV) of Federal Employees and Contractors | url=https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/FIPS/NIST.FIPS.201-3.pdf |website=National Institute of Standards and Technology |publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce | access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref> ===World Trade Center collapse investigation=== In 2002, the [[National Construction Safety Team Act]] mandated NIST to conduct an investigation into the [[collapse of the World Trade Center]] buildings 1 and 2 and the 47-story 7 World Trade Center. The "World Trade Center Collapse Investigation", directed by lead investigator Shyam Sunder,<ref name="Lipton">{{cite news|author=Eric Lipton|journal=New York Times|date=August 22, 2008|title=Fire, Not Explosives, Felled 3rd Tower on 9/11, Report Says|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/22/nyregion/22wtccnd.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309235941/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/22/nyregion/22wtccnd.html|archive-date=March 9, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref> covered three aspects, including a technical building and [[fire safety]] investigation to study the factors contributing to the probable cause of the collapses of the WTC Towers (WTC 1 and 2) and WTC 7. NIST also established a research and development program to provide the technical basis for improved building and fire codes, standards, and practices, and a dissemination and technical assistance program to engage leaders of the construction and building community in implementing proposed changes to practices, standards, and codes. NIST also is providing practical guidance and tools to better prepare facility owners, contractors, architects, engineers, emergency responders, and regulatory authorities to respond to future disasters. The investigation portion of the response plan was completed with the release of the final report on 7 World Trade Center on November 20, 2008. The final report on the WTC Towers—including 30 recommendations for improving building and occupant safety—was released on October 26, 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/reports_october05.htm |title=Final Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |date=October 2005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124103940/http://wtc.nist.gov/reports_october05.htm |archive-date=November 24, 2005 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> ===Election technology=== NIST works in conjunction with the [[Technical Guidelines Development Committee]] of the [[Election Assistance Commission]] to develop the [[Voluntary Voting System Guidelines]] for [[voting machine]]s and other election technology. {{further|Certification of voting machines}} ===Cybersecurity Framework=== In February 2014 NIST published the [[NIST Cybersecurity Framework]] that serves as voluntary guidance for organizations to manage and reduce cybersecurity risk.<ref name="NIST Cybersecurity Framework Questions and Answers">{{cite journal |title=Questions and Answers |url=https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework/frequently-asked-questions/framework-basics#basics |journal=NIST |date=February 13, 2018 |access-date=3 March 2022 |archive-date=March 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303123605/https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework/frequently-asked-questions/framework-basics#basics |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was later amended and Version 1.1 was published in April 2018.<ref name="NIST Cybersecurity Framework Documents">{{cite journal |title=Cybersecurity Framework Documents |url=https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework/framework |journal=NIST|date=February 5, 2018 }}</ref> [[Executive Order]] 13800, Strengthening the Cybersecurity of Federal Networks and [[Critical infrastructure|Critical Infrastructure]], made the Framework mandatory for U.S. federal government agencies.<ref name="NIST Cybersecurity Framework Questions and Answers"/> An extension to the NIST Cybersecurity Framework is the [[Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification|Cybersecurity Maturity Model (CMMC)]] which was introduced in 2019 (though the origin of CMMC began with Executive Order 13556).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharpe |first=Waits |date=2022-10-06 |title=The History of CMMC |url=https://www.corp-infotech.com/history-of-cmmc/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=CORPORATE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES |language=en-US}}</ref> It emphasizes the importance of implementing [[Zero trust security model|Zero-trust architecture (ZTA)]] which focuses on protecting resources over the network perimeter. ZTA utilizes zero trust principles which include "never trust, always verify", "assume breach" and "least privileged access" to [[safeguard]] users, assets, and resources. Since ZTA holds no implicit trust to users within the network perimeter, authentication and authorization are performed at every stage of a digital transaction. This reduces the risk of unauthorized access to resources.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Teerakanok |first1=Songpon |last2=Uehara |first2=Tetsutaro |last3=Inomata |first3=Atsuo |last4=Li |first4=Qi |date=2021-01-01 |title=Migrating to Zero Trust Architecture: Reviews and Challenges |journal=Security and Communication Networks |volume=2021 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1155/2021/9947347 |issn=1939-0114|doi-access=free }}</ref> NIST released a draft of the CSF 2.0 for public comment through November 4, 2023. NIST decided to update the framework to make it more applicable to small and medium size enterprises that use the framework, as well as to accommodate the constantly changing nature of cybersecurity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Discussion Draft of the NIST Cybersecurity Framework 2.0 Core with Implementation Examples |url=https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/other/2023/08/08/discussion-draft-of-the-nist-csf-20-core-with-impl/ipd |website=National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) |date=August 8, 2023 |access-date=19 October 2023}}</ref> In August 2024, NIST released a final set of encryption tools designed to withstand the attack of a [[Quantum computing|quantum computer.]] These [[post-quantum encryption]] standards secure a wide range of electronic information, from confidential email messages to e-commerce transactions that propel the modern economy.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2024-08-13 |title=NIST Releases First 3 Finalized Post-Quantum Encryption Standards |url=https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/08/nist-releases-first-3-finalized-post-quantum-encryption-standards |journal=NIST |language=en}}</ref> ==People== Four scientific researchers at NIST have been awarded [[Nobel Prize]]s for work in [[physics]]: [[William Daniel Phillips]] in 1997, [[Eric Allin Cornell]] in 2001, [[John Lewis Hall]] in 2005 and [[David Jeffrey Wineland]] in 2012, which is the largest number for any US government laboratory not accounting for ubiquitous government contracts to state institutions and the private sector. All four were recognized for their work related to [[laser cooling]] of atoms, which is directly related to the development and advancement of the atomic clock. In 2011, [[Dan Shechtman]] was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work on [[quasicrystal]]s in the [[Metallurgy]] Division from 1982 to 1984. In addition, [[John Werner Cahn]] was awarded the 2011 Kyoto Prize for Materials Science, and the [[National Medal of Science]] has been awarded to NIST researchers Cahn (1998) and Wineland (2007). Other notable people who have worked at NBS or NIST include: {{div col|colwidth=15em}} * [[Milton Abramowitz]] * [[James Sacra Albus]] * [[David W. Allan]] * [[Kathryn Beers]] * [[Norman Bekkedahl]] * [[Julie Borchers]] * [[Ferdinand Graft Brickwedde]] * [[Lyman James Briggs]] * [[Edgar Buckingham]] * [[John M. Butler (scientist)|John M. Butler]] * [[William Weber Coblentz]] * [[Ronald Collé]] * [[Philip J. Davis]] * [[Marla Dowell]] * [[Hugh Latimer Dryden]] * [[Jack R. Edmonds]] * [[Ugo Fano]] * [[Charlotte Froese Fischer]] * [[Tim Foecke]] * [[John Cantius Garand]] * [[Katharine Blodgett Gebbie]] * [[Nada Golmie]] * [[Douglas Rayner Hartree]] * [[Magnus Rudolph Hestenes]] * [[Marcia Huber]] * [[Marilyn E. Jacox]] * [[Deborah S. Jin]] * [[John Kelsey (cryptanalyst)|John Kelsey]] * [[Russell A. Kirsch]] * [[Cornelius Lanczos]] * [[Wilfrid Basil Mann]] * [[William Clyde Martin (physicist)|William Clyde Martin]] * [[John M. Martinis]] * [[Willie E. May]] * [[William Frederick Meggers]] * [[Christopher Roy Monroe]] * [[James G. Nell]] * [[Perley G. Nutting]] * [[Frank William John Olver]] * [[Anne Plant]] * [[E. Ward Plummer]] * [[Jacob Rabinow]] * [[Ana Maria Rey]] * [[Richard J. Saykally]] * [[Charlotte Emma Moore Sitterly]] * [[Irene Ann Stegun]] * [[William C. Stone (caver)|William C. Stone]] * [[Elham Tabassi]] * [[Sheldon M. Wiederhorn]] * [[Winnie Wong-Ng]] * [[Helen M. Wood]] * [[Ellen Voorhees]] {{div col end}} ==Directors== {{Main|List of directors of the National Institute of Standards and Technology}} Since 1989, the director of NIST has been a Presidential appointee and is confirmed by the [[United States Senate]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.gpo.gov/plumbook/#positionDetail/2899|title=2012 Plum Book|date=2012|website=Government Printing Office|access-date=December 2, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130190055/https://m.gpo.gov/plumbook/#positionDetail/2899|archive-date=November 30, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> and since that year the average tenure of NIST directors has fallen from 11 years to 2 years in duration. Since the 2011 reorganization of NIST, the director also holds the title of Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology. Fifteen individuals have officially held the position (in addition to four acting directors who have served on a temporary basis). ==Patents== NIST holds [[patent]]s on behalf of the [[Federal government of the United States]],<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. Patent and Trademark Office |title=Results of Search in US Patent Collection db for: AANM/NIST |url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html&r=0&f=S&l=50&TERM1=NIST&FIELD1=AANM&d=PTXT |access-date=2020-12-12 |archive-date=October 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010002219/https://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=0&f=S&l=50&TERM1=NIST&FIELD1=AANM&d=PTXT |url-status=dead }}</ref> with at least one of them being custodial to protect public domain use, such as one for a [[Chip-scale atomic clock]], developed by a NIST team as part of a [[DARPA]] competition.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ost|first=Laura|date=2 December 2011|title=Success Story: Chip-Scale Atomic Clock|journal=NIST |url=https://www.nist.gov/noac/success-story-chip-scale-atomic-clock|access-date=2020-12-12|publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology|archive-date=December 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209134616/https://www.nist.gov/noac/success-story-chip-scale-atomic-clock|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Controversy regarding NIST standard SP 800-90== In September 2013, both ''The Guardian'' and ''The New York Times'' reported that NIST allowed the [[National Security Agency]] (NSA) to insert a [[cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator]] called [[Dual EC DRBG]] into NIST standard [[NIST SP 800-90A|SP 800-90]] that had a [[kleptographic]] [[Backdoor (computing)|backdoor]] that the NSA can use to covertly predict the future outputs of this [[pseudorandom number generator]] thereby allowing the surreptitious decryption of data.<ref name=FCW>{{cite web|last=Konkel|first=Frank|title=What NSA's influence on NIST standards means for feds|url=http://fcw.com/articles/2013/09/06/nsa-nist-standards.aspx|work=FCW|publisher=1105 Government Information Group|access-date=September 10, 2013|date=September 6, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910030443/http://fcw.com/Articles/2013/09/06/NSA-NIST-standards.aspx|archive-date=September 10, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Both papers report<ref name=Guardian>{{cite web|title=Revealed: how US and UK spy agencies defeat internet privacy and security|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/05/nsa-gchq-encryption-codes-security|work=The Guardian|access-date=September 7, 2013|author=James Borger|author2=Glenn Greenwald|date=September 6, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918135152/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/05/nsa-gchq-encryption-codes-security|archive-date=September 18, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=N.S.A. Able to Foil Basic Safeguards of Privacy on Web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/06/us/nsa-foils-much-internet-encryption.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=September 7, 2013|author=Nicole Perlroth|date=September 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908112919/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/06/us/nsa-foils-much-internet-encryption.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|archive-date=September 8, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> that the NSA worked covertly to get its own version of SP 800-90 approved for worldwide use in 2006. The whistle-blowing document states that "eventually, NSA became the sole editor". The reports confirm suspicions and technical grounds publicly raised by cryptographers in 2007 that the EC-DRBG could contain a [[kleptographic]] backdoor (perhaps placed in the standard by NSA).<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Schneier|first=Bruce|title=Did NSA Put a Secret Backdoor in New Encryption Standard?|url=https://www.wired.com/politics/security/commentary/securitymatters/2007/11/securitymatters_1115|magazine=Wired|publisher=Condé Nast|date=November 15, 2007|access-date=September 10, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120919094854/http://www.wired.com/politics/security/commentary/securitymatters/2007/11/securitymatters_1115|archive-date=September 19, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> NIST responded to the allegations, stating that "NIST works to publish the strongest cryptographic standards possible" and that it uses "a transparent, public process to rigorously vet our recommended standards".<ref>{{cite web|last=Byers|first=Alex|title=NSA encryption info could pose new security risk – NIST weighs in|url=http://www.politico.com/morningtech/0913/morningtech11574.html|work=Politico|date=September 6, 2013 |access-date=September 10, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927151824/http://www.politico.com/morningtech/0913/morningtech11574.html|archive-date=September 27, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The agency stated that "there has been some confusion about the standards development process and the role of different organizations in it...The National Security Agency (NSA) participates in the NIST cryptography process because of its recognized expertise. NIST is also required by statute to consult with the NSA."<ref>{{cite web|last=Perlroth|first=Nicole|title=Government Announces Steps to Restore Confidence on Encryption Standards|url=http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/10/government-announces-steps-to-restore-confidence-on-encryption-standards/?ref=technology|work=The New York Times|date=September 10, 2013|access-date=September 11, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029225705/http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/10/government-announces-steps-to-restore-confidence-on-encryption-standards/?ref=technology|archive-date=October 29, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Recognizing the concerns expressed, the agency reopened the public comment period for the SP800-90 publications, promising that "if vulnerabilities are found in these or any other NIST standards, we will work with the cryptographic community to address them as quickly as possible".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Cryptographic Standards Statement|url=https://www.nist.gov/director/cybersecuritystatement-091013.cfm|publisher=National Institute of Standsards in Technology|access-date=September 11, 2013|author=Office of the Director, NIST|journal=NIST |date=September 10, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912234248/http://www.nist.gov/director/cybersecuritystatement-091013.cfm|archive-date=September 12, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Due to public concern of this [[cryptovirology]] attack, NIST rescinded the EC-DRBG algorithm from the NIST SP 800-90 standard.<ref name="nist_abandonment">{{cite news|url=https://www.nist.gov/itl/csd/sp800-90-042114.cfm|work=National Institute of Standards and Technology|title=NIST Removes Cryptography Algorithm from Random Number Generator Recommendations|date=April 21, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829031025/http://www.nist.gov/itl/csd/sp800-90-042114.cfm|archive-date=August 29, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> ==Publications== [[File:Guide to NIST (IA guidetonist858cova).pdf|thumb|upright|''Guide to NIST'' in PDF]] * The ''[[Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology]]'' was the flagship scientific journal at NIST. It was published from 1904 to 2022. * First published in 1972, the ''[[Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data]]'', is a joint venture of the [[American Institute of Physics]] and the National Institute of Standards and Technology. In addition to these journals, NIST (and the National Bureau of Standards before it) has a robust technical reports publishing arm. NIST technical reports are published in several dozen series, which cover a wide range of topics, from computer technology to construction to aspects of standardization including weights, measures and reference data.<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=April 24, 2024 |title=NIST Series Publications |url=https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library/nist-series-publications |author=NIST|website=NIST Reference Library |date=February 8, 2011 |language=en}}</ref> In addition to technical reports, NIST scientists publish many journal and conference papers each year; an database of these, along with more recent technical reports, can be found on the NIST website.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 24, 2024 |title=Publications |url=https://www.nist.gov/publications |website=NIST Publications |language=en |access-date=April 24, 2024 |archive-date=April 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424193531/https://www.nist.gov/publications |url-status=live }}</ref> ==See also== {{Main|Outline of metrology and measurement}} * [[Dimensional metrology]] * [[Forensic metrology]] * [[Quantum metrology]] * [[Smart Metrology]] * [[Time metrology]] {{div col}} * [[AD-X2]] * [[Advanced Encryption Standard process]] * [[Digital Library of Mathematical Functions]] (DLMF) * [[Facial age estimation]] * [[Inorganic Crystal Structure Database]] * [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) ** [[ISO/IEC 17025]]{{snd}}used by testing and calibration laboratories * [[International System of Units]], see [[International Bureau of Weights and Measures]] * [[Multiple Biometric Grand Challenge]] * [[National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)]] * [[National Software Reference Library]] * [[NIST Handbook of Mathematical Functions]] * [[NIST hash function competition]] * [[Samuel Wesley Stratton Award]] * [[Scientific Working Group]] * [[Smart Grid Interoperability Panel]] * [[Technical Report Archive & Image Library]] for NIS-digitized series * [[WWV (radio station)]] * [[Virtual Cybernetic Building Testbed]] *[[VAMAS]] {{div col end}} ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==External links== {{Wikisource-author}} {{Commons category}} * [https://www.nist.gov Main NIST website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805032558/http://www.nist.gov/ |date=August 5, 2010 }} * [https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/national-institute-of-standards-and-technology NIST] in the ''[[Federal Register]]'' * [https://www.nist.gov/publication-portal.cfm NIST Publications Portal] * [https://nist.time.gov/ The Official US Time] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402004554/https://nist.time.gov/ |date=April 2, 2019 }} * [https://www.nist.gov/srd NIST Standard Reference Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712203010/https://www.nist.gov/srd |date=July 12, 2017 }} * [https://www.nist.gov/srm NIST Standard Reference Materials] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712082201/https://www.nist.gov/srm |date=July 12, 2017 }} * [https://www.nist.gov/cnst/index.cfm NIST Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819095549/http://www.nist.gov/cnst/index.cfm |date=August 19, 2016 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070628221104/http://www.mep.nist.gov/ Manufacturing Extension Partnership] * [https://www.nist.gov/noac NIST on a chip] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213143544/https://www.nist.gov/noac |date=December 13, 2020 }} * [https://www.nist.gov/si-redefinition SI Redefinition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206103441/https://www.nist.gov/si-redefinition |date=February 6, 2022 }} * [https://www.usaspending.gov/federal_account/013-0500 Scientific and Technical Research and Services] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003014325/https://www.usaspending.gov/federal_account/013-0500 |date=October 3, 2022 }} account on [[USAspending.gov]] * Historic technical reports from the National Bureau of Standards digitized by the [[Technical Report Archive & Image Library]] are available hosted by [http://www.technicalreports.org/ TRAIL] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170525111822/http://www.technicalreports.org/trail/search/ |date=May 25, 2017 }} and [https://digital.library.unt.edu/explore/collections/TRAIL/browse/?fq=str_title_serial:National%20Bureau%20of%20Standards%20Reports the University of North Texas libraries]. * Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978, Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology, Number 40: [https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/2439/SSHT-0040_Hi_res.pdf ''United States Standards of Weights and Measures, Their Creation and Creators'', by Arthur H. Frazier] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016195517/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/2439/SSHT-0040_Hi_res.pdf |date=October 16, 2019 }} {{USDC agencies}} {{US research agencies}} {{Patriot Act}} {{Time signal authorities}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:National Institute of Standards and Technology| ]] [[Category:1901 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Gaithersburg, Maryland]] [[Category:Cryptography organizations]] [[Category:Government agencies established in 1901]] [[Category:United States Department of Commerce agencies]] [[Category:Standards organizations in the United States]]

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