View source for White House Medical Unit

{{Short description|Unit of the White House Military Office}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = White House Medical Unit
| abbreviation = WHMU
| purpose = medical care
| location = [[White House]], [[Washington, D.C.]]
| staff = 24 <small>(2010)</small>
}}[[File:White House Medical Unit.jpg|thumb|White House Medical Unit door placard inside the [[Eisenhower Executive Office Building]].]]
The '''White House Medical Unit''' ('''WHMU''') is a unit of the [[White House Military Office]] and is responsible for the medical needs of [[White House]] staff and visitors. The unit also provides medical care to the [[President of the United States|president]], the [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]], their families, and international dignitaries visiting the White House.

==Role==
The WHMU is led by the [[Director, White House Medical Unit]], typically a military O-6 (Army/Air Force Colonel, Navy Captain), who may also serve as the [[Physician to the President]], although in recent years, the roles have frequently been separated. The Physician to the President is chosen personally by the President and is primarily responsible for the health of the President as a person, while the Director is formally chosen by the Director of the White House Military Office and is responsible for ensuring the optimal programs are in place to provide health and medical support to the continuity of the Presidency to include care for those who support the duties of the President.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/whmo/whmu.html |website=White House Archives |access-date=29 July 2022|title=White House Military Office - White House Medical Unit }}</ref> 

The medical unit includes active-duty military physicians as well as several [[physician assistant]]s, [[registered nurse]]s, and [[medic]]s, and support staff including an administrator and a [[Health information technology|medical information technology]] manager.<ref name=garcia>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mil/article/83030/From_Recruiting_Command_to_the_White_House/|last=Garcia|first=Vernetta|title=From Recruiting Command to the White House|website=Army.mil|date=July 3, 2012|access-date=May 24, 2015}}</ref>{{Efn|Physicians in private practice are not barred from becoming a member of the White House Medical Unit staff. But since few physicians can afford to abandon their private practice for four years, military physicians have almost always filled the position.<ref name=altman />}} Under implementing guidelines for the [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], the WHMU Director is the primary official responsible for advising the President's Cabinet on the ability of the President of the United States to discharge the powers and duties of the office.<ref name=chatterjee /><ref name=altman /><ref name=cnn /> The final decision, however, rests with the Cabinet as a political, not a medical, decision. The WHMU provides healthcare to the president, vice president, and their immediate families, as designees of the Secretary of Defense, who are eligible for medical care at American military medical facilities anywhere in the world.<ref name=dorning /> Just as with any other military beneficiary, if any of these officials or family members have health insurance, which they generally do as government employees, inpatient medical care at American military hospitals is billed to this health insurance.<ref name=dorning />

In addition to direct care duties as outlined above, the WHMU is responsible for all medical contingency planning for the White House and its key personnel under its mission of supporting the continuity of the presidency. This includes preparing for every presidential or vice presidential trip by developing medical contingency plans, including the identification of hospitals and other facilities at which medical care could be provided. The goal is to ensure that the president is never more than 20 ground minutes away from a hospital with high level (generally a Level 1) [[Trauma center|Trauma Center]]. If this is not possible, the WHMU working with the White House Military Office and the United States Secret Service, ensures that a military helicopter is nearby, kept in instant readiness to evacuate the president to an appropriate hospital.<ref name=chatterjee />

==Staff==
The total number of staff on duty at the White House Medical Unit varies over time. From 1993-2001 there were 20 staff members. During 2001 it increased to 22 total staff,<ref name=chatterjee>{{cite news|url=http://articles.philly.com/2001-03-30/news/25327439_1_medical-unit-richard-j-tubb-top-physician|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524193451/http://articles.philly.com/2001-03-30/news/25327439_1_medical-unit-richard-j-tubb-top-physician|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 24, 2015|last=Chatterjee|first=Sumana|title=Doctor in the (White) House?|work=Philadelphia Inquirer|date=March 30, 2001|access-date=May 24, 2015}}</ref> and by 2010, 24 total staff members.<ref name=altman /> Although the number of physician assistants is not clear, as of 2012 there were five physicians and three medics assigned to the unit.<ref name=garcia />{{Efn|The number of physicians appears not to have changed since 2009.<ref name=dorning>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-aug-05-na-obama-healthcare5-story.html|last=Dorning|first=Mike|title=President Obama's VIP healthcare|work=Los Angeles Times|date=August 5, 2009|access-date=May 26, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828064259/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/aug/05/nation/na-obama-healthcare5|archive-date=2011-08-28}}</ref>}} As of 2001, there were six registered nurses assigned to the WHMU, each of whom served a two-year term and was trained and certified in providing emergency care, resuscitation, and trauma care.<ref name=nursezone>{{cite web|url=http://www.nursezone.com/nursing-news-events/more-features/Nurses-a-Heartbeat-Away-from-the-President_21294.aspx|title=Nurses a Heartbeat Away from the President|website=NurseZone|date=2001|access-date=May 24, 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Obama vaccinated against H1N1 at WHMU 2009.jpg|thumb|President Barack Obama receives a vaccination from a registered nurse in the White House Medical Unit in 2009.|left]] WHMU staff are [[Board certification|board-certified]] in the fields of [[emergency medicine]], [[family medicine]], or [[internal medicine]]. All staff also have [[certification]] in trauma care and the provision of cardiac life support.<ref name=chatterjee /> According to a 2009 news report, doctors accepted for assignment to the WHMU undergo a full year of trauma care training before joining the staff.<ref name=dorning />

At least one physician is on duty in the Executive Residence at all times.<ref name=altman>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/16/health/views/16docs.html|last=Altman|first=Lawrence K.|title=The Rigors of Treating the Patient in Chief|work=The New York Times|date=November 15, 2010|access-date=May 26, 2015}}</ref>

Staff almost always wear civilian street and medical clothing, since military uniforms would draw [[sniper]] fire and prevent the WHMU staff from performing their jobs in an emergency.<ref name=altman />

==Facilities==
The White House Medical Unit includes emergency medical and trauma capability at both the White House and the residence of the [[Vice President of the United States|vice president of the United States]] at the [[United States Naval Observatory]].<ref name=chatterjee /> One former physician to the president described the White House unit as an [[urgent care]] center with a [[crash cart]].<ref name=cnn>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/HEALTH/09/23/wh.doctors/|title=White House doctors: The president's shadow|work=CNN|date=September 24, 2004|access-date=May 26, 2015}}</ref> A medical examination room is also maintained at the [[Eisenhower Executive Office Building]].<ref name=chatterjee />

Between 1993 and 2001, [[Rear admiral (United States)|Rear Admiral]] [[Eleanor Mariano]] reoriented the WHMU more toward the provision of emergency medical services. The unit also began to provide 24-hour care at the White House, and added a medical suite to the vice presidential residence to provide the vice president with the same level of care provided to the president. A physician now staffs the vice presidential medical suite at all times.<ref name=chatterjee /> Because [[jet lag]] and extremely long hours are common among WHMU staff, a rule limiting staff to 24-hour duty periods was also implemented, and shift rotations created to allow advance medical team staff to take over from traveling staff to limit fatigue.<ref name=altman />

Between 2002 and 2009, the WHMU implemented a program to provide medical training specific to the international locales which the president or vice president might travel. This training helps prepare the medical staff for specific or unusual medical situations needed in each place the President or Vice President visits.<ref name=chatterjee />

The WHMU also oversees the mobile medical suite aboard [[Air Force One]] and [[Air Force Two]]. Air Force One contains a full surgical suite with operating table, two beds, resuscitation equipment, various medical monitors, and a full [[pharmacy]].<ref name=chatterjee /><ref name=cnn /> Air Force Two contains a [[first aid]] unit as well as an [[automated external defibrillator]], oxygen tanks, and limited pharmaceuticals. The WHMU also establishes temporary emergency medical facilities as needed to support presidential or vice presidential trips. These usually consist of an eight-member [[Intensive care medicine|intensive care]] and surgical team, and a temporary [[Operating theater|operating room]] at each stop. WHMU staff may also carry operating room equipment in backpacks to provide emergency medical care as needed on-site when the temporary operating room is too distant.<ref name=chatterjee /> When the president travels overseas, an advance medical team travel ahead of Air Force One to set up its medical facilities days in advance. This way, a fully rested medical team is available to assist the president upon arrival and take over from the team which traveled aboard the presidential aircraft.<ref name=dorning />

A physician and nurse also travel with presidential motorcades. They are strategically positioned so as to be close enough to respond to an emergency but far enough away to minimize the likelihood of being caught in the event.<ref name=dorning /><ref name=altman />

A WHMU physician and nurse also usually accompany the [[First Lady of the United States|first lady of the United States]] when she travels, but a full medical staff and mobile operating suite are not assigned to her.<ref name=dorning />

===2020 Coronavirus participation===
The White House Medical Unit handled temperature checks for journalists and others as White House moved limited seating to all briefings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2020/03/16/white-house-briefing-seats-cut-in-half-as-coronavirus-temperature-checks-continue/|title=White House briefing seats cut in half as coronavirus temperature checks continue|last=Nelson|first=Steven|date=2020-03-16|website=New York Post|language=en|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref>

===2024 Patient Eligibility and Pharmaceutical Management Report===

The Medical Unit also comprises a [[pharmacy (shop)|pharmacy]], which duties include to provide pharmaceutical services to senior officials and staff, store, inventory, prescribe, dispense, and dispose of prescription medications, including opioids and sleep medications. However, it was not staffed by a licensed [[pharmacist]] or pharmacy support staff, nor was it credentialed by any outside agency.

In January 2024, the Medical Unit and its pharmacy caught the media's attention when the [[Department of Defense Office of Inspector General]] issued an investigation report focused on prescription drug records and care between 2017 and 2019, during the [[First presidency of Donald Trump|presidency of Donald Trump]]. There had been improper recording of prescriptions, disposal of controlled substances, and verification of identities, among other problems. The pharmacy dispensed expensive brand-name products for free, instead of cheaper [[generic drug|generic equivalents]], which is a violation of Defense department policy. Also, the Medical Unit spent considerable amounts of money on health care for numerous ineligible White House staff members, employees and contractors.

The report makes recommendations that include developing policies and procedures for the White House Medical Unit to better manage medications, including their procurement, storage, inventory, prescribing, dispensing and disposal; developing a pharmaceutical oversight plan for the White House Medical Unit; developing controls for patient eligibility in the Military Health System; developing a plan to oversee eligibility of patients treated at the White House Medical Unit; developing a plan to oversee executive medical services, including patient access; developing controls for billing and cost recovery for care provided to non-military patients.<ref>{{cite report |date=January 8, 2024 |title=Evaluation of the DoD Internal Controls Related to Patient Eligibility and Pharmaceutical Management Within the National Capital Region Executive Medicine Services |url=https://media.defense.gov/2024/Jan/09/2003373440/-1/-1/1/DODIG-2024-044_REDACTED%20SECURE.PDF |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]] |page=68 |number=DODIG‑2024‑044 |access-date=January 25, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.military.com/daily-news/2024/01/16/ineligible-white-house-staffers-got-free-care-military-hospitals-free-prescription-drugs-watchdog.html/amp |title=Free Surgeries and Prescriptions: White House Staff Got Access to Military Health Care Despite Being Ineligible |last=Kime |first=Patricia |publication-date=January 16, 2024 |publisher=[[Military.com]] |access-date=January 26, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2024/01/the-white-house-has-its-own-pharmacy-and-boy-was-it-shady-under-trump/ |title=The White House has its own pharmacy—and, boy, was it shady under Trump |last=Mole |first=Beth |publication-date=January 24, 2024 |publisher=[[Ars Technica]] |access-date=January 25, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/01/24/health/white-house-medical-unit-report/index.html |title=White House clinic handed out medications with little oversight during past administrations, new investigation shows |last=Goodman |first=Brenda |publication-date=January 24, 2024 |publisher=CNN |access-date=January 25, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/trump-white-house-pharmacy-prescription-drugs-1234953535/ |title=Trump’s White House Pharmacy Handed Out Drugs Like Candy: Report |last=Ramirez |first=Nikki McCann|publication-date=January 24, 2024 |publisher=[[Rolling Stone]] |access-date=January 25, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/white-house-clinic-improperly-distributed-controlled-substances-previo-rcna135787 |title=White House clinic improperly distributed controlled substances during previous administrations, new report says |last=Lebowitz |first=Megan|publication-date=January 25, 2024 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |access-date=January 30, 2024 |quote=Updated January 26, 2024. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-white-house-pharmacy-improperly-provided-drugs-misused-funds-pentagon-2024-01-28/7 |title=Trump White House pharmacy improperly provided drugs and misused funds, Pentagon report says |last=Aboulenein |first=Ahmed |publication-date=January 28, 2024 |publisher=Reuters |access-date=January 30, 2024 |quote=Updated ago [sic] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-white-house-medical-unit-controlled-substances-inspector-general-report/ |title=Trump-era White House Medical Unit gave controlled substances to ineligible staff, watchdog finds |last=Watson |first=Kathryn |publication-date=January 29, 2024 |publisher=[[CBS News]] |access-date=January 30, 2024 }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|White House Medical Unit}}
* [https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/whmo/whmu.html/ White House Medical Unit], as it appeared on the White House website during the presidency of [[George W. Bush]]
* [https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/eop/whmo/ The White House Military Office], including the Medical Unit, as it appeared on the White House website during the presidency of [[Barack Obama]] 

{{EOP agencies|state=collapsed}}
{{White House Military Office}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:White House Military Office]]
[[Category:Executive Office of the President of the United States|Med]]
[[Category:Medical units and formations of the United States]]
[[Category:Military medical organizations of the United States]]
[[Category:Medical and health organizations based in Washington, D.C.]]