View source for National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

{{Organization
|OrganizationName=National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
|OrganizationType=Research and Development Agencies (Sub-organization)
|Mission=NIAID researches infectious and allergic diseases to improve treatments and prevention for global health.
|ParentOrganization=National Institutes of Health
|TopOrganization=Department of Health and Human Services
|CreationLegislation=National Microbiological Institute established in 1948; renamed to NIAID in 1955
|Employees=2300
|Budget=$6.6 billion (Fiscal Year 2023)
|OrganizationExecutive=Director
|Services=Research Grants; Vaccine Development; Clinical Trials; Disease Surveillance
|HeadquartersLocation=39.06356, -77.11189
|HeadquartersAddress=5601 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852
|Website=https://www.niaid.nih.gov
}}
{{short description|US federal research institute}}

{{Infobox Government agency
| agency_name     = National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
| type            = Institute
| logo            = National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases logo.svg
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| formed          = {{start date and age|1955|12|29}}
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| preceding1      = National Microbiological Institute
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| dissolved       =
| superseding     =
| jurisdiction    = [[United States Government]]
| headquarters    = [[North Bethesda, Maryland]], US ([[Rockville, Maryland]], mailing address)
| laboratories    = [[Hamilton, Montana]]
| region_code     = US
| employees       =
| budget          =
| chief1_name     = [[Jeanne Marrazzo]]
| chief1_position = Director
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| parent_agency   = [[National Institutes of Health]]
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| parent_department = [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|Health and Human Services]]
| website         = {{URL|https://www.niaid.nih.gov|niaid.nih.gov}}
}}
The '''National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases''' ('''NIAID''', {{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|aɪ|.|æ|d}}) is one of the 27 institutes and centers that make up the [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH), an agency of the [[United States Department of Health and Human Services]] (HHS). NIAID's mission is to conduct [[Basic research|basic]] and [[applied research]] to better understand, treat, and prevent [[Infectious disease|infectious]], [[Immune disorder|immunologic]], and [[Allergy|allergic]] diseases.<ref name="niaid">{{Cite web |date=3 December 2010 |title=Fiscal Year 2009 Fact Book: A Year in Review |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/whoWeAre/Documents/fy09FactBook.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220174000/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/whoWeAre/Documents/fy09FactBook.pdf |archive-date=2010-12-20 |website=National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases |format=PDF}}</ref>

NIAID has on-campus [[Laboratory|laboratories]] in [[Maryland]] and [[Hamilton, Montana]], and funds research conducted by scientists at institutions in the United States and throughout the world. NIAID also works closely with partners in academia, industry, government, and non-governmental organizations in multifaceted and multidisciplinary efforts to address emerging health challenges such as the [[pandemic H1N1/09 virus|H1N1/09 pandemic]] and the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].

==History==
[[File:NIAID HIV AIDS clinical trials networks.webp|thumb|History of NIAID HIV/AIDS clinical trial networks from 1983 to 2018]]
NIAID traces its origins to a small laboratory established in 1887 at the Marine Hospital on [[Staten Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2012 |title=NIAID History |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/niaid-history |website=National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases}}</ref> (now the [[Bayley Seton Hospital]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayley Seton Hospital – Staten Island NY {{!}} |url=https://livingnewdeal.org/projects/bayley-seton-hospital-staten-island-ny/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Officials of the Marine Hospital Service in New York decided to open a research laboratory to study the link between microscopic organisms and infectious diseases. [[Joseph J. Kinyoun]], a medical officer with the Marine Hospital Service, was selected to create this laboratory, which he called a "laboratory of [[hygiene]]."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Luiggi |first=Cristina |date=4 June 2011 |title=One-Man NIH, 1887 |url=http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/30555/title/One-Man-NIH--1887/ |magazine=The Scientist |publisher=LabX Media Group |volume=25 |issue=6}}</ref>

Kinyoun's lab was renamed the '''Hygienic Laboratory''' in 1891 and moved to Washington, D.C., where [[United States Congress|Congress]] authorized it to investigate "infectious and contagious diseases and matters pertaining to the [[public health]]."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mintzer |first=Rich |url=https://archive.org/details/nationalinstitut0000mint |title=The National Institutes of Health |date=2002 |publisher=Chelsea House |isbn=0-7910-6793-9 |url-access=registration}}</ref>{{Page needed |date=November 2016}} With the passage of the [[Ransdell Act]] in 1930, the Hygienic Laboratory became the National Institute of Health. In 1937, the Rocky Mountain Laboratory, then part of the [[United States Public Health Service]], was transferred to Division of Infectious Diseases, part of the NIH.{{cn|date=July 2022}}

In mid-1948, the National Institute of Health became the National Institutes of Health (NIH) with the creation of four new institutes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2016 |title=The NIH Almanac: Chronology of Events |url=https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/nih-almanac/chronology-events |website=National Institutes of Health}}</ref> On October 8, 1948, the Rocky Mountain Laboratory and the Biologics Control Laboratory were joined with the NIH Division of Infectious Diseases and Division of Tropical Diseases to form the National Microbiological Institute. In 1955, Congress changed the name of the National Microbiological Institute to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases to reflect the inclusion of allergy and immunology research. That change became effective on December 29, 1955.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2016 |title=Records of the National Institutes of Health [NIH]: 443.7 Records of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/443.html#443.7 |website=Guide to Federal Records |publisher=US National Archives and Records Administration}}</ref>

The following have been directors of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases:<ref>[https://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/directors "Previous Directors"], ''National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases''. Retrieved 5 June 2019.</ref>

{{legend|#E6E6AA|Denotes service as acting director|border=black}}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
!Director
!Took office
!Left office
|-
|[[Victor H. Haas]]
|November 1, 1948
|April 1957
|-
|[[Justin M. Andrews]]
|April 1957
|October 1, 1964
|-
|[[Dorland J. Davis]]
|October 1, 1964
|August 1975
|-
|[[Richard M. Krause]]
|August 1975
|July 1984
|-
|[[Anthony Fauci]]
|November 2, 1984
|December 31, 2022
|-
| bgcolor="#e6e6aa" | [[Hugh Auchincloss (immunologist)|Hugh Auchincloss]]
| bgcolor="#e6e6aa" | January 1, 2023
| bgcolor="#e6e6aa" | September 24, 2023
|-
|[[Jeanne Marrazzo]]
|September 24, 2023
|''Incumbent''
|}

==Organizational structure==
[[File:NIAID Rockville 2020.jpg|thumb|NIAID building in [[North Bethesda, Maryland]]]]

NIAID is composed of the Office of the Director (OD), four extramural divisions:{{cn|date=July 2022}}
# [[Division of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome]] (DAIDS)
# Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation (DAIT)
# Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (DMID)
# Division of Extramural Activities (DEA)

and three intramural divisions:{{cn|date=July 2022}}
# Division of Clinical Research (DCR)
# Division of Intramural Research (DIR)
# [[Vaccine Research Center]] (VRC)<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2015 |title=NIAID Organization |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/niaid-organization |website=National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases}}</ref>

The Dale and Betty Bumpers Vaccine Research Center<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaccine Research Center |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/vrc |access-date=1 November 2016 |website=National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases}}</ref> is composed of four laboratories and two programs:
* Immunology Laboratory
* Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory
* Virology Laboratory
* Vaccine Production Program Laboratory
* Clinical Trials Program
* Translational Research Program<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2013 |title=Vaccine Research Center Organizational Chart |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/vaccine-research-center-org-chart |website=National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases}}</ref>

==Research priorities==
[[File:Reservoirs fullsize.jpg|thumb|HIV-infected T cell]]

NIAID's research priorities are focused on:{{cn|date=July 2022}}

# "expanding the breadth and depth of knowledge in all areas of infectious, immunologic, and allergic diseases"
# "developing flexible domestic and international research capacities to respond appropriately to emerging and re-emerging disease threats wherever they may occur."<ref name="niaid" />{{rp|8}}

NIAID's mission areas are:{{cn|date=July 2022}}

; Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS)
: The goals in this area are finding a cure for HIV-infected individuals; developing preventive strategies, including vaccines and treatment as prevention; developing therapeutic strategies for preventing and treating co-infections such as TB and hepatitis C in HIV-infected individuals; and addressing the long-term consequences of HIV treatment.
; Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases (BioD)
: The goals of this mission area are to better understand how these deliberately emerging (i.e., intentionally caused) and naturally emerging infectious agents cause disease and how the immune system responds to them.
; Infectious and Immunologic Diseases (IID)
: The goal of this mission area is to understand how aberrant responses of the immune system play a critical role in the development of immune-related disorders such as asthma, allergies, autoimmune diseases, and transplant rejection. This research helps improve the understanding of how the immune system functions when it is healthy or unhealthy and provides the basis for development of new diagnostic tools and interventions for immune-related diseases.

==Achievements==
{{Refimprove section |date=November 2016}}
NIAID has established a reputation for being on the cutting edge of scientific progress both through its intramural labs and through the research it funds at academic institutions.<ref>[https://www.niaid.nih.gov/Pages/NIAIDShowcase.aspx NIAID Showcase] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605062703/https://www.niaid.nih.gov/Pages/NIAIDShowcase.aspx |date=June 5, 2016 }}</ref> For example, NIAID collaborations with various partners led to the development of FDA-approved vaccines for [[influenza]] ([[FluMist]]), [[hepatitis A]] (Havrix), and [[rotavirus]] (RotaShield).
NIAID also was instrumental in the development and licensure of acellular [[pertussis]] vaccines, conjugate vaccines for ''[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]'' and ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]'' type b or Hib, and a preventive therapy for [[respiratory syncytial virus]] or RSV ([[Synagis]]). Additionally, NIAID partnerships with industry and academia have led to the advancement of diagnostic tests for several important infectious diseases, including [[malaria]] (ParaSight F), [[tuberculosis]] ([[GeneXpert MTB/RIF]]), and [[norovirus]] (Ridascreen Norovirus 3rd Generation EIA).

NIAID has done research on mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV. In 1994, a study co-sponsored by NIAID demonstrated that the drug [[Zidovudine|AZT]], given to HIV-infected women who had little or no prior antiretroviral therapy (ART), reduced the risk of MTCT by two-thirds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Initiative seeks to reduce mother-to-child HIV transmission - Fogarty International Center @ NIH |url=https://www.fic.nih.gov/News/GlobalHealthMatters/may-june-2013/Pages/hiv-pmtct-mother-child-transmission.aspx |access-date=2018-07-30 |website=www.fic.nih.gov |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1999, an NIAID-funded study in [[Uganda]] found that two oral doses of the inexpensive drug [[nevirapine]]—one given to HIV-infected mothers at the onset of labor and another to their infants soon after birth—reduced MTCT by half when compared with a similar course of AZT. Subsequent clinical trials, including some funded by NIAID, showed that AIDS drugs also can reduce the risk of MTCT through breast milk. These and other studies have led to [[World Health Organization]] recommendations that can help prevent MTCT while allowing women in resource-limited settings to breastfeed their infants safely.

More recently,{{When |date=November 2016}} NIAID-funded scientists found that testing at-risk infants for HIV and then giving ART immediately to those who test positive dramatically reduces rates of illness and death. HIV-infected infants were four times less likely to die if given ART immediately after they were diagnosed with HIV, when compared with the standard of care (beginning ART in infants when they showed signs of HIV illness or a weakened immune system).

This finding helped influence the World Health Organization (WHO) to change its guidelines for treating HIV-infected infants. The guidelines now strongly recommend starting ART in all children under age 2 immediately after they have been diagnosed with HIV, regardless of their health status.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO {{!}} Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in infants and children |url=https://www.who.int/hiv/pub/paediatric/infants2010/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411035700/http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/paediatric/infants2010/en/ |archive-date=April 11, 2014 |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=WHO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Brief What's New in the Guidelines Perinatal |url=https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/brief-html/3/perinatal/224/whats-new-in-the-guidelines |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023125908/https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/brief-html/3/perinatal/224/whats-new-in-the-guidelines |archive-date=2019-10-23 |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=AIDSinfo |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2023, NIAID Office of Data Science and Emerging Technologies (ODSET) created the NIAID Data Discovery Portal to enhance the reuse of data and enable faster development of diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-16 |title=NIAID Data Ecosystem Discovery Portal |url=https://virological.org/t/niaid-data-ecosystem-discovery-portal/942 |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Virological |language=en}}</ref> The NIAID Data Discovery Portal focuses on the findability of data, aggregating resources across numerous sources, including NIAID-supported repositories and general biomedical repositories.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIAID Data Discovery Portal |url=https://data.niaid.nih.gov/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=NIAID Data Discovery Portal |language=en}}</ref>

==Clinical training programs==

NIAID offers three-year fellowships for medical trainees in allergy/immunology and infectious diseases. These [[Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education]] (ACGME)-accredited fellowships provide intensive clinical training and research mentorship in clinical and basic science laboratories.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2011 |title=NIAID Clinical Training Programs |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/LabsAndResources/labs/training/Pages/clinicalTraining.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909171344/http://www.niaid.nih.gov/LabsAndResources/labs/training/Pages/clinicalTraining.aspx |archive-date=2016-09-09 |website=National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases}}</ref> Both NIAID fellowship training programs include one full year of clinical responsibilities including two or three months of the first year caring for patients at the NIH Clinical Center, the nation's largest hospital devoted to clinical research. The subsequent two years are dedicated to research.{{cn|date=July 2022}}

===Allergy and immunology===

The Allergy and Immunology Clinical Fellowship Program is open to physicians who are on track to complete an approved internal medicine or pediatric medicine residency program.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2012 |title=Allergy and Immunology Training Program |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/allergy-and-immunology-training-program |website=National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases}}</ref> Fellows are eligible to sit for the Board of Allergy and Immunology certification examination after two years. Kelly Stone is the director of the fellowship training program.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

===Infectious diseases===

The Infectious Diseases Fellowship Program is open to physicians who have completed three years of an internal medicine residency program in the United States or Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2016 |title=NIAID Infectious Diseases Fellowship Program |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/infectious-diseases-fellowship-program |website=National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases}}</ref> Fellows are eligible to sit for the [[American Board of Internal Medicine|ABIM]] Infectious Disease certification examination after two years. Christa Zerbe is currently the program director for the Infectious Diseases Fellowship Program.{{cn|date=July 2022}}

== See also ==
* [[Pathema]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://www.usaspending.gov/federal_account/075-0885 NIAID] account on [[USAspending.gov]]
* [https://www.c-span.org/organization/?16905/National-Institute-Allergy-Infectious-Diseases NIAID] on [[C-SPAN]]
* [https://data.niaid.nih.gov/ NIAID Data Discovery Portal]

{{National Institutes of Health}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Microbiology institutes]]
[[Category:National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases|Allergy and Infectious Diseases]]
[[Category:Medical research institutes in Maryland]]