View source for Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence

{{Short description|US government agency}}
{{use mdy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{use American English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox government agency
|agency_name     = Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence
|nativename      =
|nativename_a    =
|nativename_r    =
|seal            = [[File:Seal of the United States Department of Energy.svg|150px]]
|seal_width      =
|seal_caption    = Seal of the [[United States Department of Energy]] (DOE)
|formed          = {{start date and age|August 4, 1977}} as various DOE intelligence and counterintelligence groups, became Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence upon 2006 merger of DOE intelligence and counterintelligence offices<ref>{{cite report |author2=Heidi M. Peters |author1=Michael E. DeVine |date=June 27, 2018 |title=U.S. Intelligence Community Elements: Establishment Provisions |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/IF10527.pdf |publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]] |page=1 |access-date=August 6, 2021}}</ref>
|preceding1      = 
|preceding2      =
|dissolved       =
|superseding     = DOE Offices of Intelligence and Counterintelligence
|jurisdiction    = [[Federal government of the United States]], although it conducts foreign intelligence analysis
|headquarters    = [[James V. Forrestal Building]]<br />1000 [[Independence Avenue (Washington, D.C.)|Independence Avenue]]<br />Southwest, Washington, D.C., U.S.
|coordinates     = {{coord|38|53|13|N|77|1|34|W|type:landmark_region:US-DC|display=inline,title}}
|employees       = 
|budget          = 
|minister1_name  =
|minister1_pfo   =
|minister2_name  =
|minister2_pfo   =
|chief1_name     = Steven K. Black
|chief1_position = Director (2015)<ref name=Black/>
|chief2_name     = Charles K. Durant
|chief2_position = Deputy Director for Counterintelligence (2015)<ref name=Durant/>
|chief3_name     = Other Deputy Directors
|chief3_position = 
|parent_department = [[United States Department of Energy]]
|parent_agency = None, but part of [[United States Intelligence Community]]<ref name=ORISE>{{cite web |author=Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence |url=https://orise.orau.gov/doescholars/files/about-doe-in-2019-handout.pdf |title=Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence |department=orise.orau.gov |publisher=[[Oak Ridge Associated Universities]] |access-date=August 6, 2021}}</ref>
|child1_agency   =
|child2_agency   =
|website         = [https://www.energy.gov/intelligence/office-intelligence-and-counterintelligence OICI]
|footnotes       =
}}

The '''Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence''' ('''OICI'''; also abbreviated '''IN''',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.directives.doe.gov/files/department-of-energy-procedures-for-intelligence-activities |title=Department of Energy Procedures for Intelligence Activities |department=directives.doe.gov |publisher=[[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]] |date=January 17, 2017 |access-date=July 11, 2021}}</ref> '''DOE-IN''',<ref name=Nickels>{{cite web |url=https://iio.azcast.arizona.edu/ssb11 |title=Mr. Drew Nichols |department=iio.azcast.arizona.edu |publisher=[[University of Arizona]] |access-date=July 12, 2021}}</ref> '''DOE/IN''', '''I&CI''',<ref name=Redacted>{{cite report |author=Name Redacted |date=November 8, 2016 |title=Intelligence Community Programs, Management, and Enduring Issues |url=https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20161108_R44681_7aadaea02c2947a821b1f86a6ca9970f0b024d8b.pdf |publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]] |access-date=July 12, 2021}}</ref> or '''OIC'''<ref name=Brown/>) is an office of the [[United States Department of Energy]] (DOE) responsible for all intelligence and counterintelligence activities throughout the DOE complex. It was established in 2006 by the merger of pre-existing [[United States Department of Energy|Energy Department]] intelligence and security organizations.<ref name=Brown>{{cite news |last=Brown |first=David |date=April 23, 2013 |title=5 Things You Might Not Know About the Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence |url=https://news.clearancejobs.com/2013/04/23/5-things-you-might-not-know-about-the-office-of-intelligence-and-counterintelligence/ |publisher=Clearance Jobs News & Career Advice |access-date=May 23, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=The 2006 Annual Report of the United States Intelligence Community |url=https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/Newsroom/Reports%20and%20Pubs/2006AnnualReporttoCongress.pdf |location=DNI.gov |publisher=[[Director of National Intelligence]] |agency=[[Director of National Intelligence#Office of the Director of National Intelligence|Office of the Director of National Intelligence]] |date=February 2007 |access-date=May 23, 2021}}</ref><ref name=OICI>{{cite web |url=https://www.energy.gov/intelligence/office-intelligence-and-counterintelligence |title=Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence |department=energy.gov |publisher=[[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]] |access-date=May 23, 2021}}</ref> Due to its central role, OICI is designated DOE's Headquarters Intelligence.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.governmentattic.org/11docs/DOE-OIGreportOverClass_2014.pdf |title=Department of Energy (DOE) Inspector General (OIG) report (due September 30, 2013) on reducing over-classification required in Section 6 of the Reducing Over- Classification Act (H.R.553), March 2014 |department=Government Attic |publisher=governmentattic.org |access-date=July 11, 2021}}</ref> As a component of the [[United States Intelligence Community]] in addition to the Department of Energy, OICI reports to both the [[Director of National Intelligence]] and [[Secretary of Energy]].<ref name=ORISE/>

==Overview==
The Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence provides information to the [[United States Secretary of Energy|Secretary of Energy]] and other senior federal policymakers. A member of the [[United States Intelligence Community]],<ref name=DNI>{{cite web |url=https://www.dni.gov/index.php/what-we-do/members-of-the-ic |title=Members of the IC |website=dni.gov |publisher=[[Director of National Intelligence]] |access-date=May 28, 2021}}</ref> it contributes unique scientific and technical analysis capabilities with a specialty in [[energy security]].<ref name=OICI/><ref name=DNI/><ref name=INT>{{cite web |url=https://www.intelligence.gov/index.php/how-the-ic-works/our-organizations/419-doe-office-of-intelligence-and-counterintelligence |title=Dept. of Energy Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence |website=intelligence.gov |publisher=[[United States Intelligence Community]] |access-date=May 28, 2021}}</ref> The office protects information and technology vital to both the U.S. economy and [[national security]],<ref name=DNI/> leveraging its specific expertise in [[nuclear weapon]]s, [[nuclear proliferation|proliferation]], [[Nuclear power|energy]], and [[radioactive waste|waste]].

==Mission==
OICI is responsible for all intelligence and counterintelligence functions of the [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]] complex, including the [[United States Department of Energy national laboratories|national laboratories]] and nuclear weapons construction, decommissioning, assembling, storage, etc. facilities not under the jurisdiction of the [[United States Department of Defense]] (the DoE and DoD share responsibility for the [[Nuclear weapons of the United States|United States' nuclear stockpile]]).<ref name=OICI/> In its [[counterintelligence]] role, the office safeguards [[intellectual property]] in the form of national security information and technologies and protects Department of Energy employees and scientific staff.<ref name=DNI/> In its intelligence role, the office utilizes the [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy's]] scientific and technical expertise to provide guidance to policymakers concerning, in addition to energy security, the national security areas of defense, [[homeland security]], [[Computer security|cybersecurity]], and intelligence.<ref name=INT/>

OICI's [[intelligence analysis]] focuses on Department-relevant fields, such as foreign [[nuclear weapons]] and [[Nuclear fuel cycle|fuel cycle programs]], [[nuclear material]] security and [[nuclear terrorism]], counterintelligence issues, energy security, [[Cyber threat intelligence|cyber intelligence]], and strategic science and technology. OICI's counterintelligence focuses on fostering threat awareness within the DOE complex (the Department itself plus the [[United States Department of Energy national laboratories|national laboratories]] and DOE contractors), analyzing threats to better protect DOE assets from [[Espionage|foreign intelligence]] and [[terrorism]], evaluating [[Insider threat|insiders]] and foreign visitors for espionage risks, and investigating [[Cyberattack|cyber threats]], terrorism, and espionage.<ref name=ORISE/>

OICI's [[cyberspace]] expertise, including [[basic research]], cyber threat analysis, [[information technology]], [[supercomputing]], and cybersecurity, is extended to the nuclear weapons enterprise and [[electrical grid]] providers for defense against cyberattacks and [[supply chain attack]]s.<ref name=ORISE/>

==Organization==
OICI is a component of both the [[United States Department of Energy|Energy Department]] and [[United States Intelligence Community|Intelligence Community]].

===Director of the Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence===
The director of OICI (D/OICI)<ref name=Redacted/> is selected by the [[United States Secretary of Energy|Energy Secretary]] with the concurrence of the [[Director of National Intelligence]] (DNI).<ref name=Code/> The Secretary and DNI similarly consult on the director's removal, though statute specifies the President may [[Appointments Clause#Appointment of inferior officers|ignore such consultations at will]].<ref name=Code2>{{cite web |url=https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title50/chapter44&edition=prelim |title=50 USC Ch. 44: NATIONAL SECURITY From Title 50—WAR AND NATIONAL DEFENSE |website=uscode.house.gov |publisher=[[United States House of Representatives]] |access-date=July 12, 2021}}</ref>

Under U.S. law, the director must be substantially experienced in intelligence affairs and come from the [[Senior Executive Service]] or its intelligence agency equivalents, some of which require the concurrence of the DNI.<ref name=Code>{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/7144b |title=42 U.S. Code § 7144b. Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence |website=law.cornell.edu |publisher=[[Cornell University]] |access-date=July 9, 2021}}</ref>

The director is assisted by a principal deputy director and at least two deputy directors, one of which is the deputy director for counterintelligence.<ref name=Delegate1/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.intelligence.gov/assets/documents/702%20Documents/oversight/DOE_ICPG_107_1_Unmasking_Procedures_012919OCR.pdf |title=IMPLEMENTATION OF INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY POLICY GUIDANCE 107.1, REQUESTS FOR IDENTITIES OF U.S. PERSONS IN DISSEMINATED INTELLIGENCE REPORTS |department=U.S. Department of Energy Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence |publisher=intelligence.gov |access-date=August 13, 2022}}</ref> OICI also includes a Director of Security<ref name=Delegate2>{{cite web |url=https://www.directives.doe.gov/delegations-documents/020.001-01 |title=020.01-01, Delegation Order No. 00-020.01-01 to Director, Security Office of Intelligence & Counterintelligence for Delegation of Access Determination Approval Authority |website=directives.doe.gov |publisher=[[United States Department of Energy|USDOE]] |access-date=July 12, 2021}}</ref><ref name=Stewart>{{cite web |url=https://www.cisa.gov/kerry-stewart |title=Kerry Stewart |website=cisa.gov |publisher=[[Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency]] |access-date=July 12, 2021}}</ref> and deputy director of the interagency Nuclear Materials Information Program (NMIP). 

The director of OICI is a member of the [[National Intelligence Board]]<ref>{{cite act | url = https://fas.org/irp/dni/icd/icd-202.pdf | title = Intelligence Community Directive Number 202 | legislature = N/A | date = July 16, 2007 | type = Directive}}</ref> and program manager for DOE's [[United States intelligence budget#National Intelligence Program (NIP)|National Intelligence Program]] (NIP) funds.<ref name=Redacted/> Since June 2019, OICI directors have also been charged which determining which foreign government-sponsored talent recruitment programs (e.g. [[Thousand Talents Plan]]) pose [[intellectual property]] and [[espionage]] threats. Foreign governments deemed to be "of risk" will have American DOE/[[National Nuclear Security Administration|NNSA]] researchers and contractors barred from participation.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sobczak |first=Blake |date=June 11, 2019 |title=With eye on China, DOE curbs foreign talent recruitment |url=https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060543407/ |work=[[Environment & Energy Publishing|E&E News]] |access-date=July 12, 2021}}</ref>

====Directors====
The office's first director was former [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] officer Rolf Mowatt-Larssen, who joined DoE in November 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.governmentattic.org/2docs/34DOE-OIG-ClosingMemos_2007-2008Updt.pdf |title=Closing Memoranda and Final Reports for 34 Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Inspector General (OIG) Investigations, 2007-2008 |website=Government Attic |publisher=governmentattic.org |access-date=July 12, 2021}}</ref><ref name=Turchie/><ref>{{cite book |url=https://bookshop.org/books/a-state-of-mind-faith-and-the-cia/9781098308599 |title=A State of Mind: Faith and the CIA |website=bookshop.org |date=June 2020 |publisher=[[Bookshop (company)|Bookshop]] |isbn=9781098308599 |access-date=July 12, 2021}}</ref> Larssen served as director for three years before joining [[Harvard University|Harvard's]] [[Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs|Belfer Center]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.belfercenter.org/person/rolf-mowatt-larssen |title=Rolf Mowatt-Larssen |website=belfercenter.org |publisher=[[Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs|Belfer Center]] |access-date=July 12, 2021}}</ref>

From 2007-2010, Carol Dumaine, another ex-CIA officer, served as Deputy Director for Energy and Environmental Security.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/carol-dumaine/ |title=Carol Dumaine |publisher=[[Atlantic Council]] |access-date=July 16, 2022}}</ref>

Former CIA officer and intelligence author Edward Bruce Held occupied the office of director beginning at least September 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://inmenlo.com/2012/09/04/exploits-of-real-life-james-bond-explored-at-slac-colloquium-on-sept-6/ |title=Exploits of real life James Bond explored at SLAC Colloquium on Sept. 6 |website=inmenlo.com |date=September 5, 2012 |publisher=InMenlo |access-date=July 12, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.energy.gov/contributors/edward-bruce-held |title=Edward Bruce Held |website=energy.gov |publisher=[[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]] |access-date=July 12, 2021}}</ref> Charles K. Durant served as Held's Deputy Director for Counterintelligence and Eric Jackson as Director for Security.<ref name=Durant>{{cite letter |first=Charles K. |last=Durant |recipient=Eric Jackson |subject=Delegation of Access Determination Approval Authority |language=English |date=February 26, 2015 |url=https://www.directives.doe.gov/delegations-documents/020.001-01/@@images/file |access-date=July 12, 2021}}</ref>

Held was succeeded as director on March 8, 2013 by Principal Deputy Director Steven K. Black,<ref name=Black>{{cite letter |first=Steven K. |last=Black |recipient=Charles Durant |subject=Delegation of Access Determination Approval Authority |language=English |date=February 16, 2015 |url=https://www.directives.doe.gov/delegations-documents/020.001-01/@@images/file |access-date=July 12, 2021}}</ref><ref name=Delegate1>{{cite web |url=https://www.directives.doe.gov/delegations-documents/020.001 |title=020.01, Delegation Order No. 00-020.01 to Deputy Director for Counterintelligence Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence for Delegation Access Determination Approval Authority |website=directives.doe.gov |publisher=[[United States Department of Energy|USDOE]] |access-date=July 9, 2021}}</ref> who still held the position as of September 2021.<ref>{{cite report |author=Michael E. DeVine |date=September 20, 2021 |title=U.S. Intelligence Community (IC): Appointment Dates and Appointment Legal Provisions for Selected IC Leadership |url=https://sgp.fas.org/crs/intel/IF10538.pdf |publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]] |page=1 |access-date=August 13, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/oha/FOIA/FIA-12-0030.pdf |title=USDOE Office of Hearings and Appeals: In the Matter of Ryan Noah Shapiro Case No. FIA-12-0030 |website=[[United States Department of Energy]] |publisher=energy.gov |access-date=August 14, 2022}}</ref>

The current deputy director of the Nuclear Materials Information Program is Drew Nickels.<ref name=Nickels/><ref>{{cite news |last=Aftergood |first=Steven |date=May 8, 2008 |title=Program Tracks Nuclear Materials Worldwide |url=https://fas.org/blogs/secrecy/2008/05/program_tracks_nuc/ |work=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |access-date=August 13, 2022}}</ref> Current [[Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency]] [[chief security officer]] Kerry Stewart is a former director of security for OICI.<ref name=Stewart/>

===Directorates and agency structure===
OICI is divided into at least five directorates: 
* '''Intelligence Directorate:''' Assesses the capabilities, intentions, and activities of foreign powers, organizations, and persons who may be targeting the Department of Energy for [[espionage]]. 
*'''Counterintelligence Directorate:''' Protects the Department of Energy and [[National Nuclear Security Administration]] from espionage and [[terrorism]].
*'''Management Directorate:''' Houses support activities for the other two directorates, including [[human resource]] services, contract support, and facility planning.<ref name=Brown/><ref name=Cumming>{{cite report |author=Alfred Cumming |date=September 25, 2009 |title=Intelligence Reform at the Department of Energy: Policy Issues and Organizational Alternatives |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL34595.pdf |publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]] |access-date=July 11, 2021}}</ref>
* '''Energy and Environmental Security Directorate:''' Examines the impact of certain energy and [[environmental issues]] on U.S. [[national security]],<ref name=Cumming/> created in the [[Economic effects of Hurricane Katrina#Oil production|wake of Hurricane Katrina]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Briggs |first1=Chad Michael |date=September 2012 |title=Climate security, risk assessment and military planning |journal=International Affairs |volume=88 |issue=5 |pages=1049–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01118.x |jstor=23325016 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23325016}}</ref>
* '''Cyber Intelligence Directorate:''' Includes the Cyber Special Programs Division.<ref name=Kraybill>{{cite web |url=https://nationalsecurity.gmu.edu/karen-kraybill/ |title=Karen Kraybill |publisher=[[George Mason University]] |access-date=July 16, 2022}}</ref>

A '''Cyber Directorate''' may also exist, as evidenced by OICI's Deputy Director for Cyber.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rockwell |first=Mark |date=February 13, 2020 |title=Evans out at Energy Department |url=https://fcw.com/articles/2020/02/13/karen-evans-out-at-doe.aspx |work=[[Federal Computer Week]] |access-date=July 12, 2021}}</ref> Other internal structures include OICI's Security Office,<ref name=Delegate2/> the interagency Nuclear Materials Information Program (NMIP),<ref name=Nickels/> the Foreign Nuclear Programs Division (FNP),<ref name=Nickels/> and the Cyber Special Programs Division.<ref name=Kraybill/>

===Other===
OICI's lead individual for [[Climate security|climate]] and [[environmental security]] analysis is a member of the Climate Security Advisory Council convened by the Director of National Intelligence and set to disband on December 20, 2023.<ref name=Code2/>

==Incidents==
On February 25, 2016, an OICI employee was arrested for solicitation of prostitution in [[Washington, D.C.]] The employee arranged for [[Escort agency|escort services]] while working at OICI headquarters inside a [[sensitive compartmented information facility]] (SCIF) using his Department email address. The incident was investigated by the Department of Energy's [[U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Inspector General|Office of Inspector General]] (DOE OIG).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.governmentattic.org/29docs/32DOE-IGinvsClosingDocs_2000-2017.pdf |title=Closing documents for 32 closed Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Inspector General (OIG) investigations, 2000-2017 |website=Government Attic |publisher=governmentattic.org |access-date=July 11, 2021}}</ref>

==Criticism==
In a September 2008 letter to then-Chairman of the [[United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce|House Committee on Energy and Commerce]] [[John Dingell]], longtime [[counterintelligence]] agent and senior [[United States Department of Energy|Energy Department]] counterintelligence official Terry D. Turchie strongly condemned the then-new Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence and its director Mowatt-Larssen, crediting "the dangerously chaotic state of counterintelligence within DOE" for his (Turchie's) resignation.

Much of Turchie's criticism focused on his perception that the new Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence was "restructuring around intelligence collection and away from sound counterintelligence principles" with "potentially catastrophic consequences;" for this, Turchie faulted Mowatt-Larssen, a former CIA officer he described as "intent on the primacy of intelligence over counterintelligence." He also criticized Mowatt-Larssen for alleged "purge[s]" of highly qualified counterintelligence officials for "dar[ing to] challenge [his] changes based on their concern for the rule of law or the dramatic and disastrous impact his changes would have had on DOE counterintelligence overall."<ref name=Turchie>{{cite letter |first=Terry D. |last=Turchie |recipient=[[John Dingell|John D. Dingell]] |subject=None |language=English |date=September 1, 2008 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/investigative/documents/Turchie-Letter.PDF |access-date=July 12, 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Portal|Energy}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.energy.gov/nationalsecurity/intelligence_counterterrorism.htm DOE – Office of Intelligence] 
<!-- other official one: DOE Chicago Office of Counterintelligence http://www.ch.doe.gov/offices/OCI/index.htm -->
*[https://fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL33355.pdf Intelligence Reform at the Department of Energy]
*[https://fas.org/irp/congress/1992_hr/h920311q.htm Office of Intelligence Appropriations Hearings]

{{DOE agencies}}
{{Intelligence agencies of USA}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:United States intelligence agencies]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:United States Department of Energy agencies]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Intelligence analysis agencies]]