View source for Institute for Defense Analyses

{{Short description|American non-profit corporation}}
{{Infobox company
| logo = [[File:IDA-FFRDC logo.png]]
| logo_size = thumb
| logo_alt = IDA logo
| image = ArlingtonCounty-PotomacYard.jpg
| image_size = 240px
| image_caption = IDA headquarters (lower left) with [[Reagan National Airport]] in the background
| type = [[Nonprofit organization|Nonprofit]]
| industry = Research
| hq_location_city = [[Alexandria, Virginia]] 
| hq_location_country = U.S.
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list|[[Norton A. Schwartz]] (President)}}
| divisions = {{Bulleted list|Center for Communications and Computing|Science and Technology Policy Institute|Systems and Analyses Center}}
| revenue = {{increase}} {{US$|270|long=no}}{{nbsp}}million (2021)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/display_990/530233247/IRS%2F530233247_202109_990_2022082920302362 |title=Form 990 for period ending September 2021 |website=[[ProPublica]] |access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref>
| website = {{url|https://www.ida.org|www.ida.org}}
}}
The '''Institute for Defense Analyses''' ('''IDA''') is an American [[non-profit corporation]] that administers three [[federally funded research and development center]]s (FFRDCs) – the Systems and Analyses Center (SAC), [[Science and Technology Policy Institute|the Science and Technology Policy Institute (STPI)]], and the Center for Communications and Computing (C&C) – to assist the [[United States government]] in addressing [[national security]] issues, particularly those requiring scientific and technical expertise. It is headquartered in [[Alexandria, Virginia]].

==History==
Two ideas critical to the birth of the Institute for Defense Analyses, also known as IDA,<ref>The Institute is generally known by its acronym, "IDA." Per Vance, Burt. "[http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199698295.001.0001/acref-9780199698295-e-48304 IDA]." ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5115527719 A Dictionary of Abbreviations]''. : Oxford University Press. Oxford Reference. 2011. Date Accessed 21 Apr. 2014. And also Ann Finkbeiner, ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61864772 The Jasons: The Secret History of Science's Postwar Elite]''. New York: Penguin Books, 2007, p. 36.</ref> emerged from [[World War II]]. The first was the necessity for unifying the several services into a single, coordinated department. The second was the realization of the strength of the relationship between science—and scientists—and national security.
The first reached fruition when President [[Harry Truman]] signed the [[National Security Act of 1947|National Security Acts]] of 1947 and 1949, creating the Department of Defense. (In 1947 the Department of War and the Department of the Navy had been combined to create the [[National Military Establishment]]. From it the present Defense Department was created in 1949.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/155681/US-Department-of-Defense "U.S. Department of Defense."] ''[http://search.eb.com Encyclopædia Britannica]''. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2014. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.</ref>)

To give the nascent [[Office of the Secretary of Defense]] (OSD) the technical expertise and analytic resources to hold its own and to help make unification a reality, [[James Forrestal]], the department's first secretary, established the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (WSEG)<ref>A history of the WSEG—whose life extended until September 1976—has been published in the IDA paper, "[http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA090946 Analytical Support for the Joint Chiefs of Staff: The WSEG Experience, 1958–1976] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210913/http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA090946 |date=2016-03-03 }}." Alexandria, Va.: The Institute, 1979.</ref> in 1948 to assist OSD and the Organization of the Joint Chiefs of Staff by:

* Bringing scientific and technical as well as operational military expertise to bear in evaluating weapons systems;
* Employing advanced techniques of scientific analysis and operations research in the process; and
* Approaching its tasks from an impartial, supra-Service perspective.

The demands on WSEG were more than its small staff of military and civilian analysts could satisfy, and by the early years of the [[Dwight Eisenhower]] administration, there were calls for change.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} The several options gradually coalesced into one and, in 1955, the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff asked [[James R. Killian, Jr.]], then president of MIT, to help form a civilian, nonprofit [[research institute]]. The Institute would operate under the auspices of a university consortium to attract highly qualified scientists to assist WSEG in addressing the nation's most challenging security problems. And so, in April 1956, IDA was incorporated as a [[non-profit organization]].<ref>The birth of IDA was due to the failure of WSEG to attract top talent or compete with the RAND Corporation, which had been established at the same time as RAND. IDA was designed to be able to pay its employees higher salaries and operate with greater independence than those on the federal payroll. See Paul E. Ceruzzi, ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/124164749 Internet Alley: High Technology in Tyson's Corner, 1945–2005]''. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2008, pp. 44–48. According to a report for Congress which summarizes the founding of IDA, "There was considerable concern in the early and mid-1950s that [WSEG] was not performing effectively, so the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA) was created to act as a technical backstop to WSEG and to facilitate the recruitment of high-caliber scientific manpower." See U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. ''[http://ota-cdn.fas.org/reports/9501.pdf A History of the Department of Defense Federally Funded Research and Development Centers] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429045634/http://ota-cdn.fas.org/reports/9501.pdf |date=2014-04-29 }}'', OTA-BP-ISS-157. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1995, p. 26.</ref> In 1958, at the request of the Secretary of Defense, IDA established a division to support the newly created [[Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (ARPA), later renamed the [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (DARPA). Shortly after its creation, the mandate of this division was broadened to include scientific and technical studies for all offices of the [[Assistant Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering|Director of Defense, Research and Engineering]] (DDR&E).<ref>By 1960 WSEG had established five working groups for the fields of cost accounting, mathematics, nucleonics, air defense, and ballistic missiles. See George E. Pugh, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/167231 Operations Research for the Secretary of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff]," ''Operations Research'' (Nov/Dec. 1960, vol. 8, issue 6), p. 844.</ref>

Universities overseeing IDA expanded from the five initial members in 1956 — [[Caltech]], [[Case Western Reserve]], [[MIT]], [[Stanford]] and [[Tulane]] — to twelve by 1964 with the addition of California, Chicago, [[Columbia University|Columbia]], Illinois, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and [[Princeton University|Princeton]].<ref>IDA was created using a $500,000 grant from the Ford Foundation. See Paul Dickson, ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3975940 Think Tanks]''. New York: Atheneum, 1971, p. 146.</ref> University oversight of IDA ended in 1968 in the aftermath of Vietnam War-related demonstrations at Princeton, [[Columbia University protests of 1968|Columbia]], and other member universities.<ref>The book, ''Nothing Personal: The Vietnam War in Princeton, 1965–1975'' describes demonstrations against IDA taking place on the campus of Princeton University. See Lee Neuwirth, ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/428142825 Nothing Personal: The Vietnam War in Princeton, 1965–1975]''. Privately published by the author, 2009. Additional information appears in the article, "[https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/science.160.3829.744 IDA: University-Sponsored Center Hit Hard by Assaults on Campus]," by D.S. Greenberg. ''Science'', New Series, Vol. 160, No. 3829 (May 17, 1968), pp. 744–748.</ref>

Subsequent divisions were established under what became IDA's largest research center, the Studies and Analyses Center (now the Systems and Analyses Center), to provide cost analyses, computer software and engineering, strategy and force assessments, and operational test and evaluation. IDA created the Simulation Center in the early 1990s to focus on advanced distributed simulation, and most recently, established the Joint Advanced Warfighting Program to develop new operational concepts.<ref>As of 1993, after creation of its simulation center, IDA reported that approximately two hundred research tasks were underway at any given time, three-quarters of which were evaluations of defense systems and assessments of advanced technologies. See James A. Smith, ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21875734 Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite]''. Simon and Schuster, 1993, p. 292.</ref>

IDA's support of the National Security Agency began at its request in 1959, when it established the Center for Communications Research in Princeton, New Jersey. Additional requests from NSA in 1984 and 1989 led respectively to what is now called the Center for Computing Sciences in Bowie, Maryland and to a second Center for Communications Research in La Jolla, California. These groups, which conduct research in [[cryptology]] and [[information operations]], make up IDA's Communications and Computing FFRDC.

In 2003, IDA assumed responsibility for [[Science and Technology Policy Institute|the Science and Technology Policy Institute]], a separate FFRDC providing technical and analytic support to the [[Office of Science and Technology Policy]] and other executive branch organizations.<ref>IDA Annual Report, 2006, pp. 4–5, 18, 32.</ref>

Throughout its history, IDA also has assisted other federal agencies. Recent work includes research performed in support of the [[Department of Homeland Security]], the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]], the [[Director of National Intelligence]], and others.

===Leadership===
The following have served as president of IDA:<ref>{{cite web|title="IDA Timeline"|url=https://gallery.ida.org/TLRelease/TLRelease1-0.html
|date=2022-02-05}}</ref>
# [[James McCormack]], 1956–1959 
# [[Garrison Norton]], 1959–1962 
# [[Richard M. Bissell Jr.]], 1962–1964 
# [[Jack Ruina]], 1964–1966 
# [[Maxwell D. Taylor]], 1966–1969 
# [[Alexander H. Flax]], 1969–1983 
# [[Andrew Goodpaster]], 1983–1985 
# [[William Y. Smith]], 1985–1990 
# [[Larry D. Welch]], 1990–2003 
# [[Dennis C. Blair]], 2003–2006 
# Larry D. Welch, 2006–2009 
# [[David S. C. Chu]], 2009–2020
# [[Norton A. Schwartz]], 2020–present

==Sponsors==
IDA's Federally Funded Research and Development Centers ([[FFRDC]]s), work with governmental sponsors and do not work for commercial enterprises or for-profit organizations.<ref>Former IDA president Maxwell D. Taylor expounds on the matter of FFRDCs, in particular IDA's membership in this family of organizations and how they serve the Department of Defense, in his 1968 paper, "[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32111713 Case Study of a 'Think Tank': The Institute for Defense Analyses]." Alexandria, Va.: The Institute, 1968.</ref>

The Systems and Analyses Center's primary sponsor is the [[Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics]]. SAC assists the [[Office of the Secretary of Defense]], the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]], the [[Unified Combatant Command]]s, and [[List of U.S. Department of Defense agencies|U.S. Department of Defense agencies]] in addressing national security issues, particularly those requiring scientific and technical expertise. With concurrence from the USD(AT&L), SAC also supports other sponsors – including the Veterans Administration [[Veteran's Administration]]; the Intelligence Community; [[U.S. Department of Homeland Security]], [[U.S. Department of Commerce]], and [[U.S. Department of Energy]].

The Science and Technology Policy Institute provides analyses for the [[National Science Foundation]] as STPI's primary sponsor and the [[Office of Science and Technology Policy]] as its primary customer. STPI also provides analysis for the [[National Institutes of Health]], the [[U.S. Department of Energy]], the [[National Aeronautics and Space Agency]], and other science-performing Federal agencies.

The Center for Communications and Computing supports the [[National Security Agency]].

==IDA's FFRDCs==
===Systems and Analyses Center===

[[File:MarkCtrArmyPhoto.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The smaller building on the right of the image is IDA's former headquarters.]]The Systems and Analyses Center (SAC)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ida.org/en/SAC.aspx |title=Systems and Analyses Center |publisher=Ida.org |access-date=2016-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423161822/https://www.ida.org/en/SAC.aspx |archive-date=2019-04-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is the largest of IDA's three FFRDCs and is co-located with the IDA headquarters in [[Alexandria, Virginia]]. SAC assists the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD), the Joint Staff, the Combatant Commands, and Defense Agencies in addressing important national security issues, focusing particularly on those requiring scientific and technical expertise.<ref>The Department of Defense, as IDA's sponsor, requires IDA to identify and adhere to "core competencies." Core work is defined as "that which is appropriate for IDA to conduct in pursuit of IDA's mission and charter to support DOD..." IDA's core competencies are defined as systems evaluations, force and strategy assessments, technology assessments, and resource and support analyses. See ''[https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a327794.pdf Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Federally Funded Research and Development Centers (FFRDC) and University Affiliated Research Centers (UARC) Independent Advisory Task Force]''. Washington: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology, January 1997, p. C-4.</ref> It includes the following divisions:

:*'''Cost Analysis and Research Division''' (CARD) helps guide the Department of Defense and other federal agencies in the decisions, policies, and processes of resource – both people and money – allocation. Specifically, CARD analysts engage in:
::*    Evaluating costs for pending government acquisition or retention
::*    Examining resource allocation policies to guide sponsors’ decision
::*    Improving the efficiency and effectiveness of our sponsors’ resource allocation processes
::  CARD also supports the Department of Homeland Security efforts to assess and validate new anti-terrorism systems as mandated by the [[Support Anti-Terrorism by Fostering Effective Technologies Act]]. Similar to the support to DoD, analysts provide the technical evaluation ensuring that proposed technologies are safe and effective.

:*'''Information Technology and Systems Division''' (ITSD) focuses on cybersecurity and other cyberspace challenges of national and global importance. ITSD researchers address all aspects of cyber from the perspectives of cyberspace operations, technology, and policy/law, and where these perspectives intersect. In particular, ITSD concentrates on these areas:
::*    Providing expertise on critical cyber technology procurements via in-depth knowledge of the technology and modern methods for timely acquisition of technology that matters.
::*    Assessing advanced concepts in rapidly changing cyber technologies while identifying and analyzing cyber risks.
::*    Analyzing the workforce to determine if they are ready for cyber challenges and developing training and education programs to ensure we are ready for future cyber challenges.
::*    Applying world-class talent in content understanding by analyzing Big Data to bring clarity to a world drowning in data
::  ITSD researchers have performed assessments of existing DoD cyberspace organizational constructs, developed alternative technology strategies, and advised leaders on the most effective options to enhance cyberspace operations. Analysts also assist DoD and other governmental agencies in addressing problems related to real-world operations.

:*'''Intelligence Analyses Division''' (IAD) provides the [[United States Department of Defense]], the Intelligence Community, and other cabinet departments research and analyses across a wide array of intelligence issues and disciplines. Specific examples of support to our national security include research in the following vital areas:
::*    Countering terrorism, including how terrorist organizations are financed; examining issues unique to Asian counterterrorism; and following developments in improvised explosive devices worldwide
::*    New technology, such as the use of tagging, tracking, and locating (TTL) systems, including the ability to defeat such systems, and measurement and signals intelligence (MASINT) applications, which deal with metric, angle, spatial, wavelength, time dependence, modulation, plasma, and hydromagnetic data
::*    Surprise technology – unanticipated technologies that might be employed against the U.S. by adversaries as the result of either scientific breakthroughs or novel applications of existing technologies.
::*    Cyberspace operations – tracking, analyzing, and countering digital security threats and identifying and tracking those developing, selling, and using cyber weapons on a global basis.

:*'''Joint Advanced Warfighting Division''' (JAWD) focuses on the needs of the joint force commander and, in particular, the future joint force commander. Provides analytic support to post-war programmatic decisions. As DoD reviews capabilities, JAWD provides an independent analytic review of the capabilities built during the war and which ones to maintain to support the joint concept. Specifically, the division is engaged in the following:
::*    Linking new concepts and new technologies to a military context
::*    Moving from concept to reality in the military environment
::*    Exploring military options through structured analysis.

:*'''Operational Evaluation Division''' (OED) provides technical analytical support to the DoD’s [[Director, Operational Test and Evaluation]] (DOT&E) and its mission to conduct independent assessments of the military services’ test and evaluation of new weapons systems. OED’s analytical support functions focus on:
::*    Conducting good tests of military systems in a realistic operational environment
::*    Evaluating those systems from an objective, disinterested, factually based perspective in terms of effectiveness and suitability
::  OED also supports the [[Department of Homeland Security]] efforts to assess and validate new anti-terrorism systems as mandated by the [[Support Anti-Terrorism by Fostering Effective Technologies Act]]. Similar to the support to DoD, analysts provide the technical evaluation that proposed technologies are safe and effective.

:*'''Science and Technology Division''' (STD) provides analyses of science and technology issues related to national security. STD’s core strengths, which include:
::*    Electromagnetics
::*    Energy analysis
::*    Chemical, nuclear, biological detection
::*    Advanced optics
::*    Countering IEDs and mines
::*    Vehicle blast enhancements
::*    Materials and armor
::*    Training and human factors
::*    Robotic systems
::  STD also manages DoD’s Defense Science Studies Group to strengthen connections between the federal government and relevant science and technology communities in academia. The DSSG introduces leading, recently tenured faculty to security challenges and related technology problems.

:*'''Strategy, Forces and Resources Division''' (SFRD) conducts comprehensive integrated, interdisciplinary studies of broad defense policy and long-range planning related to national strategy, organization, and management process issues. SFRD researchers and analysts conduct studies in several key areas:
::*    Analyzing Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) defenses
::*    Conducting organizational effectiveness and human capital management studies
::*    Improving defense resource management
::*    Investigating international arms markets
::*    Researching international collaboration scenarios
::*    Evaluating force structure and capabilities as well as strategy and risk.

:*'''System Evaluation Division''' (SED) provides independent system evaluations, analyses of alternatives, assessments of technology integration, and special system studies for DoD, typically assisting our sponsors in the following tasks:
::*    Formulating and investigating new operational concepts and system architectures
::*    Examining force- and mission-level effectiveness
::*    Assessing the risks, costs, and benefits of new technology insertion
::*    Improving the developmental test and evaluation of major military systems

===Science and Technology Policy Institute===
{{Main| Science and Technology Policy Institute}}

The Science and Technology Policy Institute (STPI),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ida.org/stpi.php|title=Science and Technology Policy Institute (STPI)|work=ida.org}}</ref> is located in [[Washington, D.C.]] It provides objective analysis of science and technology (S&T) policy issues for the White House [[Office of Science and Technology Policy]] (OSTP) and other offices and councils within the executive branch of the U.S. government and federal agencies. Since IDA began operating it in 2003, STPI has provided support to OSTP on topics spanning the spectrum from the ethical, legal, and societal implications of nanotechnology research to aeronautics research and development; and from understanding the effects of U.S. visa policies to efforts that facilitate international research collaboration. In carrying out its work, STPI researchers consult widely with representatives from private industry, academia, and nonprofit organizations. STPI's key functions are to:
::*    Analyze the effect of current and proposed S&T policies on the long-term vitality of the United States
::*    Provide timely and authoritative information regarding significant S&T developments and trends in the United States and abroad, with particular attention to the federal S&T portfolio
::*    Advise OSTP and federal agencies on the implementation and evaluation of research and development programs
::*    Provide technical support and analysis to the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) and to committees and panels of the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), under the direction of OSTP

===Center for Communications and Computing===
In 1959, IDA's Center for Communications and Computing<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ida.org/aboutus/organization/centers.php |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-04-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416223820/https://www.ida.org/aboutus/organization/centers.php |archive-date=2014-04-16 }}</ref> was formed (as the Communications Research Division) as a private [[think tank]] dedicated to helping the [[National Security Agency]] solve advanced [[cryptology]] problems.<ref name="schwartzbeck">{{cite journal|journal=Studies in Intelligence (CIA Internal Journal)|date=c. 1998|page=21|title=The Evolution of US Government Restrictions on Using and Exporting Encryption Technologies|author=Michael Schwartzbeck|url=http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/DOC_0006231614.pdf|access-date=2014-09-22|archive-date=2016-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509195402/http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/DOC_0006231614.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was headed by Cornell professor of mathematics [[J. Barkley Rosser]] (1958–61); University of Chicago mathematics chairman [[Abraham Adrian Albert]] (1961–1962); Yale University professor of mathematics [[Gustav A. Hedlund]]<ref name="leibler">{{cite journal|journal=The Institute of Mathematical Statistics Bulletin|volume=18|number=6|year=1989|pages=581|title=Letter to the editor: Center for Communications Research|author=David I. Lieberman|url=https://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00070316/00106/71}}</ref> (1962-1963); University of Illinois/Sandia Corporation mathematician [[Richard Leibler|Richard A. Leibler]] (1963–1977); and Princeton mathematician [[Lee Neuwirth|Lee Paul Neuwirth]] (1977-unknown).<ref name="schwartzbeck" /><ref>{{cite book| last = Bamford| first = James| author-link = James Bamford| title = The Puzzle Palace: A Report on America's Most Secret Agency| year = 1982| publisher = Houghton Mifflin| isbn= 978-0-14-006748-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/puzzlepalacerepo00bamf/page/426 426–430]| title-link = The Puzzle Palace}}</ref><ref name="nsa.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic-heritage/historical-figures-publications/hall-of-honor/2002/rleibler.shtml |title=Richard Leibler's biography in NSA's Cryptologic Hall of Honor |access-date=2016-11-27}}</ref>

More recently, the Centers, which now consist of a Center for Computing Sciences in [[Bowie, Maryland]], and two Centers for Communications Research with offices in [[Princeton, New Jersey]], and [[La Jolla, California]], have also worked on network security issues.
Within those broad areas, the research portfolio particularly focuses on the creation and analysis of sophisticated encryption methods, high-speed computing technologies, the development of advanced algorithms and their applications, algorithmic and mathematical foundations of cryptology, computer network technologies supporting communications security, information processing technologies supporting [[cyber security]], and analytical applications for large data sets.
Although the Centers in Princeton and La Jolla were founded to focus on the mathematics of cryptology, and the center in Bowie was founded to focus on computational science, all three have developed distinctive areas of expertise. Nonetheless, they work closely with each other and share many overlapping research teams.

:*'''Center for Communications Research, Princeton''' and '''Center for Communications Research, La Jolla'''. One Center was founded in 1959 in [[Princeton, New Jersey]] (originally called the Communications Research Division).  In 1989, a second Center was opened in [[La Jolla, California]].  The two Centers employ more than 70 Ph.D. mathematicians and computer scientists, working on problems in cryptography, cryptanalysis, algorithms, high-performance computing, information processing, signal processing, and network security, as well as related areas of pure and applied mathematics. A surprisingly broad array of branches of the mathematical sciences have proved to be useful in this work, and this is reflected in the variety of backgrounds of the researchers at these Centers. The day-to-day work is aimed at providing practical solutions to important real-world problems faced by NSA, and this can range from deep mathematical investigations to writing advanced computer programs to sophisticated statistical analyses of data. The research environment is distinctive in encouraging close collaboration, multidisciplinary teams, tight coupling between theory and practice, and strong connections with the other Centers.

:*'''Center for Computing Sciences''' (CCS) was founded in 1985 in [[Bowie, Maryland]]. CCS focuses the skills of some of the country’s best computer scientists, engineers, and mathematicians on solving intelligence-related problems of importance to national security, and also on tackling problem sets of interest to the entire computational science world. CCS's original mission, the development and use of high-end computing, has expanded over the years to reflect global political and technological changes. In addition to high-performance computing for cryptography, it now includes cryptography itself, extensive projects in network security and related cyber issues, signal processing, and emerging algorithmic and mathematical techniques for analyzing extremely complex data sets. CCS works closely with [[National Security Agency]] and with US industry on the development of high-performance computing platforms – an effort that senior technology policymakers believe will require government research and development support. These platforms, aimed at meeting the specialized requirements of the most demanding national-security-related computations, will have to far exceed the capabilities of even the most sophisticated computers today. The Center is uniquely qualified to provide significant insight into this challenge, given its depth of experience in NSA’s most advanced computing problems; history of sustained and vigorous dialog with many of the nation's leading high-end computer makers; and active collaborations with the [[United States Department of Energy]]’s [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]], [[Sandia National Laboratories]], and the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]].

====Notable people associated with the Center for Communications and Computing====

{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Abraham Adrian Albert]], CRD director (1961–1962)
* [[Leonard E. Baum]]
* [[Joe P. Buhler]], CCR La Jolla director
* [[Don Coppersmith]]
* [[Alfred W. Hales]], CCR La Jolla director
* [[Gustav A. Hedlund]], CRD director<ref name="leibler" />
* [[Donald Knuth]], 1968-1969
* [[Richard Leibler]], CRD director<ref name="nsa.gov"/>
* [[Jill P. Mesirov]]
* [[Victor S. Miller]], co-inventor of Elliptic Curve Cryptography
* [[Nick Patterson (scientist)|Nick Patterson]]<ref>{{Cite web
 | url = https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/news/radcliffe-magazine/man-who-breaks-codes
 | title = The Man Who Breaks Codes
 | website = Radcliffe Magazine
 | date = 2017-01-30
 | access-date = 2020-11-07
 | archive-date = 2019-07-01
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190701204253/https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/news/radcliffe-magazine/man-who-breaks-codes
 | url-status = dead
 }}</ref>
* [[Eric M. Rains]]
* [[Coke Reed]], CCR Princeton and CCS staff member
* [[Mary Lynn Reed]]
* [[David P. Robbins]], CCR Princeton staff member (1980-2003)
* [[J. Barkley Rosser]], CRD director (1958–1961)
* [[Jim Simons]], CRD staff member (1964-1968)
* [[Lloyd R. Welch]]
* [[Malcolm J. Williamson]], inventor of Diffie-Hellman key exchange
{{div col end}}

==Staff==
IDA employs approximately 1,500 research, professional, adjunct, and support staff. Many have attended the nation's military service academies or served in the military. Approximately 56% hold doctoral degrees; 36% hold master's degrees; and 8% hold bachelor's degrees. The staff specializes in the following research disciplines:

{|
|-
|
;Systems and Analyses Center
|-
|
*Engineering: 23%
*Physical Sciences or Life Sciences: 26%
*Economics, Social Sciences, or Political Science: 24%
|
*Math, Statistics, or Operations Research: 11%
*Computer Science: 7%
*Other (includes Business Administration/Management or Humanities): 9%
|-
|
;Science and Technology Policy Institute
|-
|
*Engineering: 29%
*Physical Sciences or Life Sciences: 28%
*Economics, Social Sciences, or Political Science: 26%
|
*Math, Statistics, or Operations Research: 6%
*Computer Science: 3%
*Humanities: 8%
|-
|
;Center for Communications and Computing
|-
|
*Math, Statistics, or Operations Research: 64%
*Engineering: 10%
*Economics, Social Sciences, or Political Science: 1%
|
*Computer Science: 21%
*Physical Sciences or Life Sciences: 3%
*Humanities: 1%
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.ida.org}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100717100957/https://www.ida.org/stpi/index.html Science and Technology Policy Institute]

{{US government sources}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Institute For Defense Analyses}}
[[Category:Think tanks based in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Non-profit organizations based in Alexandria, Virginia]]
[[Category:Federally Funded Research and Development Centers]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Virginia]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Virginia]]