View source for Joint Artificial Intelligence Center

{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2020}}

[[File:JAIC logo (primary).jpg|thumb|]]

The '''Joint Artificial Intelligence Center (JAIC)''' (pronounced "jake")<ref name=CRS1>{{cite report |author=Kelley M. Sayler |date=June 8, 2021 |title=Defense Primer: Emerging Technologies |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/IF11105.pdf |publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]] |access-date=July 22, 2021}}</ref> was an American organization on exploring the usage of [[Artificial Intelligence]] (AI) (particularly [[Edge computing]]), [[Network science|Network of Networks]] and AI-enhanced communication for use in actual combat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/1755942/dod-unveils-its-artificial-intelligence-strategy/|title=DOD Unveils Its Artificial Intelligence Strategy|website=U.S. Department of Defense }}</ref><ref name=dodcio/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://breakingdefense.com/2018/06/joint-artificial-intelligence-center-created-under-dod-cio/|title=Joint Artificial Intelligence Center Created Under DoD CIO|first=Paul|last=McLeary|date=June 29, 2018}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|last=Barnett |first=Jackson |url=https://www.fedscoop.com/military-ai-hardware-in-battle/ |title=For military AI to reach the battlefield, there are more than just software challenges |publisher=FedScoop |date=June 19, 2020 |accessdate=June 26, 2020}}</ref> In February 2022, JAIC was integrated into the Chief Digital and Artificial Intelligence Office (CDAO).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-09 |title=CDAO - Chief Digital and Artificial Intelligence Office |url=https://www.ai.mil/ |access-date=2022-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109201110/https://www.ai.mil/ |archive-date=November 9, 2022 }}</ref>

A subdivision of the [[United States Armed Forces]], it was created in June 2018. The organization's stated objective was to "transform the [[DoD|US Department of Defense]] by accelerating the delivery and adoption of AI to achieve mission impact at scale. The goal is to use AI to solve large and complex problem sets that span multiple combat systems; then, ensure the combat Systems and Components have real-time access to ever-improving libraries of data sets and tools."<ref name=dodcio>{{cite web|url=https://dodcio.defense.gov/About-DoD-CIO/Organization/JAIC/ |title=Joint Artificial Intelligence Center |publisher=Department of Defense |accessdate=June 26, 2020}}</ref>

==History==
JAIC was originally proposed to [[United States Congress|Congress]] on June 27, 2018;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://admin.govexec.com/media/establishment_of_the_joint_artificial_intelligence_center_osd008412-18_r....pdf |title=Memo: Establishment of the Joint Artificial Intelligence Center |publisher=Deputy Secretary of Defense, Department of Defense |date=June 27, 2018 |accessdate=June 26, 2020}}</ref> that same month, it was established under the [[United States Department of Defense|Defense Department's]] [[chief information officer]] (CIO), itself subordinate to the [[Office of the Secretary of Defense]] (OSD), to coordinate Department-wide AI efforts.<ref name=CRS1/> Throughout 2020, JAIC started financially engaging with the AI industry for the development of specific applications.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://defensesystems.com/articles/2020/05/20/jaic-alliant2-ai-gsa.aspx|title=DOD lands major contract for war-fighting AI|first1=Mark|last1=Rockwell|date=May 20, 2020|website=Defense Systems}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.c4isrnet.com/artificial-intelligence/2020/05/18/booz-allen-hamilton-wins-massive-pentagon-artificial-intelligence-contract/|title=Booz Allen Hamilton wins massive Pentagon artificial intelligence contract|first=Andrew|last=Eversden|date=May 18, 2020|website=C4ISRNET}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.consulting.us/news/4368/booz-allen-wins-800-million-ai-contract-from-defense-department|title=Booz Allen wins $800 million AI contract from Defense Department|date=June 16, 2020|website=consulting.us}}</ref>

Current proposals for JAIC include giving it the authority as a financial entity to acquire its own technology, and elevating its position to be under the [[Deputy Secretary of Defense]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Barnett |first=Jackson |url=https://www.fedscoop.com/jaic-acquisition-authority-jack-shanahan |title=JAIC needs its own acquisition authority within next two years, Shanahan says |publisher=FedScoop |date=May 21, 2020 |accessdate=June 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Barnett |first=Jackson |url=https://www.fedscoop.com/jaic-deputy-secretary-defense-hasc/ |title=Lawmakers want Joint AI Center directly under deputy secretary of Defense |publisher=FedScoop |date=June 22, 2020 |accessdate=June 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://armedservices.house.gov/_cache/files/9/f/9fbe6df7-0181-4e8a-9ef5-98c2e55b4741/39DF8ED44498A90CC90E32F00CF89D13.fy21-ndaa-ietc-subcommittee-mark.pdf |title=H.R. 6395—FY21 National Defense Authorization Bill |publisher=Subcommittee on Intelligence and Emerging Threats and Capabilities |date= |accessdate=June 26, 2020}}</ref>

On 24 June 2021 the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] gathered reporters for an AI symposium in which it announced the launch of an "AI and data accelerator (ADA) initiative" in which, over the month of July, data teams would work directly with military personnel to provide a proof of concept in data-driven warfare and to observe the possible obstacles for such implementation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://defensesystems.com/articles/2021/06/29/jaic-data-teams-combatant-commands.aspx|title = Pentagon to send AI, data teams to combatant commands this summer| date=June 29, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fcw.com/articles/2021/06/28/jaic-data-teams-combatant-commands.aspx|title=DOD to send AI data teams to combatant commands this summer|date=June 28, 2021|access-date=June 29, 2021|archive-date=June 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629201438/https://fcw.com/articles/2021/06/28/jaic-data-teams-combatant-commands.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 1 June 2022 JAIC, the [[Defense Digital Service]], and the Office of Advancing Analytics were fully merged into a unified organization, the [[Chief Digital and Artificial Intelligence Office]]r (CDAO).<ref name=jGill >JASPREET GILL [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/05/say-goodbye-to-jaic-and-dds-as-offices-cease-to-exist-as-independent-bodies-june-1/ (24 May 2022) Say goodbye to JAIC and DDS, as offices cease to exist as independent bodies June 1 ]</ref> JAIC, DDS, and the other groups within CDAO will cease to be recognized as entities.<ref name= merger >Robert Johnson [https://potomacofficersclub.com/news/dods-new-chief-digital-and-ai-office-achieves-full-operating-capability/ (3 Jun 2022) DOD’s New Chief Digital and AI Office Achieves Full Operating Capability]</ref><ref name= cdaoStaffing >Brandi Vincent [https://www.fedscoop.com/pentagon-announces-new-leadership-for-digital-ai-office/ (1 Jun 2022) Pentagon announces new leadership for chief digital, AI office]</ref>

==Successor==
''Note: as more information becomes available, this section may be split off''

{{anchor|CDAO}}The first '''Chief Digital and Artificial Intelligence Office''' (CDAO)<ref name= cdaoSymposium >ai.mil [https://www.ai.mil/digai2022.html (June 2022) Announcing the 2022 DoD Digital and Artificial Intelligence Symposium]</ref> or Chief Digital and Artificial Intelligence Officer <ref name= cdaoStaffing /><ref name= merger /> was Dr. Craig Martell.<ref name= martell >Department of Defense 
[https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3009684/dod-announces-dr-craig-martell-as-chief-digital-and-artificial-intelligence-off/ (25 April 2022) DoD Announces Dr. Craig Martell as Chief Digital and Artificial Intelligence Officer]</ref><ref name= cdaoDcdaos >Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/artificial-intelligence/2022/06/02/pentagons-ai-data-office-fully-operational-as-leadership-posts-filled/ (2 Jun 2022) Pentagon’s AI, data office fully operational as leadership posts filled]
*DCDAO for Acquisition – Sharothi Pikar
*DCDAO for Policy, Strategy and Governance – Clark Cully
*DCDAO for Enterprise Platforms and Business Optimization – Greg Little
*DCDAO for Algorithmic Warfare – Joe Larson
*DCDAO for Digital Services – Katie (Olson) Savage
*Chief Operating Officer – Dan Folliard
*Chief Technology Officer – Bill Streilein
*Chief of AI Assurance – Jane Pinelis</ref><ref name= cdaoHome >CDAO [https://www.ai.mil/cdao.html (June 2022) Chief Digital and Artificial Intelligence Office (CDAO)]</ref><ref name= aiAntidote >David Roza [https://taskandpurpose.com/news/craig-martell-pentagon-artificial-intelligence/ (14 Jun 2022) The Pentagon’s new data chief waited days just for an ID card] CAC card</ref> USAF secretary Frank Kendall has signalled that the CDAO will have an approach to solving the DoD-wide [[Joint All-Domain Command and Control]] (JADC2) problem: "Deputy Defense Secretary Kathleen Hicks has already asked Martell to take a leading role in the discussions about JADC2".<ref name= kendallCdaoHopes >Jaspreet Gill [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/09/kendall-cdao-will-hopefully-be-able-to-pull-jadc2-efforts-together/ (2 Sep 2022) Kendall: CDAO will ‘hopefully’ be able to pull JADC2 efforts together]</ref><ref name= cdaoSyncJadc2 >Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/it-networks/2022/10/26/pentagon-setting-up-office-to-speed-jadc2-integration-across-military/ (26 Oct 2022) Pentagon setting up office to speed JADC2 integration across military]</ref> Martell's approach is bottom-up starting with each agency, working one-by-one, preserving what is important for each agency.<ref name= skepPixieDust >Patrick Tucker [https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2022/12/defense-departments-new-data-king-skeptical-ai-pixie-dust/380664/ (8 Dec 2022) The Defense Department’s New Data King Is Skeptical of AI 'Pixie Dust'] "A more unified approach to data collection will enable bottom-up tools and capabilities"</ref><ref name= cdaoDataQuality >Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/artificial-intelligence/2022/12/14/pentagons-ai-ambitions-require-high-quality-data-cdaos-martell-says/ (14 Dec 2022) Pentagon's AI ambitions require high-quality data, CDAO’s Martell says] "More than 685 AI projects, including several tied to major weapons systems, were underway at the Defense Department as of early 2021"</ref> As of April 2023 connectivity between Nodes was the critical resource for JADC2.<ref name=aiConnectivity >Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/artificial-intelligence/2023/04/28/connectivity-will-make-or-break-us-military-use-of-ai-official-says/ (28 Apr 2023) Connectivity will 'make or break' US military use of AI, official says]</ref> By February 2024 Dr Hicks announced that DoD had attained a minimum viable capability in JADC2.<ref name= >Colin Demarest [https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/c2-comms/2024/02/21/pentagon-achieves-minimum-viable-version-of-cjadc2-hicks-says/ (21 Feb 2024) Pentagon achieves ‘minimum viable’ version of CJADC2, Hicks says]</ref> 

{{anchor|Radha Plumb}}Dr. Radha Iyengar Plumb assumed the CDAO role after the April 2024 departure of Dr. Martell.<ref name= udcg20 >C. Todd Lopez, DOD News [https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3707732/austin-returns-to-global-travel-with-next-weeks-ukraine-defense-contact-group/ (14 Mar 2024) Austin Returns to Global Travel With Next Week's Ukraine Defense Contact Group]</ref><ref name=expandMinViableCapability >Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. [http://breakingdefense.com/2024/07/gide-goes-wide-defense-ai-chief-seeks-host-of-industry-players-for-global-battle-network/ (16 Jul 2024) GIDE goes wide: Defense AI chief seeks host of industry players for global battle network]</ref><ref name=11Gides >Courtney Albon [https://www.defensenews.com/pentagon/2024/07/16/pentagon-to-expand-industry-pool-for-cjadc2-experimentation/ (16 Jul 2024) Pentagon to expand industry pool for CJADC2 experimentation]</ref>

===Reaction to large language models ===
Dr. Martell has expressed apprehension over the [[large language model]]s of AI such as [[ChatGPT]].<ref name= apprehensiveChat >Patrick Tucker [https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2023/05/pentagons-ai-chief-scared-death-chatgpt/385963/ (3 May 2023) The Pentagon's AI Chief Is 'Scared to Death' of ChatGPT]
*Jaspreet Gill [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/05/pentagon-chief-ai-officer-scared-to-death-of-potential-for-ai-in-disinformation/ (3 May 2023) Pentagon chief AI officer 'scared to death' of potential for AI in disinformation]</ref>

US Air Force Secretary Frank Kendall notes that AI tools to aid decision-making will likely find application.<ref name= kendallChat >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/06/kendall-air-force-studying-military-applications-for-chatgpt-like-artificial-intelligence/ (22 Jun 2023) Kendall: Air Force studying 'military applications' for ChatGPT-like artificial intelligence]</ref> However the US will apply ethical constraints.<ref name= kendallChat />
===GIDEs===

{{anchor|Global information dominance experiments}}{{anchor|GIDEs}}On 30 January 2023 the CDAO announced a series of global information dominance experiments (GIDEs).<ref name= cdaoGides >CDAO [https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3282376/dod-chief-digital-and-artificial-intelligence-office-hosts-global-information-d/ (30 January 2023) DoD Chief Digital and Artificial Intelligence Office Hosts Global Information Dominance Experiments]</ref>{{efn| Four Global Information Dominance Experiments (GIDEs) were held from 2020 to 2021.<ref name=vanherck1 >Gen. Glen D VanHerck [https://warontherocks.com/2021/07/new-tools-to-create-time-and-information-building-the-bike-while-we-ride-it/ (6 Jul 2021) NEW TOOLS TO CREATE TIME AND INFORMATION: "BUILDING THE BIKE WHILE WE RIDE IT"] "global information dominance", 3rd in a series of exercises for all 11 combatant commands. See [[United States Joint Forces Command#Organization]] disestablished 2011
*GIDE [https://blog.palantir.com/in-pursuit-of-information-dominance-f8e452469d04 1: Dec 2020]
*GIDE [https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2021/3/31/northern-command-leads-global-wargame-to-test-ai-capabilities 2: Apr 2021]
*GIDE [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/08/combatant-commands-worry-about-service-jadc2-stovepipes/ 3: Jul 2021]
*GIDE 4: Dec 2021</ref><ref name=vanherck2>Patrick Tucker [https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2021/07/ai-gives-days-advanced-warning-recent-northcom-networked-warfare-experiment/184163/ (29 Jul 2021) AI Gives ‘Days of Advanced’ Warning in Recent NORTHCOM Networked Warfare Experiment]</ref> }} 
GIDE 5 is being held 30 January — 3 February 2023 (Monday—Thursday) at [[the Pentagon]], and at multiple [[combatant command]]s (and therefore across the [[Global Information Grid|global information grid]] for [[Joint All-Domain Command and Control|JADC2]]). The experiment is twofold: 1) "to identify where we may have barriers in policy, security, connectivity, user-interface, or other areas that prohibit data sharing across the Joint force"; and 2) "to show how data, analytics, and AI can improve Joint workflows in a variety of missions from global integrated deterrence through targeting and fires".<ref name= cdaoGides />

GIDE 6 was held from June 5 to July 26, 2023, with allies and partners, to exercise [[Transformation of the United States Army#Project Convergence 2024|Combined Joint All-domain command and control]] (CJADC2).<ref name= cdaoGide6 >Jamie Bennet [https://executivegov.com/2023/06/cdao-continues-jadc2-research-with-6th-iteration-of-global-information-dominance-experiment/ (15 June 2023) CDAO Continues CJADC2 Research With 6th Iteration of Global Information Dominance Experiment; Craig Martell Quoted]</ref>

In GIDE 7, and in GIDE 8 more elements of the kill chains were exercised.<ref name=cJadc2Fy24Funding /> In GIDE 9, which is aligned with Project Convergence C4 (2024), Combined [[JADC2]] is almost ready for deployment, pending Congressional approval of FY2024 funding.<ref name=cJadc2Fy24Funding >Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2024/02/first-version-of-all-service-battle-network-is-real-and-ready-now-hicks/ (21 Feb 2024) First version of all-service battle network is 'real and ready now': Hicks]</ref><ref name=hicksCjadc2 >Joseph Clark, DoD News [https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3683482/hicks-announces-delivery-of-initial-cjadc2-capability/ ((21 Feb 2024) Hicks Announces Delivery of Initial CJADC2 Capability ]</ref> By July 2024 11 GIDE experiments had been held.<ref name=11Gides />

==Technology==
=== AI-powered surveillance  ===
The [[USAF]] has expressed interest in AI-based surveillance for operations based in [[CENTCOM]].<ref name= aiISR >Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/artificial-intelligence/2023/01/31/ai-powered-surveillance-sought-for-us-central-command/ (31 Jan 2023) AI-powered surveillance sought for US Central Command]</ref> Interest in these operations has grown from $600 million to $2.5 billion, from 2016 to 2021.<ref name= aiISR />

===Neuromorphic computing===
JAIC's primary area of interest is [[edge computing]], as even more sensor technologies are being added to weapon systems and [[military vehicles]]. The edge processors that will be used are [[neuromorphic]] processors that will perform neural network computations on the sensor itself without having to send the data to a central processor, thus increasing the robustness of the combat network.<ref name="auto"/> JAIC plans to access the U.S. commercial sector and academia to recruit professionals in the fields of neuromorphic technology and AI safety.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.meritalk.com/articles/jaic-looking-to-improve-engagement-with-private-sector/|title=JAIC Looking to Improve Engagement With Private Sector|publisher=MeriTalk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Barnett |first=Jackson |url=https://www.fedscoop.com/jaic-seeking-private-sector-pitches/ |title=DOD's artificial intelligence center wants pitches from industry this fall |publisher=FedScoop |date=July 5, 2019 |accessdate=June 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nextgov.com/emerging-tech/2020/04/pentagon-needs-tools-test-limits-its-artificial-intelligence-projects/164687/|title=Pentagon Needs Tools to Test the Limits of Its Artificial Intelligence Projects|website=Nextgov.com|date=April 16, 2020 }}</ref><ref name= dataFabric >Ashutosh Gupta, Gartner [https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/data-fabric-architecture-is-key-to-modernizing-data-management-and-integration (11 May 2021) Data Fabric Architecture is Key to Modernizing Data Management and Integration]</ref> ''See [[Internet of Military Things#data fabric|§ data fabric]]''

===Network of networks===
[[Joint All-Domain Command and Control]] (JADC2) is an initiative of the military's network of networks, as each branch of the US Armed Forces (Army, Air Force, Navy, Marines and Coast Guard) intends to have its own communications network. The JADC2 project would integrate all those networks into a larger network on all spatial scales. ''′Connect every sensor, every shooter′'', being the tagline.{{efn|name= iowt |1= JADC2 has to connect the military services: "When you go to war, four DoD defense agencies — National Geospatial Intelligence Agency (NGA), Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA), and National Security Agency (NSA) — become Combat Support Agencies. They are part of the warfighting mechanism, so you need to include all the capabilities they bring to bear."— Scott Stapp <ref name= iowtVsIomt >Breaking Defense [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/03/when-we-talk-about-what-will-enable-jadc2-were-really-talking-about-the-internet-of-warfighting-things/ (22 Mar 2023) When we talk about what will enable JADC2, we’re really talking about the Internet of Warfighting Things ] (IoWT vs IoMT- Internet of Military Things): "Combatant commanders may have units they have command authority over, but if they can't talk to them and connect to them, they don’t have control. That’s what IoWT enables. "— Scott Stapp</ref><ref name= afLead >{{cite web|last=Barnett |first=Jackson |url=https://www.fedscoop.com/air-force-jadc2-funding/ |title=Air Force wants to lead on JADC2 system to connect military domains |publisher=FedScoop |date=March 3, 2020 |accessdate=June 26, 2020}}</ref><ref name= crs >CRS (6 April 2020) {{cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/IF11493.pdf |title=Defense Capabilities: Joint All Domain Command and Control |work=In Focus |publisher=Congressional Research Service |date=April 6, 2020}}</ref><ref name= decisionMakerAuth >Sydney Freedberg  [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/11/military-ai-is-bigger-than-the-kill-chain-jaic-chief/ (4 Nov 2020) Military AI Is Bigger Than Just The Kill Chain: JAIC Chief]</ref><ref name= navyView >Jaspreet Gill [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/10/dod-military-services-havent-actually-defined-the-jadc2-problem-navy-official/ (27 Oct 2022) DoD, military services ‘haven’t actually defined’ the JADC2 problem: Navy official]</ref><ref name=goldfeinRaymond >Gen. David Goldfein and Gen. Jay Raymond [https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2020/02/27/americas-future-battle-network-is-key-to-multidomain-defense/ (28 Feb 2020) America's future battle network is key to multidomain defense] JADC2: " We cannot yet share data in a seamless and simultaneous way between the Army, Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps or the Space Force"</ref><ref name= jadc2Works>Colin Demarest  [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/it-networks/2022/10/21/project-convergence-shows-jadc2-alignment-leaders-from-3-services-say/ (21 Oct 2022) Project Convergence shows JADC2 alignment, leaders from 3 services say]  Interoperations "show the services are aligned and not disjointed".</ref><ref name= usdasJadc2 >Jaspreet Gill [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/10/pentagon-seeks-more-jointness-for-jadc2-as-osd-stands-up-new-office/ (27 Oct 2022) Pentagon seeks more 'jointness' for JADC2 as OSD stands up new office] "The new office will be led by Dave Tremper, director of electronic warfare in the Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment".</ref><ref name="ausaOct2021" >AUSA US Army Professional Forum [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=patz4SN5UcI (Oct 2021) AUSA 2021 Warriors Corner: Advanced Technologies (Cloud and Data) for MDO/JADC2/Cyber Panel]</ref><ref name= hicks22 >DoD [https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2970094/dod-announces-release-of-jadc2-implementation-plan/ (17 Mar 2022) DoD Announces Release of JADC2 Implementation Plan]: " ' °sense, °make sense, and °act' on information across the battle-space quickly using automation, artificial intelligence (AI), predictive analytics, and machine learning to deliver informed solutions via a resilient and robust network environment ".—Dr. Kathleen Hicks, Deputy Secretary of Defense (DSD)</ref><ref name= jadc2Summ >DoD [https://media.defense.gov/2022/Mar/17/2002958406/-1/-1/1/SUMMARY-OF-THE-JOINT-ALL-DOMAIN-COMMAND-AND-CONTROL-STRATEGY.PDF (17 Mar 2022) Summary of the Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) strategy] pages 2 — 8.</ref><ref name= jadc2Cd >Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/it-networks/2022/11/17/how-the-pentagon-knows-when-jadc2-innovations-are-working/ (17 Nov 2022) How the Pentagon knows when JADC2 innovations are working] by introducing benchmarks: "The benchmarks include data on how technologies speed or slow decision making, how many errors are introduced, the variance among available options and potential weak spots or pitfalls" —Jeffery Valenzia.</ref>}}

JADC2 confers on the US the capability to "move data globally at scale".<ref name= mar23Launch >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/03/space-development-agency-readies-launch-of-first-satellites-for-comms-missile-tracking/ (29 Mar 2023) Space Development Agency readies launch of first satellites for comms, missile tracking]</ref> —Gen. [[Chance Saltzman]], US Space Force

===Joint Common Foundation===
"The DoD’s Cloud-Based AI Development and Experimentation Platform"<ref name= jcf >CDAO [https://www.ai.mil/jcf.html Joint Common Foundation (JCF)]</ref>

== List of directors ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan=2| {{abbr|No.|Number}}
! colspan=2| Director
! colspan=3| Term
! rowspan=2| Service branch
|-
! Portrait
! Name
! Took office
! Left office
! Term length
|-
{{Officeholder table
| order             = 1
| military_rank     = Lieutenant General
| image             = Lt. Gen. John N. T. Shanahan.jpg
| officeholder      = [[John N.T. Shanahan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Biographies/Display/Article/108830/lieutenant-general-john-nt-jack-shanahan/|title = John N.t. "Jack" Shanahan}}</ref>
| officeholder_sort = 
| born_year         = 
| died_year         = 
| term_start        = December 2018
| term_end          = 1 June 2020
| timeinoffice      = ~{{ayd|1 December 2018|1 June 2020}}
| defence_branch    = [[File:Military service mark of the United States Air Force.svg|75px]]<br />[[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order             = -
| military_rank     = 
| image             = Nand Mulchandani.jpg
| officeholder      = [[Nand Mulchandani]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ai.mil/bio_mulchandani.html|title=Leadership - Bio-Mulchandani - JAIC|access-date=October 3, 2020|archive-date=September 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920032217/https://www.ai.mil/bio_mulchandani.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| officeholder_sort = 
| born_year         = 
| died_year         = 
| term_start        = 1 June 2020
| term_end          = 1 October 2020
| timeinoffice      = {{ayd|1 June 2020|1 October 2020}}
| defence_branch    = [[File:SES Emblem.svg|75px]]<br />[[Senior Executive Service (United States)|U.S. Senior<br />Executive Service]]
| acting            = y
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order             = 2
| military_rank     = Lieutenant General
| image             = LtGen Michael S. Groen (2).jpg
| officeholder      = [[Michael Groen|Michael S. Groen]]
| officeholder_sort = 
| born_year         = 
| died_year         = 
| term_start        = 1 October 2020
| term_end          = 19 May 2022
| timeinoffice      = {{ayd|1 October 2020|19 May 2022}}
| defence_branch    = [[File:Emblem of the United States Marine Corps.svg|75px]]<br />[[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine Corps]]
}}
|}

==Notes and references==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Government agencies established in 2018]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:United States Department of Defense agencies]]
[[Category:Artificial intelligence]]