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{{Short description|US DoD division}} {{Infobox government agency | agency_name = National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency | coordinates = {{coord|38.7532|-77.1969|type:landmark_region:US-VA|display=inline,title}} | motto = "Know the Earth, Show the Way... from Seabed to Space" | logo = Flag of the United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency.svg | logo_width = 145px | logo_caption = Flag of the NGA | seal = US-NationalGeospatialIntelligenceAgency-2008Seal.svg | seal_width = 145px | seal_caption = Seal of the NGA | picture = NGA New HQ.jpg | picture_width = 250px | picture_caption = NGA Campus East, headquarters of the agency | formed = {{Start date|1996|10|01}} {{small|(as the National Imagery and Mapping Agency)}} | preceding1 = Defense Mapping Agency, Central Imagery Office, and Defense Dissemination Program Office | preceding2 = | dissolved = | superseding = | headquarters = [[Fort Belvoir]], [[Virginia]], U.S.<ref name=factsheet>{{cite web|url=https://www1.nga.mil/MediaRoom/Press%20Kit/Documents/Factsheets/NCE_Factsheet_Final(V4).pdf|title=NGA Campus East Fact Sheet|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221155050/https://www1.nga.mil/MediaRoom/Press%20Kit/Documents/Factsheets/NCE_Factsheet_Final%28V4%29.pdf|archive-date=February 21, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> | employees = About 14,500<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nga.mil/about/About_Us.html |title=About NGA |publisher=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency |access-date=May 23, 2021}}</ref> | budget = Classified {{small|(at least $4.9 billion, as of 2013)}}<ref name=wapoblack1>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/black-budget-summary-details-us-spy-networks-successes-failures-and-objectives/2013/08/29/7e57bb78-10ab-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html |date=August 29, 2013 |access-date=August 29, 2013 |first=Barton |last=Gellman |author2=Greg Miller |newspaper=The Washington Post |title=U.S. spy network's successes, failures and objectives detailed in 'black budget' summary}}</ref> | chief1_name = [[Milancy Harris]] (acting) | chief1_position = [[Undersecretary of Defense for Intelligence]] | chief2_name = [[Vice admiral (United States)|VADM]] [[Frank D. Whitworth|Frank D. Whitworth III]], [[USN]]<ref name="June 2022 Roster">{{cite web|url=https://www.mynavyhr.navy.mil/Portals/55/Career/Detailing/Flag/June%202022%20Roster%20Public.pdf?ver=8jKgo_iJAMZNGNqjNt9ULA%3D%3D|title=United States Navy Flag Officers (Public), June 2022|access-date=2 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601223706/https://www.mynavyhr.navy.mil/Portals/55/Career/Detailing/Flag/June%202022%20Roster%20Public.pdf?ver=8jKgo_iJAMZNGNqjNt9ULA%3D%3D|archive-date=1 June 2022|website=MyNavyHR}}</ref> | chief2_position = Director | chief3_name = Tonya Wilkerson | chief3_position = Deputy Director<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nga.mil/about/About_Us.html |title=About NGA |date=August 5, 2021 |publisher=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805133044/https://www.nga.mil/about/About_Us.html |archive-date=August 5, 2021}}</ref> | chief4_name = [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brig Gen.]] Max Pearson | chief4_position = Associate Director for Operations | parent_department = [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] | parent_agency = | website = {{URL|https://www.nga.mil/|nga.mil}} | footnotes = <ref name="ESA">{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/GSP/SEMRBKZO4HD_0.html|title=GSP - GSP|website=www.esa.int}}</ref> }} {{United States Armed Forces sidebar}} The '''National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency''' ('''NGA''') is a [[combat support agency]] within the [[United States Department of Defense]] whose primary mission is collecting, analyzing, and distributing [[geospatial intelligence]] (GEOINT) in support of [[national security]]. Initially known as the '''National Imagery and Mapping Agency''' ('''NIMA''') from 1996 to 2003, it is a member of the [[United States Intelligence Community]].<ref>{{cite web|title=10 U.S. Code § 441 - Establishment|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/441|website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref> NGA headquarters, also known as NGA Campus East or NCE, is located at [[Fort Belvoir]] North Area in [[Springfield, Virginia]]. The agency also operates major facilities in the [[Greater St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri area]] (referred to as NGA Campus West or NCW), as well as support and liaison offices worldwide. The NGA headquarters, at {{convert|2300000|ft2}}, is the third-largest government building in the [[Washington metropolitan area]] after [[The Pentagon]] and the [[Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center|Ronald Reagan Building]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://federalnewsradio.com/in-depth/2011/09/geospatial-intelligence-hq-is-now-dcs-3rd-largest-federal-office-building|title=Geospatial intelligence HQ is now DC's 3rd largest federal office building|last=Serbu|first=Jared|date=2011-09-27|website=Federal News Radio|access-date=2016-03-19}}</ref> In addition to using GEOINT for U.S. military and intelligence efforts, NGA provides assistance during natural and artificial disasters, aids in security planning for major events such as the [[Olympic Games]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.nga.mil/about/Pages/default.aspx|title=About NGA|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006095644/https://www1.nga.mil/about/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date=October 6, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> disseminates [[maritime safety]] information,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maritime Safety Information|url=https://msi.nga.mil/|access-date=2021-10-23|website=msi.nga.mil}}</ref> and gathers data on [[climate change]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Perez |first=Lisbeth |date=June 3, 2021 |title=NGA Crunching Climate Change Data for National Security Decision-Making |url=https://www.meritalk.com/articles/nga-crunching-climate-change-data-for-national-security-decision-making/ |work=MeriTalk |access-date=June 30, 2021}}</ref> The eighth and current director of the agency is Vice Admiral [[Frank D. Whitworth|Frank D. Whitworth III]].<ref name="June 2022 Roster" /> ==History== U.S. mapping and charting efforts remained relatively unchanged until World War I, when [[aerial photography]] became a major contributor to battlefield intelligence. Using stereo viewers, photo-interpreters reviewed thousands of images. Many of these were of the same target at different angles and times, giving rise to what became modern imagery analysis and mapmaking. ===Engineer Reproduction Plant (ERP)=== The Engineer Reproduction Plant was the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|Army Corps of Engineers]]'s first attempt to centralize mapping production, printing, and distribution.{{When|date=February 2017}} It was located on the grounds of the [[United States Army War College|Army War College]] in Washington, D.C. Previously, topographic mapping had largely been a function of individual field engineer units using field surveying techniques or copying existing or captured products. In addition, ERP assumed the "supervision and maintenance" of the [[United States Department of War|War Department]] Map Collection, effective April 1, 1939. ===Army Map Service (AMS) / U.S. Army Topographic Command (USATC)=== With the advent of the [[Second World War]] aviation, field surveys began giving way to [[photogrammetry]], [[photo interpretation]], and [[geodesy]]. During wartime, it became increasingly possible to compile maps with minimal field work. Out of this emerged AMS, which absorbed the existing ERP in May 1942. It was located at the Dalecarlia Site (including buildings now named for [[John C. Frémont]] and [[Charles H. Ruth]]) on MacArthur Blvd., just outside Washington, D.C., in Montgomery County, Maryland, and adjacent to the [[Dalecarlia Reservoir]]. AMS was designated as an Engineer field activity, effective July 1, 1942, by General Order 22, OCE, June 19, 1942. The [[Army Map Service]] also combined many of the Army's remaining geographic intelligence organizations and the Engineer Technical Intelligence Division. AMS was redesignated the U.S. Army Topographic Command (USATC) on September 1, 1968, and continued as an independent organization until 1972, when it was merged into the new Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) and redesignated as the DMA Topographic Center (DMATC) (see below). ===Aeronautical Chart Plant (ACP)=== {{missing information|the (1381st) Geodetic Survey Squadron, the Air Photographic and Charting Service, and the Aerospace Cartographic and Geodetic Service|date=November 2021}} After the war, as airplane capacity and range improved, the need for charts grew. The [[United States Army Air Corps|Army Air Corps]] established its map unit, which was renamed ACP in 1943 and was located in [[St. Louis, Missouri]]. ACP was known as the U.S. Air Force Aeronautical Chart and Information Center (ACIC) from 1952 to 1972 (See DMAAC below). === National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC) ===<!-- This section is linked from [[Dino Brugioni]] --> [[File:NPIC seal.png|thumb|Seal of the National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC)]] Shortly before leaving office in January 1961, [[President of the United States|President]] Dwight D. Eisenhower authorized the creation of the National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC), a joint project of the [[CIA]] and [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]]. NPIC was a component of the CIA's Directorate of Science and Technology (DDS&T) and its primary function was [[imagery analysis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foia.cia.gov/docs/DOC_0000760197/0000760197_0001.gif|title=Thirty ... and thriving|date=December 1, 1991|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|page=1ff|access-date=May 30, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308121751/http://www.foia.cia.gov/docs/DOC_0000760197/0000760197_0001.gif|archive-date=March 8, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> NPIC became part of the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (now NGA) in 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nga.mil/About/History/NGAinHistory/Pages/NPIC.aspx|title=Jan. 18, 1961: National Photographic Interpretation Center|website=www.nga.mil|access-date=August 9, 2017|archive-date=July 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702184512/https://www.nga.mil/About/History/NGAinHistory/Pages/NPIC.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> ;Directors of NPIC {| class="wikitable" |- ! Director !! Tenure |- | [[Arthur C. Lundahl]] || May 1953 – July 1973 |- | [[John J. Hicks]] || July 1973 – May 1978 |- | [[Rutledge P. Hazzard]] || June 1978 – February 1984 |- | [[Robert M. Huffstutler]] || February 1984 – January 1988 |- | [[Frank J. Ruocco]] || February 1988 – February 1991 |- | [[Leo A. Hazlewood]] || February 1991 – September 1993 |- | [[Nancy E. Bone]] || October 1993 – September 1996 |} ====Cuban Missile Crisis==== {{Main|Cuban Missile Crisis}}{{missing information|the erroneous and corrected geolocation of Cuba|date=November 2021}} NPIC first identified the Soviet Union's basing of missiles in [[Cuba]] in 1962. By exploiting images from [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]] overflights and film from canisters ejected by orbiting [[Corona (satellite)|Corona satellites]],<ref name="NGA history">[https://www.nga.mil/StaticFiles/OCR/nga_history.pdf NGA History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320155429/http://www.nga.mil/StaticFiles/OCR/nga_history.pdf |date=March 20, 2009 }}, nga.mil</ref> NPIC analysts developed the information necessary to inform U.S. policymakers and influence operations during the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]]. Their analysis garnered worldwide attention when the [[John F. Kennedy|Kennedy Administration]] declassified and made public a portion of the images depicting the Soviet missiles on Cuban soil; [[Adlai Stevenson II|Adlai Stevenson]] presented the images to the [[United Nations Security Council]] on October 25, 1962. ===Defense Mapping Agency (DMA)=== The '''Defense Mapping Agency''' was created on January 1, 1972, to consolidate all U.S. military mapping activities. DMA's "birth certificate", DoD Directive 5105.40, resulted from a formerly classified Presidential directive, "Organization and Management of the U.S. Foreign Intelligence Community" (November 5, 1971), which directed the consolidation of mapping functions previously dispersed among the military services.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nixon|first=Richard|author-link=Richard Nixon|title=Memorandum, Subject: Organization and Management of the U.S. Foreign Intelligence Community|date=November 5, 1971|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB144/document%206.pdf|publisher=gwu.edu|access-date=August 12, 2007}}</ref> DMA became operational on July 1, 1972, pursuant to General Order 3, DMA (June 16, 1972). On October 1, 1996, DMA was folded into the National Imagery and Mapping Agency – which later became NGA.<ref>{{cite web |title=Defense Mapping Agency |work=NGA.mil |url=https://www.nga.mil/ABOUT/HISTORY/NGAINHISTORY/Pages/DefenseMappingAgency.aspx |access-date=March 8, 2016 |archive-date=July 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702033345/https://www.nga.mil/ABOUT/HISTORY/NGAINHISTORY/Pages/DefenseMappingAgency.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> DMA was first headquartered at the [[United States Naval Observatory]] in Washington, D.C., then at [[Falls Church, Virginia]]. Its mostly civilian workforce was concentrated at production sites in [[Bethesda, Maryland]], Northern Virginia, and [[St. Louis, Missouri]]. DMA was formed from the Mapping, Charting, and Geodesy Division, [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] (DIA), and from various mapping-related organizations of the military services.<ref>{{cite web|last=U.S. National Archives|title=Guide to Federal Records: Records of the Defense Mapping Agency (DMA)|publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]] (NARA)|url=https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/456.html|access-date=August 12, 2007}}</ref> * '''DMA Hydrographic Center (DMAHC)''' DMAHC was formed in 1972 when the Navy's Hydrographic Office split its two components: The charting component was attached to DMAHC, and the survey component moved to the Naval Oceanographic Office, [[Bay St. Louis, Mississippi]], on the grounds of what is now the [[Stennis Space Center]]. DMAHC was responsible for creating terrestrial maps of coastal areas worldwide and hydrographic charts for DoD. DMAHC was initially located in [[Suitland-Silver Hill, Maryland|Suitland, Maryland]], but later relocated to Brookmont (Bethesda), Maryland. * '''DMA Topographic Center (DMATC)''' DMATC was located in Brookmont (Bethesda), Maryland. It was responsible for creating topographic maps worldwide for DoD. DMATC's location in Bethesda, Maryland is the former site of NGA's headquarters. * '''DMA Hydrographic/Topographic Center (DMAHTC)''' [[File:DMA DMAHTC DUI.png|28px]] DMAHC and DMATC eventually merged to form DMAHTC, with offices in Brookmont (Bethesda), Maryland. * '''DMA Aerospace Center (DMAAC)''' DMAAC originated with the U.S. Air Force's Aeronautical Chart and Information Center (ACIC) and was located in St. Louis, Missouri. ===National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA)=== {{Multiple image|direction=vertical|align=right|image1=US-NationalImageryAndMappingAgency-Logo.svg|image2=US-NationalImageryAndMappingAgency-Seal.svg|image3=Flag of the United States National Imagery and Mapping Agency.svg|width=140|caption3=NIMA's logo, seal, and flag}} NIMA was established on October 1, 1996, by the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997|date=September 23, 1996|url=http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=104_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ201.104.pdf |website=GovInfo |access-date=February 10, 2008}}</ref> The creation of NIMA followed more than a year of study, debate, and planning by the defense, intelligence, and policy-making communities (as well as the Congress) and continuing consultations with customer organizations. The creation of NIMA centralized responsibility for imagery and mapping. NIMA combined the DMA, the Central Imagery Office (CIO), and the Defense Dissemination Program Office (DDPO) in their entirety, and the mission and functions of the NPIC. Also merged into NIMA were the imagery exploitation, dissemination, and processing elements of the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]], [[National Reconnaissance Office]], and the [[Defense Airborne Reconnaissance Office]]. NIMA's creation was clouded by the natural reluctance of cultures to merge and the fear that their respective missions—mapping in support of defense activities versus intelligence production, principally in support of national policymakers—would be subordinated, each to the other.<ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |url=https://www.nga.mil/StaticFiles/OCR/nima_commission.pdf |title=The Information Edge: Imagery Intelligence and Geospatial Information in an Evolving National Security Environment (Report of the Independent Commission on the NIMA) |date=December 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919163543/http://www.nga.mil/StaticFiles/OCR/nima_commission.pdf |archive-date=September 19, 2009 |website=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency }}</ref> ===NGA=== [[File:Old National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency Headquarters.png|thumb|NGA's old headquarters in [[Brookmont, Maryland]] prior to 2012. It had been the headquarters of NGA and its predecessor agencies since 1945. After the move to its current headquarters, this facility was renovated and became [[Intelligence Community Campus-Bethesda]].]] With the enactment of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004 on November 24, 2003,<ref>{{cite web|title=National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004|date=November 24, 2003|url=http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=108_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ136.108.pdf |website=GovInfo |access-date=February 10, 2008}}</ref> NIMA was renamed NGA to better reflect its primary mission in the area of [[GEOINT]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nga.mil/ast/fm/acq/Sep-Oct2003Path.pdf|website=NGA |date=September–October 2003 |title=Pathfinder |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919163615/http://www.nga.mil/ast/fm/acq/Sep-Oct2003Path.pdf|archive-date=September 19, 2009|df=mdy-all}}</ref> ====2005 BRAC and Impact on NGA==== As a part of the [[Base Realignment and Closure, 2005|2005 Base Realignment and Closure]] (BRAC) process, all major Washington, D.C.–area NGA facilities, including those in Bethesda, Maryland; [[Reston, VA|Reston, Virginia]]; and Washington, D.C., would be consolidated at a new facility at the [[Fort Belvoir, VA|Fort Belvoir]] proving grounds. This new facility, later known as '''NCE''', houses several thousand people and is situated on the former Engineer Proving Ground site near Fort Belvoir. NGA facilities in St. Louis were not affected by the 2005 BRAC process.<ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |url=https://www.nga.mil/portal/site/nga01/index.jsp?epi-content=GENERIC&itemID=b448be562b6fe010VgnVCMServer3c02010aRCRD&beanID=1629630080&viewID=Article |title=New Campus East |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105110003/http://www.nga.mil/portal/site/nga01/index.jsp?epi-content=GENERIC&itemID=b448be562b6fe010VgnVCMServer3c02010aRCRD&beanID=1629630080&viewID=Article |archive-date=November 5, 2009 |website=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency }}</ref> The cost of the new center, as of March 2009, was expected to be $2.4 billion. The center's campus is approximately {{convert|2400000|sqft|m2}} and was completed in September 2011.<ref>Davenport, Christian, "Projects' Costs Are Rising", ''The Washington Post'', March 31, 2009, p. B4</ref> ====Next NGA St. Louis==== NGA is currently constructing a new facility in [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]], Next NGA St. Louis, at a cost of $1.7 billion. The facility is expected to hold 3,000 employees and open by 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bernthal |first=Jeff |date=June 7, 2021 |title=Progress visible at Next NGA St. Louis site in north St. Louis |url=https://fox2now.com/news/missouri/progress-visible-at-next-nga-west-site-in-north-st-louis/ |work=Fox2Now |access-date=June 29, 2021}}</ref> [[St. Louis Board of Aldermen|St. Louis' city legislature]] is currently reconsidering legislation to surround Next NGA St. Louis with a protection zone that would bar certain businesses, such as gas stations, [[Dangerous goods|hazardous material]] companies, and foreign government-supported enterprises, from building around the site for security purposes.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ryan |first=Monica |date=June 29, 2021 |title='Protection' district being reconsidered around NGA site |url=https://fox2now.com/news/missouri/protection-district-being-reconsidered-around-nga-site/ |work=Fox2Now |access-date=June 30, 2021}}</ref> ==Organization== ===Agency structure=== ====Executive Leadership Team==== NGA is headed by a director, currently Navy Vice Adm. [[Frank D. Whitworth]]; the director is followed in precedence by the deputy director and chief of staff, currently Brett Markham.<ref name=Markham>{{cite web |url=https://www.nga.mil/about/Brett_Markham_Chief_of_Staff_.html |title=Brett Markham, Chief of Staff |website=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency |access-date=July 9, 2021}}</ref> The holders of these three offices comprise NGA's executive leadership team. ====Chief of Staff==== While NGA's director and deputy director oversee the agency as a whole, the Chief of Staff is tasked with overseeing NGA's executive support staff, administrative services, logistics, personnel security, human resources, employee training and development, corporate communications, and congressional engagement.<ref name=Markham/> ====Directorates and directorate leaders==== NGA is split into various directorates led by directors (D/XX) and associate deputy directors (ADD/XX) with "XX" standing in for each directorate's two-letter designation.<ref name=Markham/> Known directorates and leadership figures include but are not limited to the: * '''Analysis Directorate''', containing the Director of Analytic Operations (D/AO) and Associate Deputy Director for Operational Engagement (ADD/AE)<ref name=Markham/> and led by a director,<ref name=Path14.2/><ref name="OIG26">{{cite web |title=Investigative Summaries for 26 National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) Office of Inspector General (OIG) investigative cases, 2008-2010 |url=https://www.governmentattic.org/5docs/26NGA-OIG-InvSumms_2008-2010.pdf |access-date=July 11, 2021 |website=Government Attic }}</ref> currently Director of Analysis Susan "Sue" Kalweit<ref name=Path15.1/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://cdn.govexec.com/media/susan_kalweit_bio.pdf |title=Susan Kalweit |website=insaonline.org |publisher=[[Intelligence and National Security Alliance]] |access-date=August 13, 2021}}</ref> * '''Source Operations & Management Directorate (S or "Source" Directorate)''',<ref name=Report>{{cite report |date=June 2011 |title=Management of Hard Copy Mapping Products in the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency Inspection Report |url=https://www.archives.gov/files/records-mgmt/pdf/nga-inspection.pdf |publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]] |access-date=July 9, 2021}}</ref> led by the Director of the Source Operations & Management Directorate<ref name=Appoint/> or Director of Source Operations<ref name=Richardson/> * '''Enterprise Operations Directorate (E or "Enterprise" Directorate)''', led by the Director of the Enterprise Operations Directorate<ref name=Report/> * '''[[IT]] Services Directorate'''<ref name=Path14.3/> * '''Plans and Programs Directorate'''<ref name=Path14.2/> * '''Research Directorate'''<ref name=Dixon>{{cite press release |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=DNI HAINES STATEMENT ON THE PRESIDENT'S INTENT TO NOMINATE DR. STACEY DIXON AS PDDNI |url=https://www.dni.gov/index.php/newsroom/press-releases/press-releases-2021/item/2207-dni-haines-statement-on-the-president-s-intent-to-nominate-dr-stacey-dixon-as-pddni |publisher=[[Director of National Intelligence#Office of the Director of National Intelligence|ODNI]] |date=April 21, 2021 |access-date=July 11, 2021}}</ref> * '''Security and Installation Operations Directorate<ref name=OIG26/> (SI)'''<ref name=Media>{{cite web |url=https://www.governmentattic.org/20docs/NGAlegalGuideSocialMedia_2012.pdf |title=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) Legal Guide: Legal Considerations on the Proper Collection and Use of Social Media Information, 2012 |website=Government Attic |access-date=July 11, 2021}}</ref> * '''Human Development Directorate (HD)'''<ref name=Relationships>{{cite web |url=https://www.governmentattic.org/20docs/NDAinstWorkplacePersonalRelationships_2004.pdf |title=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) Instruction (NI) 1000.7R1: NGA Instruction for Personal Relationships in the Workplace, 2004 |website=Government Attic |access-date=July 11, 2021}}</ref> * '''Financial Management Directorate (FM)'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.governmentattic.org/11docs/NGIAoigGAMPC_2007-2013.pdf |title=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGIA) Office of Inspector General (OIG) Assessment of Management and Performance Challenges for FY 2007 to 2013 Agency Financial Reports |website=Government Attic |access-date=July 11, 2021}}</ref> * '''Unnamed "NGA contracting directorate"'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.governmentattic.org/13docs/NGAbiCclimatePanelResp_2013.pdf |title=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) response to a Congressional request for "agency"-specific information on climate change, 2013 |website=Government Attic |access-date=July 11, 2021}}</ref> * '''Acquisitions Directorate'''<ref name=Records/> * '''Unnamed "A Directorate"''' (possibly Acquisitions or Analysis)<ref name=Records/> * '''Unnamed "P Directorate"''' (possibly Plans and Programs or former Analysis and Production Directorate (see below))<ref name=Records/> An '''Analysis and Production Directorate''' (P or "Production" Directorate) existed in 2011,<ref name=Report/> although NGA presently has a Directorate for Analysis which may be a replacement or separated portion of the Analysis and Production Directorate.<ref name=Path14.2/> The deputy associate director of operations directly oversees NGA Operations Center (itself led by a director and deputy director)<ref name=Markham/> the Office of NGA Defense, the Office of Expeditionary Operations, and NGA leadership at the three [[National Reconnaissance Office]] Aerospace Data facilities.<ref name=Appoint>{{cite web |url=https://www.nga.mil/news/NGA_appoints_agencys_new_west_executive_deputy_ass.html |title=NGA appoints agency's new west executive, deputy associate director for operations |website=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency |access-date=July 9, 2021}}</ref> ====Other internal groups and leaders==== NGA contains NGA Support Teams (NST), which work with directorates, are detailed internationally, deploy with warfighters, or liaise with service branches.<ref name=Markham/><ref name=Path15.1/><ref name=Path14.4/> Multiple NGA Command NSTs also exist.<ref name=Custom/> NGA's western operations, such as the construction of Next NGA St. Louis campus in [[St. Louis, Missouri]], are headed by the NGA St. Louis executive (who can concurrently serve in other leadership roles).<ref name=Appoint/> There is also an NGA Equality Executive.<ref name=Richardson/> Other organizations present in NGA, which may or may not be components of directorates, include: * NGA Operations Center<ref name=Markham/> * Office of Expeditionary Operations<ref name=Appoint/> * Office of NGA Defense (OND)<ref name=Path14.4/> * Office of the Chief Information Officer (OCIO), led by NGA's [[chief information officer]] * Office of the Inspector General (OIG), led by NGA's [[Inspector General]] (currently Cardell Richardson, Sr.)<ref name=Richardson>{{cite web |url=https://www.nga.mil/resources/oig/About_the_OIG.html |title=Inspector General |website=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency |access-date=July 11, 2021}}</ref> * Records Service Office<ref name=Report/> * National [[Geospatial intelligence|Geospatial-Intelligence]] Committee (GEOCOM), containing subcommittees * National Geospatial-Intelligence College (NGC), led by a director * GEOINT Enterprise Office, led by a director and organized into branches * Office of [[Geomatics]]<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://earth-info.nga.mil/}}</ref> * Aeronautical Navigation Office * Office of Corporate Assessment and Program Evaluation (CAPE) * Office of Corporate Communications, led by a director<ref name=Path15.1>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Pathfinder Vol. 15 No. 1|url=https://www.nga.mil/assets/files/Pathfinder_Vol._15_No._1.pdf |magazine=NGA Pathfinder |publisher=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency |date=2017 |access-date=July 9, 2021}}</ref> * Office of Strategic Operations-Performance * NGA Cyber Security Operations Cell (CSOC), led by a director and organized into teams * NGA Police<ref name=Path14.4>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Pathfinder Vol. 14 No. 4|url=https://www.nga.mil/assets/files/Pathfinder_Vol14_No4.pdf |magazine=NGA Pathfinder |publisher=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency |date=2016 |access-date=July 9, 2021}}</ref> * NGA History Department * Office of Maritime Safety ** Bathymetry branch, led by a chief<ref name=Path15.1/> * Office of Contract Services<ref name=Path14.3>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Pathfinder Vol. 14 No. 3|url=https://www.nga.mil/assets/files/Pathfinder_2016_Vol14_No3.pdf |magazine=NGA Pathfinder |publisher=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency |date=2016 |access-date=July 9, 2021}}</ref> * Office of Future Warfare Systems (MRF)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.acq.osd.mil/log/mr/.mr_library.html/DAES_revision_finley_memo_02Mar07.pdf |title=Format Changes for the Defense Acquisition Executive Summary (DAES) Reviews |last=[[Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment#Officeholders|Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense|Defense Department]] |date=March 2, 2007 |website=acq.osd.mil |access-date=July 11, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.appone.com/MainInfoReq.asp?R_ID=2680163 |title=GEOINT Standards & Architecture Expert - TS/SCI |website=appone.com |publisher=Appone |access-date=July 11, 2021}}</ref> * Office of Diversity Management and Equal Employment Opportunity, led by a director<ref name=Richardson/> * Custom Media Team (XCMS), containing the Tailored Media support team and CMGS (Custom Media Generation System) team<ref name=Custom>{{cite web |url=https://www.nga.mil/resources/Custom_Media_Team.html |title=Custom Media Team |website=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency |access-date=July 11, 2021}}</ref> * GPS Division<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nga.mil/resources/GPS_and_Earth_Orientation_Products.html |title=GPS and Earth Orientation Products |website=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency |access-date=July 11, 2021}}</ref> * Historical Imagery Division/Historical Imagery team<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nga.mil/resources/Historical_Maps_and_Charts.html |title=Historical Maps and Charts |website=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency |access-date=July 11, 2021}}</ref> * Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) Team, community led by NGA containing screened non-NGA users/institutions<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nga.mil/resources/Nome.html |title=NOME |website=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency |access-date=July 11, 2021}}</ref> * Office of Ventures and Innovation<ref>{{cite news |last=Wilson |first=Samuel |date=July 24, 2017 |title=NGA Office of Ventures and Innovation explained |url=https://www.nga.mil/news/NGA_Office_of_Ventures_and_Innovation_explained.html |work=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency |access-date=July 11, 2021}}</ref> * NGA Research, led by a director * Enterprise Innovation Office (EIO) * Office of Strategic Operations * Office of Geography * NGA Outpost Valley (NOV), office of NGA in [[Silicon Valley]]<ref name=Path14.2>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Pathfinder Vol. 14 No. 2|url=https://www.nga.mil/assets/files/Pathfinder_2016_Vol14_No2.pdf |magazine=NGA Pathfinder |publisher=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency |date=2016 |access-date=July 11, 2021}}</ref> * Office of Congressional and Intergovernmental Affairs<ref name=Dixon/> * Personnel Security Division, led by a chief<ref name=OIG26/> * Meteorological Operations Center<ref name=Blizzard>{{cite news |last=Uhler |first=Carling |date=February 9, 2016 |title=Amidst a blizzard, NGA workforce maintains facilities, mission support |url=https://www.nga.mil/news/Amidst_a_blizzard_NGA_workforce_maintains_faciliti.html |work=NG Office of Corporate Communications |access-date=July 11, 2021}}</ref> * Office of General Counsel (OGC)<ref name=Relationships/> * Records and Declassification Program Office<ref name=Records>{{cite web |url=https://www.governmentattic.org/20docs/NGArecordsStorStudy_2006.pdf |title=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) Records Storage Study, Final Results, 2006 |website=Government Attic |access-date=July 11, 2021}}</ref> * [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|FOIA]]/[[Privacy Act of 1974|Privacy Act]] Program Office<ref name=Records/><ref name=Relationships/> Additionally, military Service GEOINT Offices (SGOs) liaise with NGA, but belong to their respective [[United States Armed Forces#Service branches|military service branches]] and represent their geospatial intelligence needs.<ref name=Path14.4/> The [[Canadian Armed Forces]] deploys a liaison team to NGA; that team's operations officer also acts as NGA's [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] liaison.<ref name=Path15.1/> NGA is a member of the National System for Geospatial Intelligence (NSG) and the larger Allied System for Geospatial Intelligence (ASG), which includes [[Anglosphere#Core Anglosphere|close allies]] [[Canada]], the United Kingdom, [[Australia]], and [[New Zealand]].<ref name=Path15.1/> The U.S. and those four nations also form the [[Five Eyes]] intelligence alliance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dni.gov/index.php/who-we-are/organizations/enterprise-capacity/chco/chco-related-menus/chco-related-links/recruitment-and-outreach/217-about/organization/icig-pages/2660-icig-fiorc|title=Five Eyes Intelligence Oversight and Review Council (FIORC)|website=dni.gov|publisher=[[Director of National Intelligence]]}}</ref> ===Employees=== NGA employs professionals in aeronautical analysis, [[cartography]], [[geospatial|geospatial analysis]], [[image analysis|imagery analysis]], [[marine analysis]], the physical sciences, geodesy, computer and telecommunication engineering, and [[photogrammetry]], as well as those in the national security and law enforcement fields. ===List of NIMA / NGA Directors=== This table lists all Directors of the NIMA and NGA and their term of office. The agency transitioned from NIMA to NGA during Lieutenant General King's directorship. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! rowspan=2| {{abbr|No.|Number}} ! colspan=2| Director ! colspan=3| Term |- ! Portrait ! Name ! Took office ! Left office ! Term length |- {{Officeholder table | order = 1 | military_rank = Rear Admiral | image = Joseph J. Dantone.JPEG | officeholder = [[Joseph J. Dantone]] | officeholder_sort = | born_year = | died_year = | term_start = ~October 1996 | term_end = March 1998 | timeinoffice = ~{{ayd|1 October 1996|1 March 1998}} | acting = y }} {{Officeholder table | order = 2 | military_rank = Lieutenant General | image = Portrait of U.S. Army Lt. Gen. James C. King.jpg | officeholder = [[James C. King]] | officeholder_sort = | born_year = | died_year = | term_start = March 1998 | term_end = September 2001 | timeinoffice = ~{{ayd|1 March 1998|1 September 2001}} }} {{Officeholder table | order = 3 | military_rank = | image = James R. Clapper, NGA Director official portrait.jpg | officeholder = [[James Clapper]] | officeholder_sort = | born_year = | died_year = | term_start = September 2001 | term_end = ~July 7, 2006 | timeinoffice = ~{{ayd|1 September 2001|July 7, 2006}} }} {{Officeholder table | order = 4 | military_rank = Vice Admiral | image = RobertBMurrett.jpg | officeholder = [[Robert B. Murrett]] | officeholder_sort = | born_year = | died_year = | term_start = ~July 7, 2006 | term_end = August 2010 | timeinoffice = ~{{ayd|July 7, 2006|1 August 2010}} }} {{Officeholder table | order = 5 | military_rank = | image = Letitia Long.jpg | officeholder = [[Letitia Long]] | officeholder_sort = | born_year = | died_year = | term_start = August 2010 | term_end = October 3, 2014 | timeinoffice = ~{{ayd|1 August 2010|October 3, 2014}} }} {{Officeholder table | order = 6 | military_rank = | image = Robert Cardillo official photo.jpg | officeholder = [[Robert Cardillo]] | officeholder_sort = | born_year = | died_year = | term_start = October 3, 2014 | term_end = February 7, 2019 | timeinoffice = {{ayd|October 3, 2014|February 7, 2019}} }} {{Officeholder table | order = 7 | military_rank = Vice Admiral | image = Vice Adm. Robert D. Sharp.jpg | officeholder = [[Robert D. Sharp]] | officeholder_sort = | born_year = | died_year = | term_start = February 7, 2019 | term_end = June 3, 2022 | timeinoffice = {{ayd|February 7, 2019|June 3, 2022}} }} {{Officeholder table | order = 8 | military_rank = Vice Admiral | image = Vice Adm. Frank D. Whitworth III (2).jpg | officeholder = [[Frank D. Whitworth|Frank D. Whitworth III]] | officeholder_sort = | born_year = | died_year = | term_start = June 3, 2022 | timeinoffice = {{ayd|June 3, 2022}} }} |} *† - Although General Clapper preferred the use of his military rank, he was in fact a member of the Defense Intelligence [[Senior Executive Service]] (DISES) during his term as Director of NGA, as he had retired from active duty as the director of [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] in 1995. Clapper was the first civilian to head NIMA / NGA. ==Civilian, Department of Defense, and Intelligence Community activities== *[[Killing of Osama bin Laden|Osama bin Laden compound raid]]: NGA was integral in helping the Department of Defense and the U.S. Intelligence Community pinpoint the [[Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad|compound]] in [[Abbottabad]], [[Pakistan]] where Osama bin Laden hid for several years and to plan the raid that killed him.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ambinder|first1=Marc|title=The Little-Known Agency That Helped Kill Bin Laden|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2011/05/the-little-known-agency-that-helped-kill-bin-laden/238454/|publisher=The Atlantic Monthly|date=5 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Osama bin Laden Compound Raid|url=https://www.nga.mil/About/History/NGAinHistory/Pages/OsamabinLaden.aspx|publisher=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|access-date=27 July 2017|language=en-us|archive-date=May 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523032415/https://www.nga.mil/About/History/NGAinHistory/Pages/OsamabinLaden.aspx|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> * 9/11 aftermath: After the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]], NIMA partnered with the [[U.S. Geological Survey]] to survey the [[World Trade Center site]] and determine the extent of the destruction.<ref name="NGA history"/> * Keyhole investment: NGA contributed approximately 25% of [[In-Q-Tel]]'s funding of [[Keyhole Inc]], whose Earth-viewing software became [[Google Earth]].<ref name=pandooakland>{{cite web|url=http://pando.com/2014/03/07/the-google-military-surveillance-complex/|title=Oakland emails give another glimpse into the Google-Military-Surveillance Complex|publisher=[[PandoDaily]]|date=March 7, 2014|access-date=March 28, 2014|archive-date=August 19, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819032041/https://pando.com/2014/03/07/the-google-military-surveillance-complex/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Hurricane Katrina: NGA supported [[Hurricane Katrina]] relief efforts by "providing geospatial information about the affected areas based on imagery from commercial and U.S. government satellites, and from airborne platforms, to the [[Federal Emergency Management Agency|Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)]] and other government agencies.<ref name="Hurricane">[https://www.nga.mil/NGASiteContent/StaticFiles/OCR/nga0513.pdf Geospatial Intelligence Aids Hurricane Recovery Efforts] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919163658/http://www.nga.mil/NGASiteContent/StaticFiles/OCR/nga0513.pdf |date=September 19, 2009 }}, nga.mil</ref> NGA's Earth website is a central source of these efforts. * Microsoft partnership: [[Microsoft|Microsoft Corp.]] and NGA have signed a [[letter of understanding]] to advance the design and delivery of geospatial information applications to customers.<ref name="MS">[http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/2006/may06/05-11DODVEPR.mspx Microsoft and NGA Announce Strategic Alliance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060617154319/http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/2006/may06/05-11DODVEPR.mspx |date=June 17, 2006 }}, microsoft.com</ref> NGA will continue to use the Microsoft [[Virtual Earth]] platform (as it did for Katrina relief) to provide geospatial support for humanitarian, peacekeeping, and national-security efforts. Virtual Earth is a set of online mapping and search services that deliver imagery through an [[Application programming interface|API]]. * Google and GeoEye: In 2008 NGA partnered with [[Google]] and [[GeoEye]]. Google would be allowed to use GeoEye [[spy satellite]] imagery with reduced [[display resolution|resolution]] for [[Google Earth]].<ref name=pandooakland/> * Open source software on GitHub: April 2014 NGA became the first intelligence agency to open-source software on [[GitHub]].<ref name="GitHub">[http://www.fiercegovernmentit.com/story/nga-releases-open-source-code-github/2014-04-07 NGA releases open source code on GitHub] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413214326/http://www.fiercegovernmentit.com/story/nga-releases-open-source-code-github/2014-04-07 |date=April 13, 2016 }}, FierceGovernmentIT, April 07, 2014</ref> NGA Director [[Letitia Long]] talks about NGA's GitHub initiative and the first offering, GeoQ, at the GEOINT Symposium. Her comments start at 40 minutes and 40 seconds from her GEOINT 2014 conference speech.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://geointv.com/archive/geoint-2013-keynote-letitia-a-long/|title=» GEOINT 2013* – Keynote Letitia A. Long - USGIF official video portal|date=July 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730155203/http://geointv.com/archive/geoint-2013-keynote-letitia-a-long/|archive-date=July 30, 2017}}</ref> NGA open sources software packages under their GitHub organizational account.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/ngageoint|title=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|website=GitHub}}</ref> * After the 2019 creation of the [[United States Space Force]], NGA began working with the USSF "to provide geospatial intelligence to support and identify future needs of the service," establishing a new support team (NST) embedded at USSF headquarters.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sparks |first=Carolyn |date=March 4, 2021 |title=NGA Director Sharp inducts newest Space Force officers |url=https://www.nga.mil/news/NGA_Director_Sharp_inducts_newest_Space_Force_offi.html |work= |location=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency |access-date=May 22, 2021}}</ref> * In 2022, NGA aided rescue and recovery from [[Hurricane Ian]] in Florida.<ref>{{cite news |last=Birnbaum |first=Michael |date=January 2, 2023 |title=Why the U.S. is enlisting a spy agency during hurricanes |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-solutions/2022/12/30/spies-intelligence-drones-hurricane-rescue/ |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |location=washingtonpost.com |access-date=January 2, 2023}}</ref> * Since 2022, NGA has provided unclassified imagery capabilities to the [[Conflict Observatory]] to capture and analyze evidence of [[War crimes in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian war crimes in Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |title=NGA contributes to State Department-supported effort to document potential war crimes, other atrocities in Ukraine |url=https://www.nga.mil/news/NGA_contributes_to_State_Departments_effort_to_doc.html |work=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency |date=July 11, 2022 |access-date=January 12, 2023 |ref=none}}</ref> ==Controversies== NIMA / NGA has been involved in several controversies. * [[Pokhran-II|India tested a nuclear weapon in 1998]] that reportedly took the United States by surprise. Due to budget cuts in defense spending after the end of the Cold War (see [[Peace dividend]]), the intelligence community was forced to reevaluate the allocation of its limited resources.<ref name="CNN">[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/12/09/map.makers/ "Secretive map agency opens its doors"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022221501/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/12/09/map.makers/ |date=October 22, 2006 }}, [[CNN.com]], December 13, 2002</ref> * In 1999, NIMA reportedly provided NATO war-planners with incorrect maps which did not reflect that the Chinese Embassy in [[Belgrade]] had moved locations, which some{{Who|date=July 2012}} have argued was the cause of the accidental [[NATO bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade]]. The [[Central Intelligence Agency]] countered this criticism by saying this overstates the importance of the map itself in the analytic process. Maps of urban areas will be out-of-date the day after they are published, but what is important is having accurate databases.{{better source needed|date=November 2018}}<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/news-information/speeches-testimony/1999/dci_speech_072299.html DCI Statement on the Belgrade Chinese Embassy Bombing to a House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence Open Hearing, 22 July 1999] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613044728/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/speeches-testimony/1999/dci_speech_072299.html |date=June 13, 2007 }}, CIA</ref> * On Jan. 17, 2013, [[USS Guardian (MCM-5)|USS ''Guardian'']], a [[mine countermeasures ship]], was grounded on the [[Tubbataha Reef]] in the southern Philippines. While it was determined that the NGA had provided an inaccurate chart that was off by as much as {{convert|8|nmi}}, the Navy primarily faulted the ship's crew, specifically the commanding officer, the executive officer and two junior officers that were standing watch at the time of the grounding, as they had failed to adhere to prudent, safe, and sound navigation principles. The crew relied solely on the inaccurate Digital Nautical Chart (DNC) during the planning and execution of the navigation plan and failed to appropriately [[cross-reference]] additional charts and utilize visual cues.<ref>{{cite web|title=USS Guardian Grounding Investigation Results Released|url=http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=74930|publisher=U.S. Navy|access-date=20 June 2013|archive-date=June 22, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622131413/http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=74930|url-status=dead}}</ref> *From 2013 to 2018, NGA designated the latitude and longitude coordinates of a private residence as a default location for [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]], causing the digital-mapping website [[MaxMind]] to set it as the location of over one million [[IP address]]es, which in turn caused people searching for missing phones and other electronics (as well as other people trying to track down IP addresses in Pretoria and police officers attempting to track criminals) to show up at the residence. The issue was eventually resolved following a private investigation and a request to both NGA and MaxMind that the default location be changed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gizmodo.com/how-cartographers-for-the-u-s-military-inadvertently-c-1830758394|title=How Cartographers for the U.S. Military Inadvertently Created a House of Horrors in South Africa|last=Hill|first=Kashmir|date=9 January 2019|website=Gizmodo|access-date=10 January 2019}}</ref> ==Gallery== <gallery> File:NGA New HQ.jpg|NGA headquarters File:NGA New HQ - atrium.jpg|NGA headquarters' [[Atrium (architecture)|atrium]] </gallery> ==See also== * [[Cartography]] * [[Geographic information system|Geographic Information System]] (GIS) * [[GEOnet Names Server]] * [[Geospatial engineering]] * [[Geographic Information Systems in Geospatial Intelligence#GIS use in the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)|GIS use in NGA]] * [[Imagery intelligence]] (IMINT) * [[Geospatial intelligence]] (GEOINT) * [[Orthophoto]] * [[Remote sensing]] * [[Satellite imagery]] * [[Small satellite|Small Sats]] * [[TransApps]] * [[Australian Geospatial-Intelligence Organisation]], Australian counterpart * [[Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica]] (REMA), supported by NGA.<ref name="NYT-20180907">{{cite news |last=Stirone |first=Shannon |title=New Antarctica Map Is Like 'Putting on Glasses for the First Time and Seeing 20/20' – A high resolution terrain map of Earth's frozen continent will help researchers better track changes on the ice as the planet warms. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/07/science/antarctica-map-rema.html |date=7 September 2018 |work=The New York Times |access-date=9 September 2018 }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Further reading== * {{cite journal|last=Ambinder|first=Marc|date=May 5, 2011|title=The Little-Known Agency That Helped Kill Bin Laden|journal=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2011/05/the-little-known-agency-that-helped-kill-bin-laden/238454/}} Explains NGA's capabilities. * Online repository of issues of NGA's magazine NGA Pathfinder: [https://www.nga.mil/history/NGA_Pathfinder_Archive.html] ==External links== * {{Commons category-inline}} * {{Official website|https://www.nga.mil/}} ** [http://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/ GEOnet Names Server] (GNS) – Database of foreign geographic feature names. Worldwide coverage excluding the United States and Antarctica, containing approximately 3.93 million features with 5.45 million names, and their coordinates * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081201072651/http://geoint.missouri.edu/ Center for Geospatial Intelligence]: University of Missouri – Columbia research center focused on GeoINT * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141014004800/http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp2_03.pdf JP 2-03, Geospatial Intelligence Support to Joint Operations, 31 October 2012] * [https://fas.org/irp/agency/nima/commission/ Commission Report on the National Imagery and Mapping Agency] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412085607/http://fas.org/irp/agency/nima/commission/ |date=April 12, 2016 }} * [http://www.geointelmag.com/ ''GeoIntelligence'']: A trade publication covering the uses of spatial technologies for national defense and homeland security by organizations such as NGA * {{cite news|first=David|last=Ensor|title=Secretive map agency opens its doors|date=December 13, 2002|publisher=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/2002/US/12/09/map.makers/}} * [http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Jan1996/m012696_m018-96.html DMA Receives Hammer Award, 26 January 1996] * [http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=15734 Agency Provides More Than Just Maps] * The [[Center for Intelligence and Security Studies]] trains new analysts in [[Intelligence Analysis]] {{NGA leaders}} {{Intelligence agencies of USA}} {{DOD agencies}} {{Military intelligence agencies}} {{Five Eyes}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency| ]] [[Category:United States Department of Defense agencies]] [[Category:United States intelligence agencies]] [[Category:Military cartography]] [[Category:Military geography]] [[Category:Military intelligence agencies]] [[Category:Military in Virginia]] [[Category:Surveillance]] [[Category:Government agencies established in 1996]] [[Category:1996 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Intelligence analysis agencies]] [[Category:Geographic data and information organizations in the United States]] [[Category:Photogrammetry organizations]] [[Category:Geographic information systems organizations]] [[Category:Geospatial intelligence organizations]]
