View source for Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering

{{Short description|United States federal government position}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering
| insignia = DOD Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering seal.png
| insigniasize = 120
| insigniacaption = Logo of the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering
| department = [[Office of the Secretary of Defense]]
| reports_to = [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]]<br />[[United States Deputy Secretary of Defense|Deputy Secretary of Defense]]
| image = File:Heidi Shyu (2).jpg
| incumbent = [[Heidi Shyu]]<ref name=shyu/>
| incumbentsince = July 25, 2021
| nominator = The [[President of the United States|President]]<br />with the [[advice and consent]] of the [[United States Senate|Senate]]
| termlength = No fixed term
| website = {{url|https://www.cto.mil/|Office of the Under Secretary}}
| body = 
}}

The '''Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering''', abbreviated '''USD (R&E)''', is a senior official of the [[United States Department of Defense]]. The USD (R&E) is charged with the development and oversight of [[technology strategy]] for the DoD. The post (or effectively the same post) has at various times had the titles '''Assistant Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering''' ('''ASD(R&E)'''), or '''Director of Defense Research and Engineering''' ('''DDR&E''').  The latter title has itself historically varied between the rank of under secretary and that of assistant secretary.

USD (R&E) is the principal staff advisor for research and engineering matters to the [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary]] and Deputy Secretary of Defense. In this capacity, USD (R&E) serves as the [[chief technology officer]] (CTO) for the Department of Defense charged with the development and oversight of DoD technology strategy in concert with the department's current and future requirements. The goal of USD (R&E) is to extend the capabilities of current war fighting systems, develop breakthrough capabilities, hedge against an uncertain future through a set of scientific and engineering options, and counter strategic surprise. USD (R&E) also provides advice and assistance in developing policies for rapid technology transition.

From 1987 until 1 February 2018, ASD(R&E) was subordinate to the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics. On 1 February 2018, the research and engineering were split into an independent office, with the head position being elevated from an assistant secretary to an under secretary level. The remaining acquisition office became the Office of the [[Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment]] (A&S).<ref name=":1" />  <!--The current acting undersecretary USD(R&E) is Terry Emmert, who took office on 20 January 2021.-->

== Organization ==
Organizations included under the USD (R&E) include the following. As of February 2018, organizational relationships remained to be finalized as the organization was being formed.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.acq.osd.mil/fo/docs/Section-901-FY-2017-NDAA-Report.pdf|title=Report to Congress: Restructuring the Department of Defense Acquisition, Technology and Logistics Organization and Chief Management Officer Organization|date=1 August 2017|access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref> The organizational structure was finalized in July 2018. Agencies marked with an asterisk (*) are not part of the [[Office of the Secretary of Defense]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defensenews.com/pentagon/2018/07/17/revealed-the-new-structure-for-the-pentagons-tech-and-acquisition-offices/|title=Revealed: The new structure for the Pentagon's tech and acquisition offices|last=Mehta|first=Aaron|date=2018-07-17|website=Defense News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-04}}</ref>

* [[Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fcw.com/articles/2018/03/05/dod-research-engineering-deputy-porter.aspx|title=White House names deputy undersecretary for DOD R&E|last=Johnnson|first=Derek B.|date=5 March 2018|website=FCW|access-date=8 March 2018}}</ref>
**Technical Director of Defense Research and Engineering for AI
**Technical Director of Defense Research and Engineering for 5G
* Director of Defense Research and Engineering for Research and Technology
** Deputy Director for Strategic Technology Protection and Exploitation
***[[Defense Microelectronics Activity]]*
** Deputy Director for Research, Technology, and Laboratories
**[[Defense Technical Information Center]]*
* Director of Defense Research and Engineering for Advanced Capabilities
** Deputy Director for Mission Engineering and Integration
** Deputy Director for Developmental Test and Evaluation
***[[Test Resource Management Center]]*
*Director of Defense Research and Engineering for Modernization
**Assistant Director of Defense Research and Engineering for Biotechnology<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/johncumbers/2019/09/24/with-great-power-comes-great-responsibility--meet-alexander-titus-the-department-of-defenses-head-of-biotechnology/|title="With Great Power Comes Great Responsibility" — Meet Alexander Titus The Department Of Defense's Head Of Biotechnology|last=Cumbers|first=John|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defense.gov/Our-Story/Biographies/Biography/Article/1845752/dr-alexander-titus/|title=Dr. Alexander Titus > U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE > Biography|website=www.defense.gov|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Kate Sixt |url=https://www.defense.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/2777440/dr-kate-sixt/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2FAbout%2FBiographies%2FBiography%2FArticle%2F2777440%2Fdr-kate-sixt%2F |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=U.S. Department of Defense |language=en-US}}</ref>
**Assistant Director of Defense Research and Engineering for Autonomy
**Assistant Director of Defense Research and Engineering for Cyber<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defense.gov/Our-Story/Biographies/Biography/Article/1845739/dr-daniel-j-ragsdale/|title=Dr. Daniel J. Ragsdale > U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE > Biography|website=www.defense.gov|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref>
**Assistant Director of Defense Research and Engineering for Directed Energy<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defense.gov/Our-Story/Biographies/Biography/Article/1808202/dr-thomas-j-karr/|title=Dr. Thomas J. Karr > U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE > Biography|website=www.defense.gov|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref>
**Assistant Director of Defense Research and Engineering for FNC3<ref>'FNC3' is an abbreviation of 'Fully-Networked Command, Control and Communications'</ref>
**Assistant Director of Defense Research and Engineering for Hypersonics<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/2101062/department-of-defense-press-briefing-on-hypersonics/|title=Department of Defense Press Briefing on Hypersonics|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref>
**Assistant Director of Defense Research and Engineering for Microelectronics<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defense.gov/Our-Story/Biographies/Biography/Article/1848311/ms-nicole-m-petta/|title=Ms. Nicole M. Petta > U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE > Biography|website=www.defense.gov|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref>
**Assistant Director of Defense Research and Engineering for Quantum Science<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defense.gov/Our-Story/Biographies/Biography/Article/1890149/dr-paul-lopata/|title=Dr. Paul Lopata > U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE > Biography|website=www.defense.gov|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref>
**Assistant Director of Defense Research and Engineering for Space
*{{anchor|SDA}}Director of [[Space Development Agency]]<ref name= tournear >[https://www.defense.gov/Our-Story/Biographies/Biography/Article/1853377/derek-m-tournear-phd/ Derek M. Tournear, Director of the Space Development Agency]</ref><ref name= sdaVsMda >[https://breakingdefense.com/2021/01/smc-sda-missile-warning-sat-ground-systems-wont-talk/ Theresa Hitchens (6 Jan 2021) SMC, SDA Missile Warning Sat Ground Systems Won’t ‘Talk’ – For Now]</ref><ref name= bao2019 >{{cite web|url=https://www.fbo.gov/index.php?s=opportunity&mode=form&id=d201b631d0c096f4934f53b50050fe34&tab=core&_cview=0|title=Draft BAA, Time-Sensitive Target Mission Payloads Demonstration (TSTMPD) Solicitation Number: HQ0034-19-BAA-TSTMPD-0001}}</ref><ref name= erwin2019 >{{cite web|url=https://spacenews.com/pentagon-seeking-proposals-for-how-to-use-sensors-in-space-to-quickly-target-enemy-missiles/|title=Pentagon seeking proposals for how to use sensors in space to quickly target enemy missiles|author= Sandra Erwin|date=February 17, 2019|publisher=SpaceNews}}</ref><ref name= hubspot2021 >[https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2021/02/11/sda-to-launch-several-demonstration-satellites-in-2021/ Nathan Strout (11 Feb 2021) SDA to launch several demonstration satellites in 2021]</ref><ref name= esriApp >[https://maps.esri.com/rc/sat2/index.html ESRI app, Satellite Map]</ref><ref name= jadc2Sda >[https://breakingdefense.com/2021/04/theater-commands-ok-sdas-sat-plans-exclusive/ Theresa Hitchens (1 Apr 2021) Theater Commands OK SDA’s Sat Plans: EXCLUSIVE]</ref><ref>[https://battle-updates.com/update/satellite-systems-satcom-and-space-systems-update-138/ (8 Oct 2020) SATELLITE SYSTEMS, SATCOM AND SPACE SYSTEMS UPDATE]</ref><ref>[https://www.sda.mil/what-focus-areas-are-key-to-americas-future-space-capabilities/ Nate Turkin (28 Apr 2021) What focus areas are key to America’s future space capabilities?]</ref><ref name= eversden >[https://sdquebec.ca/fr/nouvelle/us-army-network-team-sets-timeline-for-satellite-constellations Andrew Eversden (20 Aug 2020) US Army network team sets timeline for satellite constellations ]</ref>
*[[Strategic Intelligence Analysis Cell]]
*[[Strategic Capabilities Office]] Under the National Defense Authorization Act of 2020, the Strategic Capabilities Office was moved from a subordinate unit under USD(R&E) to a direct report to the Deputy Secretary of Defense.
*[[Defense Innovation Unit]]
* [[Missile Defense Agency]]*
* [[DARPA]]*

Upon the February 2018 reorganization, the USD (R&E) assumed responsibility for administering the [[Small Business Innovation Research]] and Rapid Innovation Fund programs.<ref name=":2" />

==History==

The National Security Act of 1947 and its 1949 amendments established the Department of Defense, including the establishment of two statutory boards: a Munitions Board, and a Research and Development Board. In June 1953, President Eisenhower's Reorganization Plan No. 6 abolished the boards as such, and created six new Assistant Secretaries of Defense. Two of these assistant secretary positions—Applications Engineering, and Research and Development—were combined in March 1957 to become the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering (ASD(R&E)).

Under the DoD Reorganization Act of 1958 (PL 85-599, effective 6 August 1958), the position of ASD (R&E) was abolished and replaced by a Director of Defense Research and Engineering (DDR&E).

From 19 May 1961, until 15 July 1965, a Deputy Director of Defense Research and Engineering held the additional title of ASD(R&E), on the theory that this position reported to, in rank, an under secretary—the DDR&E. On 21 October 1977, PL 95-140 made the rank of the DDR&E unambiguous by renaming it to the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering (USD (R&E)).

The history of Department of Defense management of science and technology up to the 1980s is described at greater length in a report available from the Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC).<ref>O'Neil, William D. and Gene H. Porter, “What to Buy? The Role of Director of Defense Research and Engineering (DDR&E): Lessons from the 1970s,” IDA Paper P-4675 (Alexandria, Virginia: Institute for Defense Analyses, Jan 2011) http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA549549.</ref>

The Military Retirement Reform Act of 1986 expanded the scope of USD (R&E) position to encompass acquisition and logistics, as well as technology, and it was renamed USD(AT&L). A subordinate position at the assistant secretary level was reestablished with the previous title DDR&E. However, budget control of the technology portfolio was kept by USD(AT&L), diminishing the importance of the DDR&E position subsequently.

On 7 January 2011, President Obama signed the National Defense Authorization Act with several redesignated titles within the Department of Defense. These changes included renaming the DDR&E as, once again, ASD(R&E).<ref name="asd_re">[http://www.acq.osd.mil/ddre/index.html Assistant Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126215523/http://www.acq.osd.mil/ddre/index.html |date=26 November 2010 }}</ref>

On 1 February 2018, the Office of the [[Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics]] was split into two new offices: the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering (R&E) and the Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment (A&S), as a result of the [[National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.defensenews.com/pentagon/2018/02/01/the-pentagons-acquisition-office-is-gone-heres-what-the-next-120-days-bring/|title=The Pentagon's acquisition office is gone. Here's what the next 120 days bring. |last=Mehta|first=Aaron|date=2 February 2018|work=Defense News|access-date=22 February 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

The latest restructuring establishes three new Assistant Secretary of Defense positions, along with eight Deputy Assistant Secretaries of Defense, replacing the role of Deputy Chief Technology Officer.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3468101/dod-establishes-assistant-secretaries-of-defense-in-the-office-of-the-under-sec/ | title=DOD Establishes Assistant Secretaries of Defense in the Office of the Under Secretary for }}</ref>

==Office holders==

The table below includes both the various names which this position has been named over time, as well as all the holders of those various offices.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dod.mil/ddre/ddre_history.htm|title=A History of the Office of the Director of Defense Research and Engineering|publisher=DoD|year=2009|access-date=11 April 2010}}</ref>  Acting officers have a beige background.

{| class="wikitable"

|-
! scope="col" width="200" | Name
! scope="col" width="280" | Tenure
! scope="col" width="215" | SecDef(s) Served Under
! scope="col" width="215" | President(s) Served Under
|-
| colspan="4" align="center"  | '''Chairman, Research and Development Board'''
|-
| [[Vannevar Bush]] || 30 September 1947 – 14 October 1948 || [[James V. Forrestal]] || [[Harry Truman]]
|-
| [[Karl Taylor Compton|Karl T. Compton]] || 15 October 1948 – 14 March 1950 || [[James V. Forrestal]] <br /> [[Louis A. Johnson]] || [[Harry Truman]]
|-
| William Webster || 15 March 1950 – 31 July 1951 || [[Louis A. Johnson]] <br /> [[George C. Marshall]] || [[Harry Truman]]
|-
| Walter G. Whitman || 1 August 1951 – 29 June 1953 || [[George C. Marshall]] <br /> [[Robert A. Lovett]] <br /> [[Charles Erwin Wilson|Charles E. Wilson]] || [[Harry Truman]] <br /> [[Dwight Eisenhower]]
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" | '''Assistant Secretary of Defense (Research and Development)'''
|-
| [[Donald A. Quarles]] || 1 September 1953 – 14 August 1955 || [[Charles Erwin Wilson|Charles E. Wilson]] || [[Dwight Eisenhower]]
|-
| [[Clifford C. Furnas]] || 1 December 1955 – 15 February 1957 || [[Charles Erwin Wilson|Charles E. Wilson]] || [[Dwight Eisenhower]]
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" | '''Assistant Secretary of Defense (Applications Engineering)'''
|-
| Frank D. Newbury || 18 August 1953 – 17 March 1957 || [[Charles Erwin Wilson|Charles E. Wilson]] || [[Dwight Eisenhower]]
|-
| colspan="4" align="center"  | '''Assistant Secretary of Defense (Research and Engineering)'''
|-
| Frank D. Newbury || 18 March 1957 – 17 May 1957 || [[Charles Erwin Wilson|Charles E. Wilson]] || [[Dwight Eisenhower]]
|-
| Paul D. Foote || 10 September 1957 – 31 October 1958 || [[Charles Erwin Wilson|Charles E. Wilson]] <br /> [[Neil H. McElroy]] || [[Dwight Eisenhower]]
|-
| [[John H. Rubel]] (as Deputy DDR&E) || 19 May 1961 – 15 June 1963 || [[Thomas S. Gates]] <br /> [[Robert S. McNamara]] || [[Dwight Eisenhower]] <br /> [[John F. Kennedy]]
|-
| Eugene G. Fubini (as Deputy DDR&E) || 3 July 1963 – 15 July 1965 || [[Robert S. McNamara]] || [[John F. Kennedy]]
|-
| colspan="4" align="center"  | '''Director, Defense Research and Engineering'''
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Herbert York|Herbert F. York]] || rowspan=2 | 30 December 1958 – 30 April 1961 || rowspan=2 | [[Neil H. McElroy]] <br /> [[Thomas S. Gates]] <br /> [[Robert S. McNamara]] || {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Dwight Eisenhower]] 
|-
| rowspand=2 {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[John F. Kennedy]]
|-
| rowspand=2 | [[Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)|Harold Brown]] || rowspand=2 | 8 May 1961 – 30 September 1965 || rowspand=2 |  [[Robert S. McNamara]] || {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[John F. Kennedy]]
|-
| [[John S. Foster, Jr.]] || 1 October 1965 – 21 June 1973 || [[Robert S. McNamara]] <br /> [[Clark M. Clifford]] <br /> [[Melvin R. Laird]] <br /> [[Elliot L. Richardson]] || [[Lyndon Johnson]] <br /> [[Richard Nixon]]
|-
| [[Malcolm R. Currie]] || 21 June 1973 – 20 January 1977 || [[James R. Schlesinger]] <br /> [[Donald H. Rumsfeld]] || [[Richard Nixon]] <br /> [[Gerald Ford]]
|-
| [[William J. Perry]] || 11 April 1977 – 21 October 1977 || [[Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)|Harold Brown]] || [[Jimmy Carter]]
|-
| colspan="4" align="center"  | '''Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering'''
|-
| [[William J. Perry]] || 4 November 1977 – 20 January 1981 || [[Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)|Harold Brown]] || {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Jimmy Carter]]
|-
| style="background:linen;" | [[Walter B. LaBerge]] || style="background:linen;" | 21 January 1981 – 10 March 1981 || rowspan=5 | [[Caspar W. Weinberger]] || rowspan=5 {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Ronald Reagan]]
|-
| style="background:linen;" | James P. Wade, Jr. || style="background:linen;" | 11 March 1981 – 6 May 1981 
|-
| Richard D. DeLauer || 7 May 1981 – 4 November 1984 
|-
| style="background:linen;" | James P. Wade, Jr. || style="background:linen;" | 1 December 1981 – 5 July 1985 
|-
| Donald A. Hicks || 6 August 1985 – 10 October 1986 
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" | '''Director, Defense Research and Engineering'''
|-
| [[Robert C. Duncan (engineer)|Robert C. Duncan]] || 17 December 1987 – 30 November 1989 || [[Frank C. Carlucci III]] <br /> [[William Howard Taft IV|William H. Taft IV]] (Acting) <br /> [[Richard B. Cheney]] || [[Ronald Reagan]] <br /> [[George H. W. Bush]]
|-
| [[Charles M. Herzfeld]] || 12 March 1990 – 18 May 1991 || [[Richard B. Cheney]] || [[George H. W. Bush]]
|-
| [[Victor H. Reis]] || 3 December 1991 – 31 May 1993 || [[Richard B. Cheney]] <br /> [[Leslie Aspin, Jr.]] || [[George H. W. Bush]] <br /> [[William Clinton]]
|-
| [[Anita K. Jones]] || 1 June 1993 – 23 May 1997 || [[Leslie Aspin, Jr.]] <br /> [[William J. Perry]] <br /> [[William S. Cohen]] || [[William Clinton]]
|-
| [[Hans Mark|Hans M. Mark]] || 1 July 1998 – 10 May 2001 || [[William S. Cohen]] <br /> [[Donald H. Rumsfeld]] || [[William Clinton]] <br /> George W. Bush
|-
| [[Ronald M. Sega]] || 14 August 2001 – 3 August 2005 || [[Donald H. Rumsfeld]] || George W. Bush
|-
| [[John J. Young Jr.]] || 2 November 2005 – 20 November 2007 || [[Donald H. Rumsfeld]]<br /> [[Robert M. Gates]] || George W. Bush
|-
| style="background:linen;" | Alan R. Shaffer || style="background:linen;" | 21 November 2007 – 1 July 2009 || [[Robert M. Gates]] || George W. Bush<br /> [[Barack Obama]]
|-
| [[Zachary J. Lemnios]] || 2 July 2009 – 7 January 2011 || [[Robert M. Gates]] || [[Barack Obama]]
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" | '''Assistant Secretary of Defense (Research and Engineering)'''
|-
| [[Zachary J. Lemnios]] || 7 January 2011 – 30 November 2012 || [[Leon Panetta]] || rowspan=4 {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Barack Obama]]
|-
|style="background:linen;" | Alan R. Shaffer || style="background:linen;" | 1 December 2012 – 12 June 2015|| [[Leon Panetta]] <br /> [[Chuck Hagel]] <br /> [[Ashton B. Carter]] 
|-
| style="background:linen;" | Stephen P. Welby || style="background:linen;" | 13 June 2015 – 13 December 2015|| rowspan=2 | [[Ashton B. Carter]] 
|-
| Stephen P. Welby || 14 December 2015 – 20 January 2017
|-
| style="background:linen;" | Mary J. Miller || style="background:linen;" | 20 January 2017 – 1 February 2018 || [[James Mattis]] || {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Donald Trump]]
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" | '''Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering'''
|-
|style="background:linen;" | [[Ellen Lord]]  || style="background:linen;" | 1 February 2018 – 15 February 2018 || [[James Mattis]] || rowspan="3" {{Party shading/Republican}} | [[Donald Trump]]
|-
| [[Michael D. Griffin]] || 19 February 2018<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/senate-picks-up-the-pace-with-confirmations-of-pentagon-chief-manager-top-air-force-weapons-buyer/article/2649295|title=Senate picks up the pace with confirmations of Pentagon chief manager, top Air Force weapons buyer|last=Tritten|first=Travis J.|work=Washington Examiner|access-date=22 February 2018|language=en}}</ref> – 10 July 2020 ||[[James Mattis]] <br />[[Mark Esper]]
|-
| style="background:linen;" | [[Michael Kratsios]] || style="background:linen;" | 10 July 2020<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/key_officials/KeyOfficials%207-21-20.pdf |title=Department of Defense Key Officials: September 1947–July 2020 |date=21 July 2020 |website=U.S. Department of Defense |access-date=1 August 2020}}</ref> – 20 January 2021 || [[Mark Esper]]
|-
| style="background:linen;" | Terry Emmert || style="background:linen;" | 20 January 2021 – 24 July 2021 ||  [[Lloyd Austin]] || {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Joe Biden]]
|-
| [[Heidi Shyu]]<ref name= shyu>[https://www.govconwire.com/2021/07/senate-confirms-heidi-shyu-as-dods-under-secretary-for-research-and-engineering/ Christine Thropp (23 Jul 2021) Senate Confirms Heidi Shyu as DOD’s Undersecretary for Research & Engineering]</ref> || 25 July 2021 – present || [[Lloyd Austin]] ||  {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Joe Biden]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.cto.mil/}}

{{Current US Department of Defense Secretaries}}

[[Category:United States Assistant Secretaries of Defense| ]]