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{{Organization
|OrganizationName=National Guard
|OrganizationType=State and Local Government Agencies (Sub-organization)
|Mission=National Guard aids states and nation in emergencies, combat, and drug ops, balancing homeland security and defense.
|ParentOrganization=Department of Defense
|TopOrganization=Department of Defense
|CreationLegislation=Militia Act of 1903 (Dick Act)
|Employees=430000
|OrganizationExecutive=Chief of the National Guard Bureau
|Services=Domestic emergency response; Combat support; Counter-drug operations; Reconstruction; Disaster relief
|HeadquartersLocation=38.86766, -77.10615
|HeadquartersAddress=111 South George Mason Drive, Arlington, VA 22204, USA
|Website=https://www.nationalguard.mil/
}}
{{Short description|State military force and federal military reserve of the U.S. Army and U.S. Air force}}
{{about|one of the United States military reserve forces|||other United States military reserves|Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces||}}

The '''National Guard''' is a [[U.S. state|state-based]] military force that becomes part of the [[United States Armed Forces|U.S. military's]] [[reserve components of the United States Armed Forces|reserve components]] of the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] and the [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] when activated for federal missions.<ref name=NG-FAQ>"[https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/ National Guard: FAQ]". [[United States National Guard]]. Accessed February 2, 2022.</ref> It is a [[military reserve force]] composed of National Guard military members or units of each state and the territories of [[Guam]], the [[United States Virgin Islands|Virgin Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], and the [[District of Columbia]], for a total of 54 separate organizations. It is officially created under [[United States Congress|Congress's]] [[Article One of the United States Constitution#Section 8: Powers of Congress|Article I, Section 8]] [[Enumerated powers (United States)|enumerated power]] to "raise and support Armies".<ref name="Raise and Support Armies">{{cite court |litigants=Perpich v. Department of Defense |vol=496 |reporter=U.S. |opinion=334 |court=U.S. |date=1990 |url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/court/us-supreme-court/496/334.html |quote=The District Court rejected the Governor's challenge, holding that the Federal Guard was created pursuant to Congress' Article I, 8, power to raise and support armies[.]}}</ref> All members of the National Guard are also members of the [[Militia (United States)|organized militia of the United States]] as defined by {{UnitedStatesCode|10|246}}. National Guard units are under the dual control of state governments and the federal government.<ref name=NG-FAQ />

The majority of National Guard soldiers and airmen hold a civilian job full-time while serving part-time as a National Guard member.<ref name="National Guard">{{UnitedStatesCode|32|101}} Definitions (National Guard)</ref><ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|10|12401}} Army and Air National Guard of the United States: status</ref> These part-time guardsmen are augmented by a full-time cadre of [[Active Guard Reserve|Active Guard & Reserve]] (AGR) personnel in both the Army National Guard and Air National Guard, plus Army Reserve Technicians in the Army National Guard and [[Air Reserve Technician Program|Air Reserve Technicians]] (ART) in the Air National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/News/Article/611404/|title=Active Guard, Reserve program great opportunity for active-duty soldiers|last=Gebhart|first=Brian|date=July 21, 2011|website=National Guard|access-date=September 26, 2024}}</ref>

The National Guard is a joint activity of the [[United States Department of Defense]] (DoD) composed of reserve components of the [[United States Army]] and the [[United States Air Force]]: the [[Army National Guard]]<ref name="National Guard"/> and the [[Air National Guard]], respectively.<ref name="National Guard"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defense.gov/About/|title=About Us – We Are Your Defense|website=[[United States Department of Defense]]|access-date=September 26, 2024}}</ref>

Colonial [[militia]]s were formed during the [[British colonization of the Americas]] from the 17th century onward. The first colony-wide militia was formed by Massachusetts in 1636 by merging small, older local units, and several National Guard units can be traced back to this militia. The various colonial militias became state militias when the United States became independent. The title "National Guard" was used in 1824 by some [[New York State]] militia units, named after the [[French National Guard]] in honor of the [[Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette|Marquis de Lafayette]]. "National Guard" became a standard nationwide militia title in 1903, and has specifically indicated reserve forces under mixed state and federal control since 1933.

== Origins ==
[[File:National Guard 3c 1953 issue U.S. stamp.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=National Guard 3-cent 1953 issue U.S. stamp. The National Guard of the US{{Snd}} In War{{Snd}} In Peace{{Snd}} The Oldest Military Organization in the US.|1953 postage stamp]]
On December 13, 1636,<ref>{{Cite web |title=NATIONAL GUARD |url=https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title32&edition=prelim |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=uscode.house.gov}}</ref> the first militia regiments in [[North America]] were organized in Massachusetts. Based upon an order of the [[Massachusetts General Court|Massachusetts Bay Colony's General Court]], the colony's militia was organized into three permanent regiments to better defend the colony. Today, the descendants of these first regiments - the '''181st Infantry''', the '''182nd Infantry''', the '''101st Field Artillery''', and the '''101st Engineer Battalion''' of the Massachusetts Army National Guard – share the distinction of being the oldest units in the U.S. military. December 13, 1636, thus marks the beginning of the organized militia, and the birth of the National Guard's oldest organized units is symbolic of the founding of all the state, territory, and District of Columbia militias that collectively make up today's National Guard.

Previous to this, unregulated militias were mustered sporadically in Spanish and English colonies. On September 16, 1565, in the newly established Spanish town of [[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]], militia were assigned to guard the expedition's supplies while their leader, [[Pedro Menéndez de Avilés]], took the regular troops north to attack the French settlement at [[Fort Caroline]] on the [[St. Johns River]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Four-and-a-half centuries of militia tradition |url=http://dma.myflorida.com/four-half-centuries-militia-tradition/ |access-date=April 20, 2015 |publisher=Florida Department of Military Affairs}}</ref> This Spanish militia tradition and the tradition that was established in England's North American colonies provided the basic nucleus for Colonial defense in the New World.

The militia tradition continued with the New World's first permanent English settlements. [[Jamestown Colony]] (established in 1607) and [[Plymouth Colony]] (established in 1620) both had militia forces, which initially consisted of every able-bodied adult male. By the mid-1600s every town had at least one militia company (usually commanded by an officer with the rank of captain), and the militia companies of a county formed a regiment (usually commanded by an officer with the rank of major in the 1600s or a colonel in the 1700s). The first federal laws regulating the militia were the [[Militia Acts of 1792|Militia acts of 1792]].

From the nation's founding through the early 1900s, the United States maintained only a minimal army and relied on state militias, directly related to the earlier Colonial militias to supply the majority of its troops.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Halbrook |first1=Stephen P. |title=The Founders' Second Amendment: Origins of the Right to Bear Arms |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NdcVAQAAIAAJ |year=2008 |pages=299–309|publisher=Ivan R. Dee |isbn=9781566637923 }}</ref> As a result of the [[Spanish–American War]], Congress was called upon to reform and regulate state militias' training and qualification.

[[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] [[Charles W. F. Dick]], a [[Major General]] in the [[Ohio Army National Guard|Ohio National Guard]] and the chair of the [[United States Senate Committee on the Militia|Committee on the Militia]],<ref>{{CongBio|D000302|inline=1}}. Retrieved 13 September 2009</ref> sponsored the 1903 [[Dick Act]] towards the end of the [[57th United States Congress|57th U.S. Congress]]. Under this legislation, passed 21 January 1903, the organized militia of the states were given federal funding and required to conform to Regular Army organization within five years. The act also required National Guard units to attend twenty four drills and five days annual training a year, and, for the first time, provided for pay for annual training. In return for the increased federal funding which the act made available, militia units were subject to inspection by Regular Army officers, and had to meet certain standards.

It required the states to divide their militias into two sections. The law recommended the title "National Guard" for the first section, known as the organized militia, and "Reserve Militia" for all others.<ref>32 Stat. 775 (1903)</ref>

During World War I, Congress passed the [[National Defense Act of 1916]], which required the use of the term "National Guard" for the state militias and further regulated them. Congress also authorized the states to maintain [[State Defense Forces|Home Guards]], which were reserve forces outside the National Guards deployed by the federal government.<ref>40 Stat. 181 (1917)</ref>

In 1933, with the passage of the National Guard Mobilization Act, Congress finalized the split between the National Guard and the traditional state militias by mandating that all federally funded soldiers take a dual enlistment/commission and thus enter both the state National Guard and the National Guard of the United States, a newly created federal reserve force. The [[National Defense Act of 1947]] created the Air Force as a separate branch of the Armed Forces and concurrently created the Air National Guard of the United States as one of its reserve components, mirroring the Army's structure.

== Organization ==

=== Territorial organization ===
The National Guard of the several states, territories, and the District of Columbia serves as part of the first line of defense for the United States.<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|32|102}} General policy</ref> The state National Guard is organized into units stationed in each of the 50 states, three territories, and the District of Columbia, and operates under their respective [[Governor (United States)|state or territorial governor]], except in the instance of [[Washington, D.C.]], where the National Guard operates under the [[President of the United States]] or their designee. The governors exercise control through the [[State adjutant general|state adjutants general]].<ref name="Call up">{{cite web|url=http://usmilitary.about.com/cs/guardandreserve/a/reservecallup.htm |title=Military Reserves Federal Call Up Authority |publisher=Usmilitary.about.com |date=April 9, 2012}}</ref> Governors may call up the National Guard for active duty to help respond to domestic emergencies and disasters, such as hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes.<ref name="Call up"/>

=== National Guard Bureau ===
[[File:NGB-seal-high.png|thumb|right|upright|Seal of the National Guard Bureau, 2013 to present<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalguard.mil/Resources/Image-Gallery/Graphics/ |title=Graphics |website=National Guard |access-date=July 6, 2018}}</ref>]]
{{main|National Guard Bureau}}

The National Guard is administered by the [[National Guard Bureau]], a joint activity of the Army and Air Force under the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]].<ref name="pl110-181">{{USPL|110|181|National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008}}</ref><ref>{{USPL|110|181}} Sec. 1812, Establishment of National Guard Bureau as Joint Activity of the Department of Defense</ref> The National Guard Bureau provides a communication channel for state National Guards to the DoD.<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|10|10501}} National Guard Bureau</ref> The National Guard Bureau also provides policies and requirements for training and funds for state Army National Guard and state Air National Guard units,<ref name="National Guard Bureau">{{UnitedStatesCode|10|10503}} Functions of National Guard Bureau: charter from Secretaries of the Army and Air Force</ref> the allocation of federal funds to the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard,<ref name="National Guard Bureau"/> and other administrative responsibilities prescribed under {{UnitedStatesCode|10|10503}}. The National Guard Bureau is headed by the [[Chief of the National Guard Bureau]] (CNGB), who is a four-star [[General (United States)|general]]<ref name="pl110-181"/> in the Army or Air Force and is a member of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]].

The National Guard Bureau is headquartered in Arlington County, Virginia, and is a joint activity of the Department of Defense to conduct all the administrative matters pertaining to the [[Army National Guard]] and the [[Air National Guard]]. The chief is either an Army or an Air Force four-star [[general officer]], and is the senior uniformed National Guard officer, and is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In this capacity, he serves as a military adviser to the President, the Secretary of Defense, the National Security Council and is the Department of Defense's official channel of communication to the Governors and to State Adjutants General on all matters pertaining to the National Guard. He is responsible for ensuring that the more than half a million Army and Air National Guard personnel are accessible, capable, and ready to protect the homeland and to provide combat resources to the Army and the Air Force. He is appointed by the President in his capacity as [[Commander in Chief]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Chief, National Guard Bureau|url=http://www.nationalguard.mil/leaders/|publisher=National Guard Bureau|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624065918/http://www.nationalguard.mil/leaders/|archive-date=June 24, 2012}}</ref><ref name=":10 USC 10501-10503">{{UnitedStatesCode|10|10501|10503}}</ref>

=== Constitutional basis ===
The respective state National Guards are authorized by the [[Constitution of the United States]]. As originally drafted, the Constitution recognized the existing state militias, and gave them vital roles to fill: "to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasion." (Article I, Section 8, Clause 15). The Constitution distinguished "militias," which were state entities, from "Troops," which were unlawful for states to maintain without Congressional approval. (Article I, Section 10, Clause 3). Under current law, the respective state National Guards and the State Defense Forces are authorized by Congress to the states and are referred to as "troops." {{UnitedStatesCode|32|109}}.

Although originally state entities, the Constitutional "Militia of the Several States" were not entirely independent because they could be federalized. According to Article I, Section 8; Clause 15, the [[United States Congress]] is given the power to pass laws for "calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions." Congress is also empowered to come up with the guidelines "for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress" (clause 16). The President of the United States is the commander-in-chief of the [[State Guard|state militias]] "when called into the actual Service of the United States." (Article II, Section 2).

The traditional state militias were redefined and recreated as the "organized militia"—the National Guard, via the [[Militia Act of 1903]]. They were now subject to an increasing amount of federal control, including having arms and accoutrements supplied by the central government, federal funding, and numerous closer ties to the Regular Army.

===Proposed Space National Guard===
{{main|Space National Guard}}
Proposals for the establishment of a National Guard component for the [[United States Space Force]] has existed for years, even as early as 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dunbar |first1=Donald |title=The nation needs the Guard in space |url=https://www.airforcetimes.com/opinion/commentary/2018/09/30/the-nation-needs-the-guard-in-space/ |accessdate=September 2, 2019 |work=[[Air Force Times]] |date=September 30, 2018}}</ref>

A report by the [[Congressional Budget Office]] indicated that the creation of a Space National Guard, as proposed by the National Guard Bureau, would cost an additional $100 million per year in operations and support costs, with a onetime cost of $20 million in the construction of new facilities. This report directly contradicted the statement by the [[National Guard Bureau]] that a Space National Guard would only have a onetime cost at creation, and then be cost-neutral.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Erwin |first=Sandra |date=June 2, 2020 |title=Congressional report refutes claim that a Space National Guard would be 'cost neutral' |url=https://spacenews.com/congressional-report-refutes-claim-that-a-space-national-guard-would-be-cost-neutral/ |website=SpaceNews}}</ref>

The report also analyzed the cost of the creation of a larger Space National Guard, which would be ~33% of the Space Force, calculating that the annual operating cost would be $385 million to $490 million per year.<ref name="auto"/>

However, several states already have existing National Guard space operations, including [[Alaska]], [[California]], [[Colorado]], [[Florida]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Arkansas]], and [[Ohio]];<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maucione |first1=Scott |title=You've heard of space force, but what about Space National Guard? |url=https://federalnewsnetwork.com/defense-main/2019/05/youve-heard-of-space-force-but-what-about-space-national-guard/ |accessdate=September 2, 2019 |work=[[Federal News Network]] |date=May 21, 2019}}</ref> there is also a space component in the [[Guam Air National Guard]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Whitman |first=Frank |date=Nov 6, 2022 |title=Disagreement over Space Force National Guard affects Guam |url=https://www.pacificislandtimes.com/post/disagreement-over-space-force-national-guard-affects-guam |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Pacific Island Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Standards ==

Both the Army National Guard and Air National Guard are expected to adhere to the same moral and physical standards as their "full-time" active duty and "part-time" reserve federal counterparts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.todaysmilitary.com/about-military/service-branches/army-national-guard|title=Army National Guard — Today's Military|website=www.todaysmilitary.com|access-date=April 25, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url= https://goang.com/faq.html|title=FAQ Page |website=Air National Guard |access-date=April 25, 2019}}</ref> The same ranks and insignia of the U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force are used by the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard, respectively, and National Guard members are eligible to receive all [[Awards and decorations of the United States military|United States military awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.army.mil/ranks|title=U.S. Army Ranks |website=www.army.mil |access-date=April 25, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url= http://njarmyguard.com/guardpay/ |title=Guard Pay |website=Recruiting |date=November 28, 2018 |access-date=April 25, 2019}}</ref> The respective state National Guards also bestow [[Awards and decorations of the National Guard|state awards]] for services rendered both at home and abroad. Under Army and Air Force regulations, these awards may be worn while in state, but not federal, duty status. Regular Army and Army Reserve soldiers are also authorized to accept these awards, but are not authorized to wear them. 
[[File:Arriving_at_Fort_Jackson_for_Basic_Training_(2017).webm|thumb|Army National Guard recruits arriving at [[Fort Jackson (South Carolina)|Fort Jackson]] for basic training]] 
[[File:Homeland security at Penn Station.jpg|thumb|Army National Guard soldiers at New York City's [[Pennsylvania Station (New York City)|Penn Station]] in 2004]]

== Other organizations ==

=== State defense forces ===
{{Main|State defense force}}

Many states also maintain their own [[state defense force]]s. Although not federal entities like the National Guard of the United States, these forces are components of the state militias like the individual state National Guards.

These forces were created by Congress in 1917 as a result of the state National Guards' being deployed and were known as Home Guards. In 1940, with the onset of [[World War II]] and as a result of its federalizing the National Guard, Congress amended the [[National Defense Act of 1916]], and authorized the states to maintain "military forces other than National Guard."<ref>54 Stat. 1206 (1940)</ref> This law authorized the [[United States Department of War|War Department]] to train and arm the new military forces that became known as State Guards. In 1950, with the outbreak of the Korean War and at the urging of the National Guard, Congress reauthorized the separate state military forces for a time period of two years. These state military forces were authorized military training at federal expense, and "arms, ammunition, clothing, and equipment," as deemed necessary by the [[Secretary of the Army]].<ref>64 Stat. 1073 (1950)</ref> In 1956, Congress finally revised the law and authorized "State defense forces" permanently under Title 32, Section 109, of the United States Code.<ref>70A Stat. 600 (1956)</ref>

=== Naval militias ===
{{Main|Naval militias in the United States}}
Although there are no Naval or Marine Corps components of the National Guard of the United States, there is a Naval Militia authorized under federal law.{{UnitedStatesCode|10|8901}}. Like the soldiers and airmen in the National Guard of the United States, members of the Naval Militia are authorized federal appointments or enlistments at the discretion of the [[Secretary of the Navy]].{{UnitedStatesCode|10|7852}}. To receive federal funding and equipment, a state naval militia must be composed of at least 95% of Navy, Coast Guard, or Marine Corps Reservists. As such, some states maintain such units. Some states also maintain naval components of their State Defense Force. Recently, [[Alaska]], California, [[New Jersey]], New York, [[South Carolina]], Texas and [[Ohio Naval Militia|Ohio]] have had or currently maintain [[Naval Militia|naval militias]]. Other states have laws authorizing them but do not currently have them organized. To receive federal funding, as is the case in the National Guard, a state must meet specific requirements such as having a set percentage of its members in the federal reserves.{{UnitedStatesCode|10|7851}}.

== Duties and administrative organization ==
National Guard [[military unit|units]] can be mobilized for federal active duty to supplement regular armed forces during times of war or [[State of emergency#United States|national emergency]] declared by Congress,<ref name="ready reserve">{{UnitedStatesCode|10|12302}} Ready Reserve</ref> the [[President of the United States|President]]<ref name="ready reserve"/> or the [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]].<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|10|12301}} Reserve components generally</ref> They can also be activated for service in their respective states upon declaration of a [[state of emergency]] by the governor of the state or territory where they serve, or in the case of Washington, D.C., by the Commanding General. Unlike [[United States Army Reserve|U.S. Army Reserve]] members, National Guard members cannot be mobilized individually, except through voluntary transfers and Temporary Duty Assignments (TDY). The types of activation are as follows:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mdsoar.org/bitstream/handle/11603/3697/UB_2010_Poynton_A.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|title=The Duel Over Duality: Effects of Federalism on the United States National Guard's Emergency Response Mission|last=Poynton|first=Aaron}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|
|'''State active duty'''
|'''Title 32'''
|'''Title 10'''
|-
|'''Command and control (C2)'''
|Governor
|Governor
|President
|-
|'''Military C2'''
|Adjutant general
|Adjutant general
|Combatant commander
|-
|'''Duty assignments'''
|In accordance with state law
|U.S.
|Worldwide
|-
|'''Pay'''
|State
|Federal
|Federal
|-
|'''Domestic law enforcement powers'''
|Yes
|Yes
|No{{efn|name=act1}}
|-
|'''Missions examples'''
|Civil support;

law enforcement;

others as determined

by governor
|Training;

civil support;

law enforcement;

counter drug;

WMD response;
|Overseas training;

expeditionary

missions; civil

support and

law enforcement{{efn|name=act2}}
|-
|'''Activation examples'''
|
[[Oklahoma City bombing]];

[[:Category:Tornadoes in Kansas|Kansas tornadoes]];

[[California wildfires]];

various hurricanes
|Border security;

post-[[9/11]] airport security;

[[2002 Winter Olympics|SLC Olympics]];

[[Hurricane Katrina]]
|Bosnia; Afghanistan;
Cuba; Iraq;

[[1992 Los Angeles riots]]{{efn|name=act3}}
|}

{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=act1|Unless the Insurrection Act is invoked.}}
{{efn|name=act2|Title 10 is rarely used for domestic operations.}}
{{efn|name=act3|The Insurrection Act was invoked.}}
}}

==National Guard active duty character==
The term "activated" simply means that a unit or individual of the reserve components has been placed on orders. The purpose and authority for that activation determine limitations and duration of the activation. The Army and Air National Guard may be activated in a number of ways as prescribed by public law. Broadly, under federal law, there are two titles in the United States Code under which units and troops may be activated: as federal soldiers or airmen under Title 10 ("Armed Forces") and as state soldiers or airmen performing a federally-funded mission under Title 32 ("National Guard").<ref name="Renaud">{{cite web|last=Renaud|first=John|title=National Guard Fact Sheet Army National Guard (FY2005)|url=http://www.arng.army.mil/SiteCollectionDocuments/Publications/News%20Media%20Factsheets/ARNG_Factsheet_May_06%20ARNG%20fact%20Sheet.pdf|publisher=Army National Guard, G5, Chief, Strategic Plans and Policy|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812205138/http://www.arng.army.mil/SiteCollectionDocuments/Publications/News%20Media%20Factsheets/ARNG_Factsheet_May_06%20ARNG%20fact%20Sheet.pdf|archive-date=August 12, 2012}}</ref> Outside federal activation, the Army and Air National Guard may be activated under state law. This is known as state active duty (SAD).

===State and territory duty===
When National Guard units are not under federal control, the governor is the commander-in-chief of the units of his or her respective state or territory (such as Puerto Rico, Guam and the Virgin Islands). The President of the United States commands the District of Columbia National Guard, though this command is routinely delegated to the Commanding General of the DC National Guard.<ref name="Renaud" /> States are free to employ their National Guard forces under state control for state purposes and at state expense as provided in the state's constitution and statutes. In doing so, governors, as commanders-in-chief, can directly access and utilize the Guard's federally assigned aircraft, vehicles and other equipment so long as the federal government is reimbursed for the use of [[Fungibility|fungible]] equipment and supplies such as fuel, food stocks, etc. This is the authority under which governors activate and deploy National Guard forces in response to natural disasters. It is also the authority under which governors deploy National Guard forces in response to human-made emergencies such as riots and civil unrest, or terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lowenburg|first=Timothy|title=The Role of the National Guard in National Defense and Homeland Security|url=http://www.ngaus.org/ngaus/files/ccLibraryFiles/Filename/000000000457/primer%20fin.pdf|publisher=National Guard Association of the United States|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511112002/http://www.ngaus.org/ngaus/files/ccLibraryFiles/Filename/000000000457/primer%20fin.pdf|archive-date=May 11, 2009}}</ref>
* The Governor can activate National Guard personnel to "State Active Duty" in response to natural or human-made disasters or Homeland Defense missions. State Active Duty is based on State statute and policy and on State funds. Soldiers and Airmen remain under the command and control of the Governor. The federal [[Posse Comitatus Act]] (PCA) does not apply under state active duty status or Title 32 status.
* Title 32 Full-Time National Guard Duty. (Federally funded, but command and control remains with the State Governor through his Adjutant General.) Title 32 activation can only be done by the President or SECDEF with the approval and consent of the state Governor.

===Federal duty===
Title 10 service means full-time duty in the active military service of the United States. The term used is ''federalized''. Federalized National Guard forces have been ordered by the President to active duty either in their reserve component status or by calling them into Federal service in their militia status.<ref name="Renaud" />
There are several forms:
* Voluntary Order to Active Duty.
:Federalized with the soldier's or airman's consent and the consent of their Governor.
* Partial Mobilization.
:In time of national emergency declared by the President for any unit or any member for not more than 24 consecutive months.
* Presidential Reserve Call Up.
:When the President determines that it is necessary to augment the active forces for any operational mission for any unit or any member for not more than 270 days.
* Federal Aid for State Governments.
:Whenever an insurrection occurs in any state against its government, the President may, upon the request of its legislature or of its governor call into Federal service such of the militia of the other states. This is a statutory exception to the PCA.
* Use of Militia and Armed Forces to Enforce Federal Authority.
:Whenever the President considers that unlawful obstructions, assemblages, or rebellion make it impracticable to enforce the laws of the United States in any state or territory, he may call into Federal service such of the militia of any state. This is another statutory exception to the PCA.
* Interference with State and Federal law.
:The President, by using the militia or the armed forces, or both, or by any other means, shall take such measures as he considers necessary to suppress, in a state, any insurrection, domestic violence, unlawful combination, or conspiracy.
* Air and Army National Guard.
:Air and Army National Guard can specifically be called into Federal service in case of invasion, rebellion, or inability to execute Federal law with active forces.

In the categories listed above, Army and Air National Guard units or individuals may also be mobilized for non-combat purposes such as the [[State Partnership Program]], humanitarian missions, counter-drug operations, and peacekeeping or peace enforcement missions.<ref name="Renaud" /> An example of a National Guard being federalized was the [[Stand in the Schoolhouse Door]] in 1963 where the [[Alabama National Guard]] was federalized in order to allow black students to enroll at the [[University of Alabama]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Jim |last=Willis |title=1960s Counterculture: Documents Decoded: Documents Decoded |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2015 |isbn=	978-1610695237 |page=82}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Colonial history ===
[[File:First Muster 1637.jpg|thumb|First [[Muster (military)|muster]] of the East Regiment (present-day [[Massachusetts Army National Guard]]) in [[Salem, Massachusetts|Salem]], [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]], Spring 1637, as imagined by artist [[Don Troiani]] in the 1980s.]]
On December 13, 1636,<ref>{{cite web |last=Boehm |first=Bill |title=Born from humble beginnings, the National Guard celebrates its 375th birthday |publisher=National Guard Bureau |date=December 12, 2011 |url=http://www.ng.mil/news/archives/2011/12/121211-Born.aspx |access-date=December 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117043205/http://www.ng.mil/news/archives/2011/12/121211-Born.aspx|archive-date=January 17, 2013}}</ref> the General Court of the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] ordered that the Colony's scattered militia companies be organized into North, South and East Regiments—with the goal of increasing accountability to the colonial government and responsiveness during conflicts with indigenous [[Pequot]] Indians.<ref name=Began>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/about-the-guard/how-we-began/ |title=How We Began |website=Nationalguard.mil |publisher=National Guard Bureau |location=Arlington, VA |access-date=January 9, 2019}}</ref><ref name=Birthday>{{cite news |last=Boehm |first=Bill |date=December 13, 2011 |title=National Guard marks its 375th birthday |url=https://www.army.mil/article/70758/national_guard_marks_its_375th_birthday |work=Army.mil |location=Washington, DC}}</ref> Under this act, white males between the ages of 16 and 60 were obligated to possess arms and to take part in the defense of their communities by serving in nightly guard details and participating in weekly drills.<ref name=NY>{{cite news |last=Durr |first=Eric |date=December 14, 2007 |title=NY National Guard marks National Guard Birthday |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/News/Article/573133/ny-national-guard-marks-national-guard-birthday/ |work=Nationalguard.mil |location=Arlington, VA}}</ref> The modern-day [[101st Field Artillery Regiment]], [[182nd Infantry Regiment (United States)|182nd Infantry Regiment]], [[101st Engineer Battalion (United States)|101st Engineer Battalion]] and [[181st Infantry Regiment (United States)|181st Infantry Regiment]] of the [[Massachusetts Army National Guard]] are directly descended from the original colonial regiments formed in 1636.<ref name="Began"/>

===American Revolutionary War===
The Massachusetts militia began the American Revolutionary War at the [[Battles of Lexington and Concord]],<ref name=abtarng>{{cite web |title=About the Army National Guard |publisher=National Guard Bureau |url=http://www.ng.mil/about/arng.aspx |access-date=December 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117043040/http://www.ng.mil/about/arng.aspx|archive-date=January 17, 2013}}</ref> The Massachusetts militia units were mobilized either during or shortly after the above battles and used to form, along with units from Rhode Island, Connecticut and New Hampshire, the [[Army of Observation]] during the [[Siege of Boston]]. On July 3, 1775, General [[George Washington]], under the authority of the [[Continental Congress]], assumed command of the Army of Observation and the new organization became the [[Continental Army]] from which the [[United States Army]] traces its origins.<ref>[https://www.military.com/history U.S. Military History] Retrieved 4 September 2023</ref><ref>[https://www.loc.gov/collections/george-washington-papers/articles-and-essaystimelinethe-american-revolution/George Washington PapersThe American Revolution] Retrieved 15 January 2023</ref>

Throughout the war, militia units were mobilized when British forces entered their geographic areas and participated in most of the battles fought during the war.<ref>[https://journals.openedition.org/ejas/7814 Militia or Regular Army?] Retrieved15January 2023</ref><ref>[https://campedwards.ng.mil/About-Us/History/ Camp Edwards Training Site] Retrieved 15 January 2023</ref>

===Nineteenth century===
The early United States distrusted [[Standing army#United States|a standing army]] - in emulation of a long-standing British distrust - and kept the number of professional soldiers small. During the [[Northwest Indian War]], the majority of soldiers were provided by state militias. There are nineteen [[Army National Guard units with campaign credit for the War of 1812]].<ref>[https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Today-in-Guard-History/July/ National Guard] Retrieved 15 January 2023</ref><ref>[https://www.nationalguard.mil/about-the-guard/how-we-began/ National Guard Birth Date] Retrieved 15 January 2023</ref>

The Marquis de Lafayette [[Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States|visited]] the U.S. in 1824–25. The 2nd Battalion, 11th New York Artillery, was one of many militia commands who turned out in welcome. This unit decided to adopt the title "National Guard," in honor of Lafayette's [[French National Guard]]. The Battalion, later the 7th Regiment, was prominent in the line of march on the occasion of Lafayette's final passage through New York en route home to France. Taking note of the troops named for his old command, Lafayette alighted from his carriage, walked down the line, clasping each officer by the hand as he passed.<ref>[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/,1825. By an officer in the late army] Retrieved 15 January 2023</ref>

Militia units provided 70% of the soldiers that fought in the [[Mexican–American War]],<ref name=abtarng /> and also provided the majority of soldiers in the early months of the American Civil War<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ng.mil/About/default.aspx |title=About the National Guard |access-date=December 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117043307/http://www.ng.mil/About/default.aspx|archive-date=January 17, 2013}}</ref> The majority of soldiers in the [[Spanish–American War]] were from the National Guard.<ref name=abtarng />

===Industrialization and labor unrest===
Labor unrest in the industrial and mining sections of the Northeast and Midwest led to demands for a stronger military force within the states.

On July 14, 1877, workers on the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] (B&O) began to stop trains in [[Martinsburg, West Virginia]] in response to wage cuts. This protest developed into the national [[Great Railroad Strike of 1877]]. West Virginia governor [[Henry M. Mathews]] was the first state commander-in-chief to send in troops to break-up the protests, and this action has been viewed in retrospect as an incident that would transform the National Guard.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nationalguardmagazine.com/articles/off-the-rails |title=Off the Rails |last=Haskell |first=Bob |date=July 2014 |website=National Guard Magazine |publisher= |access-date=July 7, 2022 |quote=}}</ref>

After the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, calls for military suppression of labor strikes grew louder, and National Guard units proliferated. In many states, large and elaborate armories, often built to resemble medieval castles, were constructed to house militia units. Businessmen and business associations donated monies for the construction of armories and to supplement funds of the local National Guard units. National Guard officers also came from the middle and upper classes.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Painter|first1=Nell|title=Standing at Armageddon|date=1987|publisher=W.W. Norton|pages=21–22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_gB8ABKAx0C&q=national+guard+armories+businessmen+donations&pg=PA21|isbn=9780393305883}}</ref>
National Guard troops were deployed to suppress strikers in some of the bloodiest and most significant conflicts of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the [[Homestead Strike]], the [[Pullman Strike of 1894]], and the [[Colorado Labor Wars]].

===Twentieth century===
[[File:National Guardsman NGM-v31-p347.jpg|thumb|left|A National Guardsman in 1917]]

Throughout the 19th century the Regular U.S. Army was small, and the state militias provided the majority of the troops during the [[Mexican–American War]], the American Civil War, and the [[Spanish–American War]]. With the [[Militia Act of 1903]], the militia was more organized and the name "National Guard" recommended. In 1908, the prohibition on National Guard units serving overseas was dropped. This resulted in constitutional debates within the U.S. government surrounding the legality of the use of the National Guard overseas, culminating in 1912 when U.S. Attorney General [[George W. Wickersham]] declared the 1908 amendment to be unconstitutional. The [[National Defense Act of 1916]] contained a provision whereby the president could discharge National Guard members from the militia and draft them into the Army in the event of a war, allowing for their use overseas. This resulted in former National Guard members being discharged from the Army entirely (also losing their status as state troops) when they left service, so the [[National Defense Act of 1920|1920 amendments to the act]] defined the National Guard's dual role as a state and federal reserve force; the "National Guard while in the service of the United States" as a component of the [[Army of the United States]] could be ordered to active duty by the president, be deployed overseas if they so wished, and the Guardsmen would then revert to their status as state troops. The dual state and federal status proved confusing, so in 1933, the National Defense Act of 1916 was amended again. It finally severed the National Guard's traditional connection with the militia clause of the Constitution, providing for a new component called the "National Guard of the United States" that was to be a reserve component of the Army of the United States at all times. This is the beginning of the present legal basis of the National Guard. In World War I, National Guard soldiers made up 40 percent of the men in U.S. combat divisions in France. In World War II, the National Guard made up 18 divisions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/portals/31/Documents/About/Publications/Documents/Fact%20Sheet%20-%20National%20Guard%20In%20World%20War%20II.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.nationalguard.mil/portals/31/Documents/About/Publications/Documents/Fact%20Sheet%20-%20National%20Guard%20In%20World%20War%20II.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Army National Guard size WW2}}</ref> 
[[File:National Guard Mobilization of 1940-41.jpg|thumb|300px|National Guard training, 1941.]]
One hundred forty thousand Guardsmen were mobilized during the Korean War and over 63,000 for [[Operation Desert Storm]]. They have also participated in U.S. peacekeeping operations in [[Somalia]], Haiti, [[Saudi Arabia]], Kuwait, [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], and [[Kosovo]] and for natural disasters, strikes, riots and security for the [[Olympic Games]] when they have been in the States.

Following World War II, the National Guard aviation units that had previously been part of the [[U.S. Army Air Corps]] and its successor organization, the [[U.S. Army Air Forces]], became the [[Air National Guard]] (ANG), one of two reserve components of the newly established [[United States Air Force]].
===Domestic affairs===
Within hours of the  devastating [[San Francisco Earthquake & Fire: April 18, 1906|San Francisco earthquake and fire of April 1906]], the [[California National Guard]] maintained order, protected lives and property  and distributed relief supplies. Its role was controversial and it was withdrawn after 40 days.  Federal troops also were used.<ref>James J. Hudson, "The California National Guard: In the San Francisco earthquake and fire of 1906." California Historical Quarterly 55.2 (1976): 137-149. [https://militarymuseum.org/CNG1906.pdf online]</ref>

On September 24, 1957, President Dwight D. Eisenhower federalized the entire Arkansas National Guard to ensure the safe entry of the [[Little Rock Nine]] to [[Little Rock Central High School]] the following day. Governor [[Orval Faubus]] had previously used members of the guard to deny the students entry to the school.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/eisenhower-domestic/|title=Domestic Politics under Eisenhower|date=August 17, 2022|website=PBS.org|access-date=September 26, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0925.html|title=President Sends Troops To Little Rock, Federalizes Arkansas National Guard; Tells Nation He Acted To Avoid Anarchy|last=Lewis|first=Anthony|date=September 24, 1957|website=The New York Times|access-date=September 27, 2024}}</ref>

The New York National Guard were ordered by Governor [[Nelson A. Rockefeller]] to respond to the [[1964 Rochester race riot|Rochester 1964 race riot]] in July of that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/27/archives/1000-national-guardsmen-are-sent-into-rochester-to-help-halt-race.html//|title=1,000 National Guardsmen Are Sent Into Rochester To Help Halt Race Riots; Rockefeller Acts; 120 Seized in Day of Looting – Copter Crash Kills 3|date=July 27, 1964|website=The New York Times|access-date=September 26, 2024}}</ref> The [[California Army National Guard]] were mobilized by the Governor of California [[Pat Brown|Edmund Gerald Brown Sr.]] during the [[Watts Riots]], in August 1965, to provide security and help restore order.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-05-12-ca-975-story.html|title=National Guard Actions in '65 Watts Rioting|date=May 12, 1990|website=Los Angeles Times|access-date=September 27, 2024}}</ref>

Elements of the [[Ohio Army National Guard]] were ordered to [[Kent State University]] by Ohio's governor [[Jim Rhodes]] to quell anti-Vietnam War protests, culminating in their [[Kent State shootings|shooting into a crowd of students]] on May 4, 1970, killing four and injuring nine. The massacre was followed by the [[Student strike of 1970]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20240503-kent-state-university-1970-protests-that-shook-the-us|title=Kent State shootings: The 1970 student protest that shook the U.S.|last=Kelly|first=Dan|date=May 4, 2024|website=[[BBC News]]|access-date=September 27, 2024}}</ref>

During the Vietnam War, service in the National Guard was highly sought after, as an enlistment in the Guard generally prevented a person from being sent to combat; only a handful of Guard units were ever deployed to Vietnam. In 1968, the National Guard had only 1.26% black soldiers.<ref name="Gregory-Folly">{{cite book |last1=Gregory |first1=Hamilton |title=McNamara's Folly: The Use of Low-IQ Troops in the Vietnam War |date=June 22, 2015 |publisher=Infinity Publishing <!--Not a reasonable location, nor misplaced page number in a 262 page book: |location=1679 --> |edition=Kindle }}</ref>

During the Vietnam War, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara created the '''Selective Reserve Force''' (SRF) in October 1965. Since funding was not available to train and equip the entire National Guard adequately, the SRF would be a core group of 150,000 National Guardsmen available and ready for immediate overseas deployment if needed. SRF units were supposed to be authorized at 100% strength, receive priority training funds and modern equipment,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iowanationalguard.com/History/History/Pages/Vietnam.aspx|title=Pages{{Snd}} Vietnam}}</ref> and have more training and do 58 hours of drills of four hours each a year rather than the standard 48 hours of drills.<ref>p.1311 Hearings, Volume 1 United States. Congress. House, United States. Congress. Joint Committee ...
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967</ref>

The 2nd Battalion 138th Field Artillery of the [[Kentucky Army National Guard]] was ordered to service in [[Vietnam]] in late 1968. The unit served in support of the regular [[101st Airborne Division]]. The Battalion's C Battery lost nine men killed and thirty-two wounded when North Vietnamese troops overran Fire Base Tomahawk on June 19, 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kynghistory.ky.gov/history/4qtr/ |title=Kentucky: National Guard History eMuseum{{Snd}} Summary |publisher=Kynghistory.ky.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409012932/http://kynghistory.ky.gov/history/4qtr/|archive-date=April 9, 2015}}</ref>

During the early 1980s, the governors of California and Maine refused to allow deployment of their states' National Guard units to Central America. In 1986, Congress passed the Montgomery Amendment, which prohibited state governors from withholding their consent. In 1990, the Supreme Court ruled against the governor of Minnesota, who had sued over the deployment of the state's National Guard units to Central America.<ref name="David Evans">{{cite news|last=Evans|first=David|date=June 12, 1990|title=Supreme Court Confirms U.S. Control Over Guard|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1990-06-12-9002170920-story.html}}</ref>

During the [[1992 Los Angeles Riots]], when portions of south central Los Angeles erupted in chaos, overwhelming the [[Los Angeles Police Department]]'s ability to contain the violence, the [[California Army National Guard]] and selected units of the [[California Air National Guard]] were mobilized to help restore order. The National Guard were attributed with five shootings of people suspected of violating the [[curfew]] order placed on the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://defense360.csis.org/buttressing-institutional-integrity-in-an-election-year-federal-force-deployment-during-l-a-riots-1992/|title=Buttressing Institutional Integrity in an Election Year: Federal Force Deployment during L.A. Riots (1992)|last=Nair|first=Devi|date=October 27, 2020|website=Defense 360|access-date=September 26, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-05-10-mn-2506-story.html|title=U.S. Army, Marine Troops Withdraw From Los Angeles; Disorder; Police officers reportedly demoralized by public bickering over their readiness and performance, National Guard units tox remain for a while|last=Newton|first=Jim|date=May 10, 1992|website=Los Angeles Times|access-date=September 26, 2024}}</ref>

[[File:ANG40InfantryDivisionLosAngelesRiot1992.jpg|thumb|left|Following the [[1992 Los Angeles riots]], 4,000 National Guardsmen patrolled the city.]]

During the 1993 [[Waco siege]] of the [[Branch Davidian]]s, elements of the [[Alabama National Guard|Alabama]] and [[Texas National Guard|Texas]] Army National Guard were called in to assist the [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|ATF]] and the follow on effort by the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]; the National Guard's involvement was limited to several specific areas; surveillance and reconnaissance, transport, maintenance and repairs, training and instruction, helicopters, unarmed tactical ground vehicles. The Army National Guard helicopters were also used to do photographic reconnaissance work. Training for ATF agents included such subjects as Close Quarters Combat, and combat medical instruction, and a mock up of the Mount Carmel complex was constructed at [[Fort Hood]], Texas for rehearsals. ATF also received several surplus helmets, flack vests, canteens, first aid dressings, empty magazines, and some night-vision equipment, in addition to MREs and diesel fuel. The FBI would request and receive the use of Bradley Armored Fighting Vehicles, and tank retrieval vehicles, as well as overflights by UH-1 and CH-47 helicopters.<ref>{{cite web|title=Military Assistance Provided at Branch Davidian Incident|date=August 1999|url=http://www.gao.gov/assets/230/227938.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.gao.gov/assets/230/227938.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|publisher=United States General Accounting Office|access-date=April 28, 2015}}</ref>

===Post Cold War reductions===
As a result of the Bottom Up Review and post-[[Cold War]] force cutbacks, the Army National Guard maneuver force was reduced to eight divisions (from ten; the [[26th Infantry Division (United States)|26th Infantry]] and [[50th Armored Division|50th Armored]] were consolidated in the northeastern states) and fifteen 'enhanced brigades,' which were supposed to be ready for combat operations, augmenting the active force, within 90 days.{{refn|group=note|The fifteen enhanced brigades included the 27th (NY), 29th (HI), 32nd (WI), 41st (OR), 45th (OK), 48th (GA), 53rd (FL), 76th (IN), 81st (WA), 256th (LA), 116th Cavalry Brigade (ID), 155th (MS), 218th (SC), and the [[278th Armored Cavalry Regiment]] (TN).<ref>[[Government Accounting Office]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110717062723/http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA378276 Army National Guard: Enhanced Brigades Readiness Improving But Personnel and Workload Are Problems], June 2000, record accessed at DTIC, May 2009.</ref>}}

===Twenty-first century===<!-- This section is linked from [[Louisiana Army National Guard]] -->
[[File:National Guard Memorial Museum photo D Ramey Logan.jpg|thumb|The National Guard Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C.]]
[[File:161117-Z-II459-011 (30807248800).jpg|thumb|A South Carolina Army National Guard CH-47 Chinook supporting the South Carolina Forestry Commission to contain a remote fire near the top of Pinnacle Mountain in Pickens County, South Carolina, November 17, 2016]]
National Guard units played a major role in providing security and assisting recovery efforts in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks in 2001 and [[Hurricane Katrina]] in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/44368/hurricane_katrina_response_national_guards_finest_hour|title=Hurricane Katrina response: National Guard's finest hour|last=Orrell|first=John|date=August 27, 2010|website=[[United States Army]]|access-date=September 26, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ang.af.mil/Media/Article-Display/Article/2772122/national-guard-members-reflect-on-911-experiences/|title=National Guard members reflect on 9/11 experiences|last=Smith|first=Erich|date=September 13, 2021|website=[[Air National Guard]]|access-date=September 26, 2024}}</ref>

In 2005, National Guard members and reservists were said to comprise a larger percentage of frontline fighting forces than in any war in U.S. history (about 43 percent in Iraq and 55 percent in Afghanistan).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www3.illinois.gov/PressReleases/showpressrelease.cfm?recnum=3783&subjectid=39|title=Nationwide Grassroots Drive To Aid Military Families Picks Up Steam|date=March 22, 2005|website=Illinois.gov{{Snd}} Illinois Government News Network (IGNN)}}</ref> There were more than 183,366 National Guard members and reservists on active duty nationwide who left behind about 300,000 dependents, according to U.S. Defense Department statistics. In 2011, Army Chief of Staff Gen. George W. Casey Jr. stated that "Every Guard brigade has deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan, and over 300,000 Guardsmen have deployed in this war."<ref>{{cite web |last=Salzer |first=Darron |title=Casey: National Guard very different today than 30 years ago |publisher=National Guard Bureau |url=http://www.ng.mil/news/archives/2011/03/030411-Casey.aspx |access-date=March 5, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722212113/http://www.ng.mil/news/archives/2011/03/030411-Casey.aspx |archive-date=July 22, 2011}}</ref>

In January and February 2007, National Guard troops from 8 states were activated to go help shovel snow, drop hay for starving cattle, deliver food and necessities to stranded people in their houses, and help control traffic and rescue stranded motorists in blizzards dropping feet of snow across the country.<ref>FindLaw (February 14, 2007).[http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?storyID=123036858 "National Guard to Rescue in 8 States"]. ''FindLaw.'' Retrieved on February 14, 2007.</ref>

In the first quarter of 2007, United States Secretary of Defense [[Robert M. Gates]] announced changes to the Guard deployment policy aimed at shorter and more predictable deployments for National Guard troops. "Gates said his goal is for Guard members to serve a one-year deployment no more than every five years... Gates is imposing a one-year limit to the length of deployment for National Guard Soldiers, effective immediately." Prior to this time, Guard troops deployed for a standard one-year deployment to [[2003 Invasion of Iraq|Iraq]] or [[Operation Enduring Freedom|Afghanistan]] would serve for 18 or more months including training and transit time. During the transition to the new policy for all troops in the pipeline, deployed or soon to be deployed, some will face deployments faster than every five years. "The one-to-five year cycle does not include activations for state emergencies."<ref>{{Cite journal
 | title = Gates Promises Predictable Deployments
 | journal = GX{{Snd}} the Guard Experience
 | volume = 4
 | issue = 3
 | page = 22
 | date = April 2007
 }}</ref>

[[File:M249 with Mk46 stock.jpg|thumb|An Army National Guardsman of the 1st Battalion, 151st Infantry Regiment in Parun, Afghanistan. He is wearing a 10th Mountain Division Former Wartime Service SSI.]]
[[File:National Guard Supports Local Authorities with White House Protest.jpg|thumb|An Air National Guardsman guarding the [[World War II Memorial]] in Washington, D.C. during the [[George Floyd protests in Washington, D.C.|George Floyd riots]] of June 2020.]]

Prior to the attacks against the United States on [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]], the National Guard's general policy regarding mobilization was that Guardsmen would be required to serve no more than one year cumulative on active duty (with no more than six months overseas) for each five years of regular drill. Due to strains placed on active duty units following the attacks, the possible mobilization time was increased to 18 months (with no more than one year overseas). Additional strains placed on military units as a result of [[Operation Iraqi Freedom|the invasion of Iraq]] further increased the amount of time a Guardsman could be mobilized to 24 months. Current [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] policy is that no Guardsman is involuntarily activated for more than 24 months (cumulative) in one six-year enlistment period.{{Citation needed|date=April 2007}}

Traditionally, most National Guard personnel serve "[[One weekend a month, two weeks a year]]", although personnel in highly operational or high demand units serve far more frequently. Typical examples are pilots, navigators and aircrewmen in active flying assignments, primarily in the [[Air National Guard]], and to a lesser extent in the [[Army National Guard]], and special operations airmen and soldiers in both. A significant number also serve in a full-time capacity in roles such as Active Guard and Reserve (AGR) or Air Reserve Technician or Army Reserve Technician (ART).

The "One weekend a month, two weeks a year" slogan has lost most of its relevance since the [[Iraq War]], when nearly 28% of total U.S. forces in Iraq and Afghanistan at the end of 2007 consisted of mobilized personnel of the National Guard and other Reserve components.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/23132421 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121164643/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/23132421 |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 21, 2014 |title=NBC News. Health. Mental Health. ''Most vet suicides among Guard, Reserve troops. New government report raises alarm, calls for long-term mental services''. Associated Press. February 12, 2008 |publisher=NBC News |date=October 7, 2001}}</ref> In July 2012, the Army's top general stated his intention to increase the annual drill requirement from two weeks per year to [[One weekend a month, two weeks a year#Army's future annual drill plans|up to seven weeks per year]].<ref>{{cite news | date=July 30, 2012 | url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/military/story/2012-07-30/army-guard-reserve-training/56595948/1 | title=Army to expand citizen soldiers' training periods | newspaper=USA Today | access-date=January 22, 2013}}</ref>

Prior to 2008, the functions of Agricultural Development Teams were within [[Provincial Reconstruction Team]]s of the U.S. government. Today, ADTs consist of soldiers and airmen from the [[Army National Guard]] and the [[Air National Guard]]. Today, ADTs bring "an effective platform for enhanced dialogue, building confidence, sharing interests, and increasing cooperation amongst the disparate peoples and tribes of Afghanistan."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a521790.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412183708/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a521790.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=April 12, 2019|title=AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT TEAMS AND THE COUNTERINSURGENCY EFFORT IN AFGHANISTAN}}</ref> These teams are not only affiliated with the military, they frequently work across agencies, for example with [[United States Agency for International Development|USAID]] and the [[Department of State]]. ADTs provide education and expertise on the ground, while also providing security and order that is traditionally affiliated with the military. These teams have been essential to the [[counterinsurgency]] efforts in Afghanistan as a [[public diplomacy]] tool to build relations with the local people in the tribes and provinces of the country.

ADTs provide classroom instruction and teachings to Afghans about how to improve their farming practices during non-seasonal growing months, which allows the farmers to use skills in the winter to prepare for farming in the summer and fall. This enhances agricultural production and the Afghan economy as a whole. Agricultural education also improves lines of communication and builds trust between the people, the U.S. government, and the Host Nation.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/article/2014/us-army-agriculture-development-teams |title=U.S. Army Agriculture Development Teams |website=Science & Diplomacy |date=March 3, 2014 |access-date=April 25, 2019}}</ref> Additionally, through word of mouth in the provinces ideas are spread that inform others about these farming techniques, that may not have had direct interaction with the ADTs. The National Guard ADTs also introduce their U.S. civilian colleagues to the Afghan University personnel, which further strengthens relations and trust in the U.S. efforts in Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ng.mil/Images1/docs/Value_of_the_National_Guard.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106133154/http://www.ng.mil/Images1/docs/Value_of_the_National_Guard.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 6, 2011|title=TheNationalGuard}}</ref>

ADTs also enhance public diplomacy in Afghanistan by providing security to the local provinces they are working within. This tool has provided the teams with the civilian-military partnership that is needed to conduct public diplomacy and defeat the insurgents in Afghanistan. President [[Barack Obama]] said that the U.S. will enhance agricultural development instead of big reconstruction projects to build Afghanistan's economy, to have an immediate impact on the Afghan people. Today, these projects include "...basic gardening practices, to large watershed and irrigation projects. There are also projects that teach bee keeping and livestock production: all of which will have a positive impact on unemployment, hunger, and the ability to sustain future generations.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a521790.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412183708/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a521790.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=April 12, 2019|title=AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT TEAMS AND THE COUNTERINSURGENCY EFFORT IN AFGHANISTAN}}</ref>

More and more Afghan tribal leaders have been requesting additional ADTs, which illustrates how important the use of public diplomacy has been in the efforts to win the trust of the Afghan people. The case study from [[Nangarhar Province]] in Afghanistan serves as an excellent example. This province is one of the most stable and secure provinces in Afghanistan. For example, over 100,000 Afghans have returned to province; the province has also been declared poppy-free in 2007 by the UN. Additionally, most districts within the province have all-weather paved roads and it is also one of the most productive agricultural regions in Afghanistan.<ref name=":0" />

In 2006, Congress considered giving the president the full authority to mobilize National Guard units within the U.S. without the consent of state governors.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/News/Article/572792/new-defense-laws-show-guard-the-road-ahead-for-2007/|first=Les|last=Melnyk|title=New defense laws show Guard the road ahead for 2007|publisher=National Guard|date=October 18, 2006}}</ref> However, this was met with resistance from states governors and members of the National Guard.<ref>{{cite news|first=Jennifer|last=Steinhauer|date=August 15, 2006|title=Governors Resist Shifting Authority Over Guard|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/us/15governors.html}}</ref> The act was eventually passed, but instead, the president's authority was expanded to mobilize the reserve components for domestic operations without the consent of the governor, only during a natural disaster, terrorist attack, epidemic or other public health emergency.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Les'|first=Melnyk|date=2006-10-18|title=New defense laws show Guard the road ahead for 2007|url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/News/Article/572792/new-defense-laws-show-guard-the-road-ahead-for-2007/ |access-date=2021-05-24|website=National Guard|language=en-US}}</ref> The following year, that authority was repealed.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Skelton|first=Ike|date=2008-01-28|title=H.R.4986 - 110th Congress (2007-2008): National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/110th-congress/house-bill/4986|access-date=2021-05-24|website=www.congress.gov}}</ref>

In 2020, the National Guard was activated for 11,000,000 "man days" in support of natural disasters, [[2020–2021 United States racial unrest|civil unrest]], food distribution at food banks, and [[COVID-19]] testing and vaccination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/News/Article-View/Article/2202946/guard-members-in-23-states-dc-called-up-in-response-to-civil-unrest/|title=Guard members in 23 states, D.C. called up in response to civil unrest|last=Soucy|first=Jon|date=May 31, 2020|website=National Guard|access-date=September 26, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/News/Article-View/Article/2118561/national-guard-ramping-up-covid-19-response/|title=National Guard Ramping Up Covid-19 Response|last=Vergun|first=David|date=March 19, 2020|website=National Guard|access-date=September 26, 2024}}</ref> This was the highest number of activation days since World War II.<ref>{{cite web | last=Reiley | first=Laura | title=The rising cost of being in the National Guard: Reservists and guardsmen are twice as likely to be hungry as other American groups | website=Stars and Stripes | date=June 22, 2021 | url=https://www.stripes.com/theaters/us/2021-06-22/Reservists-and-guardsmen-are-twice-as-likely-to-be-hungry-as-other-American-groups-1772013.html | access-date=June 22, 2021}}</ref>

==Relevant laws==
The United States Congress has enacted various laws that control the National Guard:

# '''The [[Militia Acts of 1792]]'''
#: Providing for the authority of the President to call out the Militia, and providing federal standards for the organization of the Militia.
#: For the 111 years that the Militia Act of 1792 remained in effect, it defined the position of the militia in relation to the federal government. The War of 1812 tested this uniquely American defense establishment. To fight the [[War of 1812]], the republic formed a small regular military and trained it to protect the frontiers and coastlines. Although it performed poorly in the offensive against Canada, the small force of regulars backed by a well-armed militia, accomplished its defensive mission well. Generals like [[Andrew Jackson]] proved that, just as they had in the Revolution, regulars and militia could be effective when employed as a team.
# '''The [[Insurrection Act of 1807]]'''
# '''The [[Militia Act of 1862]]'''
#: Providing for the service of persons of African descent in the Militia, and the emancipation of slaves owned by Confederates.
# '''Title 18, U.S. Code, Section 1385: The [[Posse Comitatus Act]] of June 18, 1878'''
#: Reaction in Congress against the [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]]-era suspensions of Southern states' rights to organize militias led to the passage of the ''Posse Comitatus'' Act, restricting any person's use of the U.S. Army and, as later amended, the U.S. Air Force in domestic law enforcement (use of the Navy and Marine Corps, being uniformed services within the Department of Defense, is similarly restricted by statute).<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|10|375}} Restriction on direct participation by military personnel</ref> The U.S. Coast Guard, in its peacetime role within the Department of Homeland Security, and the National Guard, when '''not''' in Federal Service, are specifically not limited by this act.
# '''The States revise the military codes{{Snd}} 1881 to 1892'''
# '''The [[Militia Act of 1903]]'''
#: Established the creation of the National Guard of the United States as the primary organized reserve force for the U.S. armed forces.
# '''[[National Defense Act of 1916]]'''
#: This act abandoned the idea of an expandable Regular Army and firmly established the traditional concept of the citizens' army as the keystone of the United States defense forces. It established the concept of merging the National Guard, the Army Reserve, and the Regular Army into the Army of the United States in time of war. The act further expanded the National Guard's role, and guaranteed the State militias' status as the Army's primary reserve force. The law mandated use of the term "National Guard" for that force, and the President was given authority, in case of war or national emergency, to mobilize the National Guard for the duration of the emergency. The number of yearly drills increased from 24 to 48 and annual training from five to 15 days. Drill pay was authorized for the first time.
# '''The National Defense Act Amendments of 1920'''
#: This act established that the chief of the Militia Bureau (later the [[National Guard Bureau]]) would be a National Guard officer, that National Guard officers would be assigned to the general staff and that the divisions, as used by the Guard in World War I, would be reorganized.
# '''The National Guard Mobilization Act of 1933'''
#: Made the National Guard a component of the Army.
# '''The [[National Security Act of 1947]]'''
#: Section 207 (f) established the [[Air National Guard|Air National Guard of the United States]], under the [[National Guard Bureau]].
# '''The [[Total Force Policy]] from 1973'''
#: Requires all active and reserve military organizations be treated as a single force.
# '''The [[Sonny Montgomery|Montgomery]] Amendment''' to the '''National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1987'''
#: ''Provides that a governor cannot withhold consent with regard to active duty outside the United States because of any objection to the location, purpose, type, or schedule of such duty.'' This law was challenged and upheld by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] in 1990 in ''[[Perpich v. Department of Defense]]''.<ref name="Dodge">
{{cite web | date = June 27, 2004 | url = http://laws.findlaw.com/us/496/334.html | title = PERPICH v. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, 496 U.S. 334 (1990) | work = FindLaw | access-date =May 13, 2006}}
</ref>
# '''The [[John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007|John Warner Defense Authorization Act of 2007]]''' {{USPL|109|364}}
#: Federal law was changed in section 1076 so that the Governor of a state is no longer the sole commander in chief of their state's National Guard during emergencies ''within'' the state. The President of the United States could then take total control of a state's National Guard units without the governor's consent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stateline.org/live/details/story?contentId=170453 |title=Governors lose in power struggle over National Guard |publisher=Stateline.org}}</ref> In a letter to Congress, all 50 governors opposed the increase in power of the President over the National Guard.<ref>[http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.cb6e7818b34088d18a278110501010a0/?vgnextoid=0a05e362c5f5d010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD National Governors Association] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629120829/http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.cb6e7818b34088d18a278110501010a0/?vgnextoid=0a05e362c5f5d010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD |date=June 29, 2011 }}</ref>
# '''The [[National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008|National Defense Authorization Act of 2008]]''' {{USPL|110|181}}
#: Repeals provisions in section 1076 in Pub.L. 109-364 but still enables the President to call up the National Guard of the United States for active federal military service during Congressionally sanctioned national emergency or war. Places the National Guard Bureau directly under the Department of Defense as a joint activity. Elevated the Chief of the National Guard Bureau from a three-star to a four-star general.<ref name=":10 USC 10501-10503" />
#'''The [[National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012|National Defense Authorization Act of 2012]]''' {{USPL|115|91}}
#: Added the Chief, National Guard Bureau to the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]].<ref>{{USCSub|10|151|a}}</ref>
# '''The [[National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024|National Defense Authorization Act of 2024]]''' {{USPL|118|31}}
#: Elevated the Vice Chief of the National Guard Bureau from a three-star to a four-star general.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goheen |first=John |date=2023-12-13 |title=Guard Gets Some Wins in Compromise Defense Bill {{!}} National Guard Association of the United States |url=https://www.ngaus.org/newsroom/guard-gets-some-wins-compromise-defense-bill |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=www.ngaus.org |language=en}}</ref>

==Notable members==

===Presidents===
Militia service was a common trait among [[President of the United States|presidents of the United States]], 18 of whom have served in colonial or state militias and two have served in the National Guard since it was established in 1903. Among these, three served in colonial militias ([[George Washington]], [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[James Madison]]), 15 served in state militias ([[James Monroe]], [[Andrew Jackson]], [[William Henry Harrison]], [[Millard Fillmore]], [[Franklin Pierce]], [[James Buchanan]], Abraham Lincoln, [[Andrew Johnson]], [[Ulysses S. Grant]], [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], [[James Garfield]], [[Chester A. Arthur]], [[William Henry Harrison]], [[William McKinley]] and Theodore Roosevelt), one in the Army National Guard (Harry S. Truman)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/Resources/Image-Gallery/Historical-Paintings/Presidential-Series/Harry-S-Truman/|title=Presidential series – Captain Harry S. Truman|website=nationalguard.mil|access-date=July 22, 2024}}</ref> and one (George W. Bush) served in the Air National Guard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ngb.army.mil/resources/photo_gallery/presidential/index.htm |title=The National Guard{{Snd}} Image Gallery{{Snd}} Presidential Series |publisher=Ngb.army.mil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711052143/http://www.ngb.army.mil/resources/photo_gallery/presidential/index.htm |archive-date=July 11, 2007 }}</ref>

===Other notable members===
{{more citations needed|section|date=July 2020}}
{{colbegin}}
* [[John R. Bolton]], former [[United States Representative to the United Nations]] and [[National Security Advisor (United States)|National Security Advisor]]
* [[Scott Brown (politician)|Scott Philip Brown]], former United States Senator from Massachusetts<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/29/us/politics/scott-brown-releases-unredacted-national-guard-records.html|title=Brown Releases Records From National Guard|last=Goodnough|first=Abby|date=January 28, 2012|website=The New York Times|access-date=July 22, 2024}}</ref>
* [[William J. Donovan]], founder of the [[Office of Strategic Services]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/stories/story/the-legend-of-wild-bill-how-donovan-got-his-nickname/|title=The legend of Wild Bill: How Donovan Got His Nickname|date=November 11, 2020|website=cia.gov|access-date=July 22, 2024}}</ref> 
* [[Joni Ernst]], Junior [[United States Senator|Senator]] from [[Iowa]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2015/02/joni-ernst-combat-veteran-115080|title=Ernst: yes I'm a combat veteran|last=lerner|first=Adam|date=February 10, 2015|website=[[Politico]]|access-date=July 22, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Joe Foss]], [[Governor of South Dakota]], Medal of Honor recipient in [[World War II]]
* [[Lindsey Graham]], [[United States Senator|Senator]] from [[South Carolina]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ngaus.org/magazine/conversation-sen-lindsey-graham|title=A Conversation with Senator Lindsey Graham|date=May 9, 2024|website=National Guard Magazine|access-date=July 22, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Ralph Haben]], former [[Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives]]
* [[Ken Holtzman]], two-time major league baseball All Star pitcher
* [[Brock Lesnar]], professional wrestler and former mixed martial artist
* [[Audie Murphy]], highly decorated soldier from WWII, prolific 1950s actor<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.military.com/history/almost-80-years-later-audie-murphys-medal-of-honor-action-still-something-out-of-movie.html|title=Almost 80 years Later, Audie Murphy's Medal of Honor Action Is Still Like Something Out of a Movie|last=Stilwell|first=Blake|date=January 20, 2024|website=Military.com|access-date=July 22, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Dan Quayle]], 44th Vice President of the United States<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/20/us/the-1992-campaign-the-favors-done-for-quayle-a-new-look-at-guard-stint.html|title=The 1992 Campaign: The Favors Done for Quayle: A New look at Guard Stint|last=Sack|first=Kevin|date=September 20, 1992|website=The New York Times|access-date=July 22, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Cazzie Russell]], former [[New York Knicks]] basketball player
* [[Babe Ruth]], former [[Major League Baseball]] player<ref>{{cite web|url=https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2010/05/25/private-babe-ruth/|title=Private Babe Ruth|date=May 25, 2010|website=National Archives|access-date=July 22, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Tom Selleck]], actor, ''[[Magnum, P.I.]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.military.com/veteran-jobs/career-advice/military-transition/famous-veteran-tom-selleck.html|title=Famous Veterans: Tom Selleck|date=September 25, 2015|website=Military.com|access-date=July 22, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Rick Story]], mixed martial artist in the [[Ultimate Fighting Championship|UFC]]
* [[Tim Walz]], [[Governor of Minnesota]], former [[United States Representative]] from Minnesota<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.startribune.com/walzs-24-years-in-national-guard-get-renewed-scrutiny-from-gop-opponent-who-didnt-serve/600216280/?clmob=y&c=n|title=GOP opponent who never served criticizes Gov. Tim Walz's exit from National Guard|last=Olson|first=Rochelle|date=October 16, 2022|website=star tribune|access-date=July 22, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Tulsi Gabbard]], former [[United States Representative]] from Hawaii<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.civilbeat.org/2020/10/tulsi-gabbard-is-refocusing-her-military-career-in-california/|title=Tulsi Gabbard is refocusing her military career in California|last=Grube|first=Nick|date=October 20, 2020|website=civilbeat.org|access-date=July 22, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Trent Kelly]], [[United States Representative]] from Mississippi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mississippitoday.org/2020/12/06/national-guard-promotes-rep-trent-kelly-making-him-the-highest-ranking-military-official-in-u-s-congress/|title=National Guard promotes Rep. Trent Kelly, making him highest ranking military official in U.S. Congress|last=Vance|first=Taylor|date=December 6, 2020|website=Mississippi Today|access-date=July 22, 2024}}</ref>

{{colend}}

==Number of guardsmen by state, territory and D.C.==
A member of the National Guard, often called a "guardsman," is a person who has signed an Enlistment Contract and has subscribed to an Enlistment Oath, is still alive, or has not yet been discharged. The subscription to the oath (typically a recitation) and the signature must be witnessed by a person, typically a Guard officer, authorized as an official witness. The term of the enlistment, or membership, runs from the date on the contract through the date on the discharge or the death certificate.{{refn|group=note|The National Guard enlistment oath is: <br /> "I do hereby acknowledge to have voluntarily enlisted this __ day of ____, ____, in the ______ National Guard of the State of ______ for a period of __ year(s) under the conditions prescribed by law, unless sooner discharged by proper authority. I, ________, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States and of the State of ______ against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to them; and that I will obey the orders of the President of the United States and the Governor of ______ and the orders of the officers appointed over me, according to law and regulations. So help me God."<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode2|32|304|Enlistment oath}}</ref>}}

The "number of guardsmen" is a [[statistic]] generated by the [[Defense Manpower Data Center]] (DMDC), an agency of the DoD tasked with tracking the identities of all persons in the active military, its reserves, and civilians employed by it. Membership in the Guard may be regarded as an independent variable. It changes constantly. Its value at any instant cannot be known exactly. It can, however, be estimated from the records of the DMDC. Its data and reports are for the most part inaccessible to the general public, but it does make available some reports under the category "DoD Personal, Workforce Reports & Publications."<ref>{{cite web | title=DoD Personnel, Workforce Reports & Publications | url=https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/appj/dwp/dwp_reports.jsp | website=DMDC | publisher=DoD | access-date=September 25, 2017}}</ref>

The series "Military and Civilian Personnel by Service/Agency by State/Country (Updated Quarterly)," containing the statistics on membership in the National Guard by state, territory, and D.C., is updated every 3rd month at the end of the month. For example, one was generated on June 30, 2017. Like all statistics, these numbers of guardsmen are a [[Sample (statistics)|sample]] culled according to a certain method. The report states that it uses the sources: "Active Duty Master File, RCCPDS, APF Civilian Master, CTS Deployment File, Civilian Deployment." The probabilities of the statistics being accurate to various percentages are not stated.

Below is a sample summary of a profile of National Guard membership as of September 30, 2020. Only the non-total columns come from the source. The totals are calculated from the data.

===Sortable table===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! State/Territory
! Army National Guard
! Air National Guard
! Total
|-
|[[Alabama National Guard|Alabama]]
|9,755
|2,444
|12,199
|-
|[[Alaska Department of Military and Veterans Affairs|Alaska]]
|1,649
|2,158
|3,807
|-
|[[Arizona National Guard|Arizona]]
|5,345
|2,570
|7,910
|-
|[[Arkansas National Guard|Arkansas]]
|6,556
|1,953
|8,509
|-
|[[California National Guard|California]]
|13,240
|4,896
|18,136
|-
|[[Colorado National Guard|Colorado]]
|3,778
|1,802
|5,580
|-
|[[Connecticut Military Department|Connecticut]]
|3,664
|1,171
|4,835
|-
|[[Delaware National Guard|Delaware]]
|1,686
|1,056
|2,742
|-
|[[Florida National Guard|Florida]]
|9,830
|2,118
|11,948
|-
|[[Georgia National Guard|Georgia]]
|11,294
|2,844
|14,138
|-
|[[Hawaii National Guard|Hawaii]]
|2,911
|2,318
|5,229
|-
|[[Idaho Military Department|Idaho]]
|3,185
|1,336
|4,521
|-
|[[Illinois National Guard|Illinois]]
|10,469
|2,911
|13,380
|-
|[[Indiana National Guard|Indiana]]
|10,491
|1,945
|12,436
|-
|[[Iowa National Guard|Iowa]]
|6,829
|1,923
|8,752
|-
|[[Kansas National Guard|Kansas]]
|4,446
|2,180
|6,626
|-
|[[Kentucky National Guard|Kentucky]]
|6,577
|1,260
|7,837
|-
|[[Louisiana National Guard|Louisiana]]
|9,959
|1,529
|11,488
|-
|[[Maine Department of Defense, Veterans, and Emergency Management|Maine]]
|1,842
|1,075
|2,917
|-
|[[Maryland Military Department|Maryland]]
|4,586
|1,840
|6,426
|-
|[[Massachusetts National Guard|Massachusetts]]
|5,880
|2,064
|7,944
|-
|[[Michigan National Guard|Michigan]]
|8,378
|2,448
|10,826
|-
|[[Minnesota National Guard|Minnesota]]
|10,901
|2,269
|13,170
|-
|[[Mississippi National Guard|Mississippi]]
|9,060
|2,637
|11,697
|-
|[[Missouri National Guard|Missouri]]
|9,355
|2,244
|11,599
|-
|[[Montana National Guard|Montana]]
|2,408
|932
|3,340
|-
|[[Nebraska National Guard|Nebraska]]
|3,244
|1,005
|4,249
|-
|[[Nevada National Guard|Nevada]]
|3,302
|1,199
|4,501
|-
|[[New Hampshire National Guard|New Hampshire]]
|1,642
|937
|2,579
|-
|[[New Jersey Department of Military and Veterans Affairs|New Jersey]]
|6,113
|2,373
|8,486
|-
|[[New Mexico National Guard|New Mexico]]
|2,875
|989
|3,864
|-
|[[New York National Guard|New York]]
|10,420
|5,685
|16,105
|-
|[[North Carolina National Guard|North Carolina]]
|9,721
|1,467
|11,188
|-
|[[North Dakota National Guard|North Dakota]]
|2,990
|1,163
|4,153
|-
|[[Ohio National Guard|Ohio]]
|11,321
|5,092
|16,413
|-
|[[Oklahoma National Guard|Oklahoma]]
|6,398
|2,225
|8,623
|-
|[[Oregon Military Department|Oregon]]
|5,504
|2,391
|7,895
|-
|[[Pennsylvania National Guard|Pennsylvania]]
|13,806
|4,069
|17,875
|-
|[[Rhode Island National Guard|Rhode Island]]
|2,049
|1,019
|3,068
|-
|[[South Carolina National Guard|South Carolina]]
|9,270
|1,250
|10,520
|-
|[[South Dakota National Guard|South Dakota]]
|3,149
|1,112
|4,261
|-
|[[Tennessee National Guard|Tennessee]]
|9,256
|3,490
|12,746
|-
|[[Texas National Guard|Texas]]
|18,617
|3,390
|22,007
|-
|[[Utah National Guard|Utah]]
|5,666
|1,473
|7,139
|-
|[[Vermont National Guard|Vermont]]
|2,229
|1,000
|3,229
|-
|[[Virginia National Guard|Virginia]]
|7,127
|1,469
|8,596
|-
|[[Washington National Guard|Washington]]
|5,538
|2,005
|7,543
|-
|[[West Virginia National Guard|West Virginia]]
|4,052
|2,125
|6,177
|-
|[[Wisconsin National Guard|Wisconsin]]
|7,219
|2,333
|9,552
|-
|[[Wyoming Military Department|Wyoming]]
|1,586
|1,250
|2,836
|-
|[[Puerto Rico National Guard|Puerto Rico]]
|5,909
|1,062
|6,971
|-
|[[Guam National Guard|Guam]]
|1,182
|377
|1,559
|-
|[[District of Columbia National Guard|District of Columbia]]
|1,281
|1,289
|2,570
|-
|[[Virgin Islands National Guard|Virgin Islands]]
|594
|61
|655
|-
! Totals
! 336,129
! 107,414
! 443,543
|}

==See also==
* [[Army National Guard]] – land warfare component of the National Guard
* [[Air National Guard]] – air warfare component of the National Guard
* [[Space National Guard]] – proposed space warfare component of the National Guard
* [[National Guard Bureau]] – federal agency responsible for the administration of the National Guard
* [[State defense force]] – military units under the sole authority of individual U.S. states
* [[Naval militias in the United States|Naval militias]] – naval military units under the sole authority of individual U.S. states
* [[19th Special Forces Group]] – National Guard unit of the U.S. Army Special Forces
* [[20th Special Forces Group]] – National Guard unit of the U.S. Army Special Forces
* [[Minutemen]]
* [[Youth Challenge Program]]
* [[National Guard Memorial Museum]]
* [[Social history of soldiers and veterans in the United States]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==

* Cooper, Jerry. ''The rise of the National Guard: The Evolution of the American Militia, '' (U of Nebraska Press, 1997) [https://archive.org/details/riseofnationalgu00coop/page/n6/mode/1up online]
* Cooper, Jerry. ''The Militia and the National Guard in America since Colonial Times: A Research Guide'' (Greenwood, 1993).
* Cooper, Jerry. ''Citizens as soldiers: A history of the North Dakota National Guard'' (U of Nebraska Press, 2005) [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=m1j1h8Ovyh8C&oi=fnd&pg=PR6&dq=%22National+Guard%22+history&ots=mCn9mn9dhK&sig=JTBmWy8VJV4-CXtuvTIrQ6V6iYs  online]
* Doubler, Michael Dale, and John W. Listman. ''The National Guard: An Illustrated History of America's Citizen Soldiers'' (Potomac Books, 2007) [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=d69NJJcLIOsC&oi=fnd&pg=PP9&dq=%22National+Guard%22+history&ots=zJw_wvVIKF&sig=YToVCTsz8MUZ982pGAwH-k-ix20 online].
*  Doubler, Michael D. ''Civilian in Peace, Soldier in War: The Army National Guard, 1636-2000'' (U of Kansas Press, 2003), a standard scholarly history. 
**  also published as Doubler, Michael D. ''I Am the Guard: A History of the Army National Guard, 1636-2000'' (Army National Guard, 2001), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26306061 online review of this book]
* Doubler, Michael D. ''The National Guard and Reserve: a reference handbook'' (Praeger, 2008)
*  Doubler, Michael D. ''Winged Warriors: The History of Army National Guard Aviation, 1948–2008'' (Army National Guard, 2009), not to be confused with the separate [[Air National Guard]]
* Killen, Eric J. ''Wisconsin Army National Guard'' (Arcadia Publishing, 2014)

* Kreidberg, Marvin A., and Merton G. Henry. ''History of Military Mobilization in the United States Army 1775-1945'' (US Army, 1955) [https://ia800709.us.archive.org/31/items/PAM20-212/PAM20-212.pdf online]; not copyright because it is a government publication.

* Lusted, Marcia Amidon. ''The US National Guard'' (ABDO, 2015) [https://www.google.com/books/edition/US_National_Guard/NUFFBAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22National+Guard%22+history&pg=PP1&printsec=frontcover online]
*{{Cite book|last=Mahon|first=John K.|title=History of the militia and the National Guard|date=1983|publisher=Macmillan |location=New York|oclc=9110954}}, a standard scholarly history [https://archive.org/details/historyofmilitia0000maho/page/n5/mode/2up online]

* Newland, Samuel J. "The National Guard: State versus National Control." ''Public Administration Review'' (1989): 68-73. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/977231 online]
* Newland, Samuel J. "The National Guard: Whose Guard Anyway?" ''The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters'' 18.1 (1988): 32+ [https://press.armywarcollege.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1505&context=parameters online]
*{{cite book | title=The purge of the Thirtieth Division | first1=Henry Dozier | last1=Russell | first2=Lawrence M | last2=Kaplan | location=Annapolis | publisher=Naval Institute Press | year=2014}}
* Todd, Frederick P. "Our National Guard: An Introduction to its History." ''Military Affairs: Journal of the American Military Institute'' (1941): 152-170.

*{{cite journal | last=Vest | first=Bonnie, M | title=Citizen, Soldier, or Citizen-Soldier? Negotiating Identity in the U.S. National Guard | journal=[[Armed Forces & Society]] | volume= 39 | pages=602–627 | number=4 | year=2013| doi=10.1177/0095327X12457725 | s2cid=145213718 }}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|wikt=no|commonscat=yes|b=no|n=no|q=no|s=no|v=no|voy=no|d=Q928670}}
<!--Please:
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* [http://www.nationalguard.mil/ Official website of the National Guard]
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2022/02/17/national-guard-covid/ Omicron slammed essential workers. So the National Guard became teachers, janitors and more], [[The Washington Post]]
* [http://www.nationalguard.mil/Resources/Image-Gallery/Historical-Paintings/Heritage-Paintings/ Thumbnails of the current National Guard Heritage Collection, a series of original paintings commissioned by the Bureau showing scenes from the Guard's past]

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