View source for National Crime Information Center

{{short description|US central database of crime-related information}}
{{Redirect|NCIC|the athletic conference|North Central Illinois Conference}}

{{Infobox government agency
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| formed          = {{Start date and age|1967|2|14}}
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| region_code     = US-DC
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The '''National Crime Information Center''' ('''NCIC''') is the United States' central [[database]] for tracking crime-related information. The NCIC has been an [[information sharing]] tool since 1967.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/ncic-turns-50?|title=NCIC Turns 50|publisher=FBI}}</ref> It is maintained by the [[Criminal Justice Information Services Division]] (CJIS) of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) and is interlinked with federal, tribal, state, and local agencies and offices.<ref name=NCICHistory>{{cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ncic/ncic_history |title=NCIC: History and Milestones |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2014 |website=fbi.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Justice |access-date=2014-06-29 }}</ref><ref name=Kirkpatrick031113>{{cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/the-fbis-national-crime-information-center |title=Testimony Before the United States Senate Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Washington DC  |last=Kirkpatrick |first=Michael D. |date=2003-11-13 |website=fbi.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Justice |access-date=2014-06-29 }}</ref>

==History==
The NCIC database was created in 1967 under FBI director [[J. Edgar Hoover]]. The purpose of the system was to create a centralized information system to facilitate information flow between the numerous law enforcement branches. The original infrastructure cost is estimated to have been over $180 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcn.com/print/16_10/32700-1.html |title=Under fire FBI vows to meet database deadline |publisher=Gcn.com |date=1997-03-31 |access-date=2012-01-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080525102947/http://www.gcn.com/print/16_10/32700-1.html |archive-date=2008-05-25 }}</ref> In the mid-1990s, the program went through an upgrade from the legacy system to the current NCIC 2000 system. A 1993 [[GAO]] estimate concluded that in addition to the costs of the upgrades, the FBI would need to spend an additional $2 billion to update its computer system to allow all users workstation access.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eff.org/Privacy/ID_SSN_fingerprinting/1993_gao_ncic_abuses.report |title=Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Information, Justice, Agriculture and Transportation, Committee on Government Operations, and the Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights, Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=1993 |website=eff.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011101091345/http://www.eff.org/Privacy/ID_SSN_fingerprinting/1993_gao_ncic_abuses.report |archive-date=2001-11-01 }}</ref>

== Records ==
The NCIC makes available a variety of records to be used for law enforcement and security purposes. The NCIC database includes 21 files: 14 person files and seven property files.<ref name=FBI-NCICFile>{{cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/services/cjis/ncic |title=National Crime Information Center (NCIC) |department=fbi.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Justice |access-date=December 27, 2017}}</ref>

'''Person files''':<ref name=FBI-NCICFile/>
* [[Missing Person]] File: Records on people—including children—who have been reported missing to law enforcement and there is a reasonable concern for their safety.
* Foreign Fugitive File: Records on people wanted by another country for a crime that would be a [[felony]] if it were committed in the United States.
* Identity Theft File: Records containing descriptive and other information that law enforcement personnel can use to determine if an individual is a victim of identity theft or if the individual might be using a false identity.
* Immigration Violator File: Records on criminal [[Alien (law)|aliens]] whom [[immigration]] authorities have deported and aliens with outstanding administrative warrants of removal.
* Protection Order File: Records on people against whom [[protection orders]] have been issued.
* Supervised Release File: Records on people on probation, parole, or [[supervised release]] or released on their own recognizance or during pre-trial sentencing.
* [[Unidentified decedent|Unidentified Person File]]: Records on unidentified deceased people, living persons who are unable to verify their identities, unidentified victims of catastrophes, and recovered body parts. The file cross-references unidentified bodies against records in the Missing Persons File.
* U.S. Secret Service Protective File: Records containing names and other information on people who are believed to pose a threat to the U.S. president and/or others afforded protection by the [[United States Secret Service|U.S. Secret Service]].
* Gang File: Records on violent [[gang]] groups and their members.
* Known or Appropriately Suspected Terrorist File: Records on known or appropriately suspected [[terrorist]]s in accordance with HSPD-6.
* [[Fugitive|Wanted Person]] File: Records on criminals (including juveniles who may have been tried as adults) for whom a federal [[Arrest warrant|warrant]] or a felony or misdemeanor warrant is outstanding.
* National Sex Offender Registry File: Records on people who are required to register in a jurisdiction's [[Sex offender registries in the United States|sex offender registry]].
* [[National Instant Criminal Background Check System]] (NICS) Denied Transaction File: Records on people who have been determined to be classified as a "[[Gun Control Act of 1968#Prohibited persons|forbidden person]]" according to the [[Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act]] and were denied as a result of a [[National Instant Criminal Background Check System|NICS]] background check. ({{as of|2012|August}}, records include last six months of denied transactions; in the future, records will include all denials.)
* Violent Person File: Once fully populated with data from the users, this file will contain records of persons with a [[Violent crime|violent criminal]] history and persons who have previously threatened law enforcement.

'''Property files''':<ref name=FBI-NCICFile/>
<!-- New links in alphabetical order please -->
* Article File: Records on stolen articles and lost public safety, homeland security, and critical infrastructure identification.
* Boat File: Records on stolen boats.
* Gun File: Records on stolen, lost, and recovered weapons and weapons that are designed to expel a projectile by air, carbon dioxide, or explosive action and have been used in the commission of crimes.
* License Plate File: Records on stolen license plates and vehicles.
* Securities File: Records on serially numbered stolen, embezzled, used for ransom, or counterfeit [[Security (finance)|securities]].
* Vehicle and Boat Parts File: Records on serially numbered stolen vehicle or boat parts for which the [[Vehicle identification number|serial number]] may have been altered or removed.
* Vehicle File: Records on stolen vehicles (and their license plates), vehicles involved in the commission of crimes, or vehicles that may be taken from the owner by force based on federally issued court order.

==Validity==

There have also been issues and concerns regarding arrests and seizures pursuant to mistaken beliefs in the existence of warrants and warrantless [[probable cause]] based on inaccurate NCIC information.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Probable Cause Based on Inaccurate Computer Information: Taking Judicial Notice of NCIC Operating Policies and Procedures|first=Patrick|last=Hand|journal=[[Fordham Urban Law Journal]]|date=1982|volume=10|issue=3|pages=497–510|url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ulj/vol10/iss3/5/}}</ref> Queries for immigration status have also been shown to have [[false positives]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtech.com/e-government/MPI-Report-Shows-Database-Errors-Plague.html|title=MPI Report Shows Database Errors Plague Immigration Enforcement|date=December 16, 2005|access-date=6 July 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Criminal Justice Information Services Division]]
*[[Interstate Identification Index]]
*[[Restraining order]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://le.fbi.gov/informational-tools/ncic National Crime Information Center]

{{FBI}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Government agencies established in 1967]]
[[Category:Federal Bureau of Investigation]]
[[Category:Law enforcement databases in the United States]]
[[Category:Missing people organizations based in the United States]]
[[Category:Criminal records databases]]
[[Category:Forensic databases]]