View source for National Endowment for the Arts

{{Organization
|OrganizationName=National Endowment for the Arts
|OrganizationType=Independent agency
|Mission=To strengthen the creative capacity of our communities by providing all Americans with diverse opportunities for arts participation.
|ParentOrganization=Independent Agency within the U.S. Federal Government
|CreationLegislation=National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965
|Employees=150
|Budget=$167.5 million (FY 2023)
|OrganizationExecutive=Chair (National Endowment for the Arts)
|Services=Grants for Arts Projects, which support public engagement with the arts, including literature, visual arts, dance, music, theater, and more.
Art Works, funding for individuals and organizations to create or present art.
Research and Analysis, providing data and analysis on the arts in America.
State and Regional Partnerships, supporting arts organizations through state and regional arts agencies.
|Regulations=Compliance with the requirements of the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act.
Adherence to federal grant administration policies, including those from the Office of Management and Budget.
|HeadquartersLocation=38.88421, -77.02151
|HeadquartersAddress=400 7th Street SW, Washington, DC 20506
|Website=https://www.arts.gov
}}
{{short description|Independent agency of the United States federal government}}

{{Infobox government agency
|agency_name = National Endowment for the Arts
|logo = National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) Logo 2018 Square on Black.svg
|logo_width =
|logo_caption =
|seal =
|seal_width =
|seal_caption =
|formed =1965
|preceding1 =
|dissolved =
|superseding =
|jurisdiction = [[Federal government of the United States]]
|employees =
|budget = $207 million USD (2023)<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.operaamerica.org/industry-resources/2023/202311/additional-arts-advocacy-updates/arts-advocacy-update/|title = Arts Advocacy Update|last = Shivers|first = Tony|date = November 21, 2023|accessdate = May 14, 2024|work = [[Opera America]]}}</ref>
|headquarters = [[Constitution Center (Washington, D.C.)|Constitution Center]], Washington, D.C.
|chief1_name = Maria Rosario Jackson
|chief1_position = Chairman<ref>[https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/01/20/president-joe-biden-announces-acting-federal-agency-leadership/ www.whitehouse.gov]</ref>
|chief2_name =
|chief2_position =
|parent_agency =
|child1_agency =
|website = {{URL|arts.gov}}
|footnotes =
|chief3_name=|chief3_position=|chief4_name=|chief4_position=|chief5_name=|chief5_position=|chief6_name=|chief6_position=|chief7_name=|chief7_position=|chief8_name=|chief8_position=|chief9_name=|chief9_position=|parent_department=}}

The '''National Endowment for the Arts''' ('''NEA''') is an independent agency of the [[United States federal government]] that offers support and funding for projects exhibiting artistic excellence.<ref name=aboutus>{{cite web|url=http://www.nea.gov/about/index.html|author=National Endowment for the Arts|title=About Us|access-date=March 13, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901102346/http://www.nea.gov/about/index.html|archive-date=September 1, 2006}}</ref> It was created in 1965 as an independent agency of the federal government by an act of the [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]], signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on September 29, 1965 ([[20 U.S.C.]] 951).<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S.C. Title 20 - EDUCATION|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2018-title20/html/USCODE-2018-title20-chap26-subchapI-sec951.htm|access-date=October 2, 2020|website=www.govinfo.gov}}</ref> It is a sub-agency of the [[National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities]], along with the [[National Endowment for the Humanities]], the [[Federal Council on the Arts and the Humanities]], and the [[Institute of Museum and Library Services]].

The NEA  has its offices in Washington, D.C. It was awarded Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre in 1995, as well as the Special Tony Award in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tonyawards.com/en_US/nominees/winners.html |title=The 2016 Tony Awards: Winners |access-date=June 14, 2016}}</ref> In 1985, the NEA won an honorary Oscar from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for its work with the American Film Institute in the identification, acquisition, restoration and preservation of historic films.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Endowment for the Arts wins Honorary Oscar|url=https://www.oscars.org/search/site/national%20endowment%20for%20the%20arts}}</ref> In 2016 and again in 2017, the National Endowment for the Arts received Emmy nominations from the Television Academy in the Outstanding Short Form Nonfiction or Reality Series category.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.emmys.com/shows/national-endowment-arts-united-states-arts|title = National Endowment for the Arts: United States of Arts}}</ref>

==History and purpose==
The National Endowment for the Arts was created during the term of President Lyndon B. Johnson under the general auspices of the Great Society. According to historian Karen Patricia Heath, "Johnson personally was not much interested in the acquisition of knowledge, cultural or otherwise, for its own sake, nor did he have time for art appreciation or meeting with artists."<ref>Karen Patricia Heath,  "Artistic scarcity in an age of material abundance: President Lyndon Johnson, the National Endowment for the Arts, and Great Society liberalism." ''European Journal of American Culture'' 36.1 (2017): 5-22. [https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:648dbe27-79fa-4a83-abef-64a4f656619d/download_file?safe_filename=KHeath_EJAC_2017.pdf&file_format=application%2Fpdf&type_of_work=Journal+article online]</ref>

The NEA is "dedicated to supporting excellence in the arts, both new and established; bringing the arts to all Americans; and providing leadership in arts education".<ref name=aboutus />
{{Further|topic=the 1984 establishment of the|National Center for Film and Video Preservation}}

==Leadership and initiatives==
===Governance===
The NEA is governed by a chairman nominated by the president to a four-year term and subject to congressional confirmation.<ref>Patricia Cohen (August 7, 2013) [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/08/arts/design/vacancies-hamper-agencies-for-arts.html Vacancies Hamper Agencies for Arts] ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref> The NEA's advisory committee, the National Council on the Arts,<!--do not wikilink this; it's a by-country list that just links back here--> advises the chairman on policies and programs, as well as reviewing grant applications, fundraising guidelines, and leadership initiative.<ref name="USC">{{USCode|20|955}}</ref>

===National Council on the Arts===
The council is composed of 25 members, 18 appointed by the [[president of the United States]] with the consent of the [[United States Senate]], six ''[[ex officio]]'' members, and the chairperson of the NEA, who also serves as chair of the council. The six ''ex officio'' members are members of Congress, where two are appointed by the Speaker of the House, one by the Minority Leader of the House, two by the Majority Leader of the Senate, and one by the Minority Leader of the Senate. These six serve two-year terms, and serve as nonvoting members of the council.<ref name="USC" />

The eighteen appointed by the President are selected from among private citizens of the United States who are widely recognized for their broad knowledge of, or expertise in, or for their profound interest in the arts; and have established records of distinguished service, or achieved eminence, in the arts; so as to include practicing artists, civic cultural leaders, members of the museum profession, and others who are professionally engaged in the arts; and so as collectively to provide an appropriate distribution of membership among major art fields and interested citizens groups. In making these appointments, the President shall give due regard to equitable representation of women, minorities, and individuals with disabilities who are involved in the arts and shall make such appointments so as to represent equitably all geographical areas in the United States. These are appointed to serve terms of six years. The terms are staggered so three terms end September 3 each year. These members are not eligible for reappointment during the two-year period following the expiration of their term. However, they may continue to serve on the council after their term's expiration until a successor takes office.<ref name="USC" />

Ten members of the council constitutes a quorum.<ref name="USC" />

===Current council members===
The current council members as of September 28, 2024:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arts.gov/about/leadership-staff/national-council-arts |title=National Council on the Arts |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=Arts.gov |publisher=National Endowment for the Arts |access-date=September 28, 2024}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Position
! Name
! Confirmed
! Term expiration
! Appointed by
|-
! Chair
| {{sortname|Maria Rosario|Jackson}}
| {{dts|2021|12|18}}
| {{dts|2025|12|18}}
| [[List of political appointments by Joe Biden|Joe Biden]]
|-
! Member
| {{sortname|Ismael|Ahmed}}
| {{dts|2021|12|18}}
| {{dts|2024|09|03}}
| [[List of political appointments by Joe Biden|Joe Biden]]
|-
! Member
| {{sortname|Kinan|Azmeh}}
| {{dts|2022|03|15}}
| {{dts|2024|09|03}}
| [[List of political appointments by Joe Biden|Joe Biden]]
|-
! Member
| {{sortname|Bidtah|Becker}}
| {{dts|2022|03|17}}
| {{dts|2022|09|03}}
| [[List of political appointments by Joe Biden|Joe Biden]]
|-
! Member
| {{sortname|Bruce|Carter|Bruce Carter (music educator)}}
| {{dts|2013|01|01}}
| {{dts|2018|09|03}}
| [[Barack Obama]]
|-
! Member
| {{sortname|Gretchen Gonzales|Davidson}}
| {{dts|2022|03|17}}
| {{dts|2022|09|03}}
| [[List of political appointments by Joe Biden|Joe Biden]]
|-
! Member
| {{sortname|Aaron|Dworkin}}
| {{dts|2011|08|02}}
| {{dts|2014|09|03}}
| [[Barack Obama]]
|-
! Member
| {{sortname|Kamilah|Forbes}}
| {{dts|2022|02|17}}
| {{dts|2026|09|03}}
| [[List of political appointments by Joe Biden|Joe Biden]]
|-
! Member
| {{sortname|Deepa|Gupta}}
| {{dts|2012|03|29}}
| {{dts|2016|09|03}}
| [[Barack Obama]]
|-
! Member
| {{sortname|Paul|Hodes}}
| {{dts|2012|08|02}}
| {{dts|2016|09|03}}
| [[Barack Obama]]
|-
! Member
| {{sortname|Emil|Kang}}
| {{dts|2012|09|22}}
| {{dts|2018|09|03}}
| [[Barack Obama]]
|-
! Member
| {{sortname|Michael|Lombardo|Michael Lombardo (music executive)}}
| {{dts|2022|09|29}}
| {{dts|2028|09|03}}
| [[List of political appointments by Joe Biden|Joe Biden]]
|-
! Member
| {{sortname|María López De|León}}
| {{dts|2013|01|01}}
| {{dts|2016|09|03}}
| [[Barack Obama]]
|-
! Member
| {{sortname|Huascar|Medina}}
| {{dts|2021|12|18}}
| {{dts|2026|09|03}}
| [[List of political appointments by Joe Biden|Joe Biden]]
|-
! Member
| {{sortname|Christopher|Morgan|Christopher Morgan (arts administrator)}}
| {{dts|2022|03|15}}
| {{dts|2024|09|03}}
| [[List of political appointments by Joe Biden|Joe Biden]]
|-
! Member
| {{sortname|Fiona Whelan|Prine}}
| {{dts|2022|03|23}}
| {{dts|2024|09|03}}
| [[List of political appointments by Joe Biden|Joe Biden]]
|-
! Member
| {{sortname|Ranee|Ramaswamy}}
| {{dts|2013|10|16}}
| {{dts|2018|09|03}}
| [[Barack Obama]]
|-
! Member
| {{sortname|Jake|Shimabukuro}}
| {{dts|2022|03|15}}
| {{dts|2024|09|03}}
| [[List of political appointments by Joe Biden|Joe Biden]]
|-
! Member
| {{sortname|Constance H.|Williams}}
| {{dts|2022|03|15}}
| {{dts|2026|09|03}}
| [[List of political appointments by Joe Biden|Joe Biden]]
|-
! Member (non-voting)<br>''(ex officio)''
| {{sortname|Tammy|Baldwin}}
| {{dts|2013}}
| —
| [[Chuck Schumer]]
|-
! Member (non-voting)<br>''(ex officio)''
| ''Vacant''
| —
| —
| [[Chuck Schumer]]
|-
! Member (non-voting)<br>''(ex officio)''
| ''Vacant''
| —
| —
| [[Mitch McConnell]]
|-
! Member (non-voting)<br>''(ex officio)''
| {{sortname|Glenn|Thompson|Glenn Thompson (politician)}}
| {{dts|2018|10|04}}
| —
| [[Paul Ryan]], [[Kevin McCarthy]]
|-
! Member (non-voting)<br>''(ex officio)''
| ''Vacant''
| —
| —
| [[Mike Johnson]]
|-
! Member (non-voting)<br>''(ex officio)''
| {{sortname|Chellie|Pingree}}
| {{dts|2017|07}}
| —
| [[Nancy Pelosi]], [[Hakeem Jeffries]]
|}

===Nominations===
President [[Joe Biden|Biden]] has nominated the following to fill seats on the commission. They await Senate confirmation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/quick-search/nominations?wordsPhrases=National+Council+on+the+Arts&wordVariants=on&congressGroups%5B0%5D=0&congresses%5B0%5D=118&nomCivil=on&nomOther=on&pnNumbers=&nomineeNames=&positions=&organizations=&stateTerritories%5B0%5D=any&nominationAction=&dates=datesReceivedInSenate&dateOperator=equal&startDate=&endDate=&dateIsOption=yesterday |title=Quick Search National Council on the Arts |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=Congress.gov |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=September 28, 2024}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Name !! Term expires !! Replacing
|-
| {{sortname|Vanesa Soledad|Simon}} || {{dts|2030|09|03}} || {{sortname|Ranee|Ramaswamy}}
|}

===Budget and grants===
Between 1965 and 2008, the agency has made in excess of 128,000 grants, totaling more than $5 billion. From the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, Congress granted the NEA an annual funding of between $160 and $180&nbsp;million. In 1996, Congress cut the NEA funding to $99.5&nbsp;million as a result of pressure from conservative groups, including the [[American Family Association]], who criticized the agency for using tax dollars to fund highly controversial artists such as [[Barbara DeGenevieve]], [[Andres Serrano]],   [[Robert Mapplethorpe]], and the performance artists known as the "[[NEA Four]]". Since 1996, the NEA has partially rebounded with a 2015 budget of $146.21&nbsp;million.<ref>[http://www.alternet.org/culture/culturally-impoverished-us-nea-spends-140th-what-germany-doles-out-arts-capital]{{dead link|date=January 2017}}</ref> In FY 2010, the NEA's budget reached mid-1990s levels with a $167.5 million budget<ref name="budget">[https://www.arts.gov/about/appropriations-history National Endowment for the Arts Appropriations History], NEA</ref> but fell again in FY 2011 with a budget of $154 million.<ref name="budget" /> On March 11, 2024, [[Joe Biden|President Joe Biden]] released the [[United States federal budget|President's Budget]] for FY 2025, with $210.1 million budgeted for the NEA.<ref>{{cite web |title=FY 2025 President's Budget |url=https://www.arts.gov/news/press-releases/2024/statement-national-endowment-arts-presidents-fiscal-year-2025-budget |website=National Endowment for the Arts |publisher=NEA |access-date=21 May 2024}}</ref>

===Grantmaking===
The NEA provides grants in the categories of arts projects, national initiatives, and partnership agreements. Grants for arts projects support exemplary projects for artist communities, arts education, dance, design, folk and traditional arts, literature, local arts agencies, media arts, museums, music, musical theater, opera, presenting (including multidisciplinary art forms), theater, and visual arts.
The NEA also grants individual fellowships in literature to creative writers and translators of exceptional talent in the areas of prose and poetry.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

The NEA offers partnerships for state, regional, federal, international activities, and design. The state arts agencies and regional arts organizations are the NEA's primary partners in serving the American people through the arts. Forty percent of all NEA funding goes to the state arts agencies and regional arts organizations. Additionally, the NEA awards three Lifetime Honors: NEA [[National Heritage Fellowships]] to master folk and traditional artists, NEA Jazz Masters Fellowships to jazz musicians and advocates, and NEA Opera Honors to individuals who have made extraordinary contributions to opera in the United States. The NEA also manages the [[National Medal of Arts]], awarded annually by the President.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

===Relative scope of funding===
Artist [[William Powhida]] has noted that "in one single auction, wealthy collectors bought almost a billion dollars in contemporary art at [[Christie's]] in New York." He further commented: "If you had a 2 percent tax just on the auctions in New York you could probably double the NEA budget in two nights."<ref>{{Cite episode
| publisher = NPR
| credits = [[Neda Ulaby]] (Director)
| title = In Pricey Cities, Being A Bohemian Starving Artist Gets Old Fast
| series = All Things Considered
| access-date = May 31, 2014
| date = May 15, 2014
| url = https://www.npr.org/2014/05/15/312779821/in-pricey-cities-being-a-bohemian-starving-artist-gets-old-fast
}}</ref>

===Lifetime honors===
The NEA is the federal agency responsible for recognizing outstanding achievement in the arts. It does this by awarding three lifetime achievement awards. The [[NEA Jazz Masters|NEA Jazz Masters Fellowships]] are awarded to individuals who have made significant contributions to the art of jazz. The NEA [[National Heritage Fellowship]]s are awarded for artistic excellence and accomplishments for American's folk and traditional arts. The [[List of National Medal of Arts recipients|National Medal of Arts]] is awarded by the President of the United States and NEA for outstanding contributions to the excellence, growth, support, and availability of the arts in the United States.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

==Chairpersons==
* 1965–1969 [[Roger L. Stevens]], appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson
* 1969–1977 [[Nancy Hanks (NEA)|Nancy Hanks]], appointed by [[Richard M. Nixon]]
* 1977–1981 [[Livingston L. Biddle, Jr.]], appointed by [[Jimmy Carter]]
* 1981–1989 [[Frank Hodsoll]], appointed by [[Ronald Reagan]]
* 1989–1992 [[John Frohnmayer]], appointed by [[George H. W. Bush]]
* 1993–1997 [[Jane Alexander]], appointed by [[Bill Clinton]]
* 1998–2001 [[Bill Ivey]], appointed by [[Bill Clinton]]
* 2002 [[Michael P. Hammond]], appointed by George W. Bush
* 2002–2003 Eileen Beth Mason, Acting Chairman, appointed by George W. Bush
* 2003–2009 [[Dana Gioia]], appointed by George W. Bush
* 2009 Patrice Walker Powell, Acting Chairman, appointed by [[Barack Obama]]<ref>[http://www.nea.gov/news/news09/nea-acting-chairman.html "National Endowment for the Arts Announces New Acting Chairman"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404150353/http://www.nea.gov/news/news09/nea-acting-chairman.html |date=April 4, 2009 }}, NEA press release dated February 2, 2009, at NEA website.</ref><ref>Robin Pogrebin, [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/16/arts/16mone.html "Saving Federal Arts Funds: Selling Culture as an Economic Force,"] ''[[New York Times]]'', February 16, 2009.</ref>
* 2009–2012 [[Rocco Landesman]], appointed by [[Barack Obama]]<ref>Robin Pogrebin, [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/13/theater/13nea.html?src=twr "Producer Is Chosen to Lead Arts Endowment"], ''[[New York Times]]'', May 13, 2009.</ref><ref>Davi Napoleon, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230516/http://www.thefastertimes.com/ "Mr. Landesman Goes to Washington"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713204000/http://thefastertimes.com/theatertalk/2009/06/13/mr-landesman-goes-to-washington/ |date=July 13, 2009 }}, ''[[The Faster Times]]'', June 13, 2009.</ref><ref name="confirmed">Robin Pogrebin, [http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/07/rocco-landesman-confirmed-as-chairman-of-the-national-endowment-for-the-arts/ "Rocco Landesman Confirmed as Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts"], ''[[New York Times]]'', August 7, 2009.</ref>
* 2012–2014 Joan Shigekawa, Acting Chairman<ref>{{cite web | url=http://arts.gov/news/2012/statement-national-endowment-arts-chairman-rocco-landesman | title=Statement from National Endowment for the Arts Chairman Rocco Landesman | publisher= The National Endowment for the Arts | date=November 20, 2012 | access-date=October 20, 2013}}</ref>
* 2014–2018<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arts.gov/news/2018/statement-jane-chu-conclusion-her-term-nea-chair-june-4-2018 |title=Statement from Jane Chu on the Conclusion of Her Term as NEA Chair on June 4, 2018 {{!}} NEA |website=www.arts.gov |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503100258/https://www.arts.gov/news/2018/statement-jane-chu-conclusion-her-term-nea-chair-june-4-2018 |archive-date=May 3, 2018}}</ref> R. Jane Chu, appointed by [[Barack Obama]]<ref name="chu.confirmation.washingtonpost">{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/2014/06/12/b7b22814-f259-11e3-914c-1fbd0614e2d4_story.html | title=Jane Chu confirmed as NEA Chairman after position had been vacant for a year | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=July 12, 2014 | access-date=July 21, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jane Chu Confirmed as Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts|url=http://arts.gov/news/2014/jane-chu-confirmed-chairman-national-endowment-arts|access-date=June 12, 2014}}</ref>
* 2019–2021<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 4, 2017|title=Mary Anne Carter|url=https://www.arts.gov/staff/mary-anne-carter|access-date=June 15, 2020|website=NEA|language=en}}</ref> Mary Anne Carter, appointed by [[Donald Trump]]<ref name="nasaa-arts.org">{{Cite web|title=Mary Anne Carter Confirmed by Senate as Chairman of National Endowment for the Arts|url=https://nasaa-arts.org/legislative_update/mary-anne-carter-confirmed-by-senate-as-chairman-of-national-endowment-for-the-arts/|access-date=August 6, 2019|website=NASAA|language=en}}</ref>
* 2021–<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 17, 2022|title=Maria Rosario Jackson|url=https://www.arts.gov/about/dr-maria-rosario-jackson-chair-page|website=NEA|language=en}}</ref> Maria Rosario Jackson, appointed by [[Joe Biden]].<ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{Cite web|title=Senate confirms Biden's pick for the National Endowment for the Arts|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/maria-rosario-jackson-arts-endowment/2021/12/18/69d68604-601e-11ec-ae5b-5002292337c7_story.html|access-date=February 17, 2022|website=NEA|language=en}}</ref>

=== Nancy Hanks (1969–77) ===
[[Nancy Hanks (art historian)|Nancy Hanks]], the second chairman, was appointed by President Richard Nixon, continuing her service under Gerald Ford. During her eight-year tenure, the NEA's funding increased from $8 million to $114 million.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}

According to [[Elaine A. King]]:
:Nancy Hanks perhaps was able to accomplish her mission because she functioned as a benevolent art dictator rather than mucking with multiple agendas and political red-tape.  From 1969 through 1977, under Hanks' administration, the Arts Endowment functioned like a fine piece of oiled machinery. Hanks continuously obtained the requested essential appropriations from Congress because of her genius in implementing the power of the lobby system.  Although she had not had direct administrative experience in the federal government, some people were skeptical at the beginning of her term.  Those in doubt underestimated her bureaucratic astuteness and her ability to direct this complex cultural office. Richard Nixon's early endorsement of the arts benefited the Arts Endowment in several ways. The budget for the Arts Endowment not only increased but more federal funding became available for numerous programs within the agency.<ref>Elaine A. King,"Pluralism in the Visual Arts In the United States, 1965-1978: The National Endowment for the Arts, an Influential Force"' (Ph.D. Dissertation, Northwestern University, 1986).</ref>

==See also==
* [[National Endowment for the Humanities]]
* [[National Heritage Fellowship]]
* [[List of recipients of the National Medal of Arts|National Medal of Arts winners]]
* [[NEA Jazz Masters]]
* [[New York City Office of Cultural Affairs|New York City Department of Cultural Affairs]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* Statement from [[Jane Chu]] on the Conclusion of Her Term as NEA Chair on June 4, 2018
* {{cite book |author = National Endowment for the Arts |title = The National Endowment for the Arts 1965-2000: A Brief Chronology of Federal Support for the Arts |location=Washington, DC |publisher=National Endowment for the Arts |url = http://www.nea.gov/about/Chronology/Chronology.html |year=2000 |oclc=52401250 |access-date=May 24, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080517164019/http://www.nea.gov/about/Chronology/Chronology.html |archive-date=May 17, 2008 }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Arian |first=Edward |title=The Unfulfilled Promise: Public Subsidy of the Arts in America |year=1993}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Benedict |editor-first=Stephen |title=Public Money and the Muse: Essays on Government Funding for the Arts |year=1991}}
* {{cite journal |last=Binkiewicz |first=Donna M. |title=Directions in arts policy history |journal=Journal of Policy History |volume=21 |issue=4 |year=2009 |pages=424–430|doi=10.1017/S0898030609990157 |s2cid=145674813 }}
* {{cite book |last=Binkiewicz |first=Donna M. |title=Federalizing the Muse: United States Arts Policy and the National Endowment for the Arts, 1965–1980 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-8078-2878-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Cowen |first=Tyler |title=Good and plenty: The creative successes of American arts funding |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2009}}
* {{cite journal |last=Heath |first=Karen Patricia |title=Artistic scarcity in an age of material abundance: President Lyndon Johnson, the National Endowment for the Arts, and Great Society liberalism |journal=European Journal of American Culture |volume=36 |issue=1 |year=2017 |pages=5–22 |doi=10.1386/ejac.36.1.5_1 |s2cid=164923622 |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:648dbe27-79fa-4a83-abef-64a4f656619d/download_file?safe_filename=KHeath_EJAC_2017.pdf&file_format=application%2Fpdf&type_of_work=Journal+article}}
* {{cite journal |last=Jensen |first=Richard |title=The culture wars, 1965-1995: A historian's map |journal=Journal of Social History |year=1995 |volume=29 |pages=17–37 |doi=10.1353/jsh/29.Supplement.17 |jstor=3789064}}
* {{cite journal |last=Kammen |first=Michael |title=Culture and the State in America |journal=Journal of American History |volume=83 |issue=3 |year=1996 |pages=791–814 |doi=10.2307/2945640 |jstor=2945640}}
* {{cite thesis |last=King |first=Elaine A. |author-link=Elaine A. King |title=Pluralism in the Visual Arts In the United States, 1965-1978: The National Endowment for the Arts, and Influential Force |type=Ph.D. dissertation |publisher=Northwestern University |year=1986}}
* {{cite book |last=Levy |first=Alan Howard |title=Government and the arts: Debates over federal support of the arts in America from George Washington to Jesse Helms |publisher=University Press of America |year=1997}}
* {{cite journal |last=Love |first=Jeffrey |title=Sorting out our roles: The state arts agencies and the national endowment for the arts |journal=Journal of Arts Management and Law |volume=21 |issue=3 |year=1991 |pages=215–226|doi=10.1080/07335113.1991.9943137 }}
* {{cite book |last=Lowell |first=Julia F. |title=State Arts Agencies 1965-2003. Whose Interests to Serve? |date=2004 |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a426980.pdf |isbn=0-8330-3562-2 |publisher=Rand Corporation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804064507/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a426980.pdf |archive-date=August 4, 2020}}
* {{cite book |last=Marquis |first=Alice Goldfarb |title=Art lessons: Learning from the rise and fall of public arts funding |year=1995}}
* {{cite book |author=National Endowment for the Arts |title=National Endowment for the Arts: a brief history, 1965-2006: an excerpt --the beginning through the Hanks era |year=1986 |url=https://archive.org/details/nationalendowmen00nati_1}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ottley |first1=Gary |last2=Hanna |first2=Richard |title=Do consumers know enough to assess the true value of art? A study of beliefs and attitudes toward the NEA |journal=Journal of Public Affairs |volume=18 |issue=2 |year=2018 |doi=10.1002/pa.1654}}
* {{cite journal |last=Schuster |first=J. Mark |title=Sub-national cultural policy--where the action is: Mapping state cultural policy in the United States |journal=International Journal of Cultural Policy |volume=8 |issue=2 |year=2002 |pages=181–196|doi=10.1080/1028663022000009623 |s2cid=143744753 }}
* {{cite book |last=Uy |first=Michael Sy |title=Ask the Experts: How Ford, Rockefeller, and the NEA Changed American Music |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9780197510445}}

===Primary sources===
* [[Jane Alexander|Alexander, Jane]]. ''Command Performance: an Actress in the Theater of Politics''. (Public Affairs, 2000) Chairman of the NEA 1993–1997
* [[Livingston L. Biddle Jr.|Biddle, Livingston]]. ''Our government and the arts: A perspective from the inside'' (1988),  drafted NEA legislation; senior NEA official
* [[John Frohnmayer|Frohnmayer, John]]. ''Leaving Town Alive: Confessions of an Arts Warrior'' (1992) NEA Chairman 1989 to 1992
* Straight, Michael. ''Nancy Hanks: an intimate portrait: the creation of a national commitment to the arts. '' (1988) [[Nancy Hanks (art historian)|Nancy Hanks]]  was NEA Chairman 1969–77; Michael Straight was her deputy chairman.
* {{cite book | last=National Endowment for the Arts | title=The National Endowment for the Arts 1965-2000: A Brief Chronology of Federal Support for the Arts | location=Washington, DC | publisher=National Endowment for the Arts | url=http://www.nea.gov/about/Chronology/Chronology.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517164019/http://www.nea.gov/about/Chronology/Chronology.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=May 17, 2008 }}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.arts.gov/}}
* [https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/national-foundation-on-the-arts-and-the-humanities National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities] in the [[Federal Register]]
*  [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%22National%20endowment%20for%20the%20arts%22%29 publications by and about NEA online free]
* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/nea.html NEA Small Press Collection] From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the [[Library of Congress]]

{{NEA chairs}}
{{Academy Honorary Award}}
{{Special Tony Award}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1965 establishments in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Arts councils of the United States]]
[[Category:Arts organizations established in 1965]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1965]]
[[Category:Great Society programs]]
[[Category:Independent agencies of the United States government]]
[[Category:National Endowment for the Arts| ]]
[[Category:Organizations awarded an Academy Honorary Award]]
[[Category:Special Tony Award recipients]]
[[Category:National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities]]