View source for Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008

{{short description|US act of congress to address the subprime mortgage crisis}}
{{Infobox U.S. legislation
| shorttitle = Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008
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| enacted by = <!--Name of Congress. (e.g. 1st, 10th, 100th). Auto-links to corresponding page. Adding other characters breaks the link-->
| announced by = <!--like "enacted by" but for proposed/unpassed legislation-->
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| cite public law = {{uspl|110|289}}
| cite statutes at large = {{usstat|122|2654}}
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| title amended = <!--US code titles changed-->
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| leghisturl = https://www.congress.gov/bill/110th-congress/house-bill/3221
| introducedin = House
| introducedbill = 
| introducedby = [[Nancy Pelosi]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]–[[California|CA]])
| introduceddate = July 30, 2007
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| signedpresident = George W. Bush
| signeddate = {{start date|2008|07|30}}
| unsignedpresident = <!-- used when passed without presidential signing -->
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| SCOTUS cases = {{ubl|''[[Collins v. Yellen]]'', {{ussc|docket=19-422|volume=594|year=2021}}}}
}}

{{wikisource}}
The United States '''Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008''' (commonly referred to as '''HERA''') was designed primarily to address the [[subprime mortgage crisis]]. It authorized the [[Federal Housing Administration]] to guarantee up to $300 billion in new 30-year [[fixed rate mortgage]]s for [[subprime]] borrowers if lenders wrote down principal loan balances to 90 percent of current appraisal value.  It was intended to restore confidence in [[Fannie Mae]] and [[Freddie Mac]] by strengthening regulations and injecting capital into the two large U.S. suppliers of mortgage funding.  States are authorized to refinance subprime loans using mortgage revenue bonds.  Enactment of the Act led to the government conservatorship of [[Fannie Mae]] and [[Freddie Mac]].

== Legislative history ==
{{expand section|date=May 2011}}
The Act was passed by the [[United States Congress]] on July 24, 2008 and signed by President George W. Bush on July 30, 2008.

=== Subsequent amendments ===

Some provisions of the law were modified by the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]], which was signed into law by [[Barack Obama|President Obama]] on February 17, 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.realtor.org/government_affairs/gapublic/hr_3221_key_provisions |title=Summary of Key Provisions of H.R. 3221 - The Housing Stimulus Bill |publisher=National Association of Realtors  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213184152/http://www.realtor.org/government_affairs/gapublic/hr_3221_key_provisions |archive-date=2009-02-13 }}</ref>

== Federal Housing Finance Agency ==
The Act also established the [[Federal Housing Finance Agency]] (FHFA) out of the [[Federal Housing Finance Board]] (FHFB) and [[Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight]] (OFHEO).

Through the powers granted to FHFA, created by the Act, on September 7, 2008, FHFA director [[James B. Lockhart III]] announced he had put [[Fannie Mae]] and [[Freddie Mac]] under the conservatorship of the FHFA. The action is "one of the most sweeping government interventions in private financial markets in decades".<ref>{{cite news|first=James B. III |last=Lockhart |title=Statement of FHFA Director James B. Lockhart |url=http://www.ofheo.gov/newsroom.aspx?ID=456&q1=0&q2=0 |publisher=Federal Housing Finance Agency |date=September 7, 2008 |access-date=September 7, 2008  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912172510/http://www.ofheo.gov/newsroom.aspx?ID=456&q1=0&q2=0 |archive-date=September 12, 2008 }}</ref><ref name='FHFA-Conservatorship-September 7, 2008'>{{cite news | title= Fact Sheet: Questions and Answers on Conservatorship | date= September 7, 2008 | publisher= Federal Housing Finance Agency | url = http://www.ofheo.gov/media/PDF/FHFACONSERVQA.pdf | access-date = September 7, 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080909183946/http://www.ofheo.gov/media/PDF/FHFACONSERVQA.pdf |archive-date=2008-09-09 }}</ref><ref name='Washington Post-Goldfarb, Cho & Appelbaum-September 7, 2008'>{{cite news | first= Zachary A. | last= Goldfarb |author2=David Cho |author3=Binyamin Appelbaum | title= Treasury to Rescue Fannie and Freddie: Regulators Seek to Keep Firms' Troubles From Setting Off Wave of Bank Failures | date = September 7, 2008 | url =https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/06/AR2008090602540.html?hpid=topnews | newspaper = Washington Post | pages = A01 | access-date = September 7, 2008 }}</ref>

== Subtitles of the Act ==

=== Housing Assistance Tax Act of 2008 ===
{{wikisource|Housing Assistance Tax Act of 2008}}
Included a first-time home buyer refundable tax credit for purchases on or after April 9, 2008 and before July 1, 2009 equal to 10 percent of the purchase price of a principal residence, up to $7,500.
*Phased out the credit for taxpayers with incomes over $75,000 ($150,000 for joint returns).
*Required taxpayers receiving the credit to repay it over 15 years in equal installments by imposing a surcharge on the taxpayers' annual income tax.
The Act provided emergency assistance for the redevelopment of abandoned and foreclosed homes.

=== FHA Modernization Act of 2008 ===
{{wikisource|FHA Modernization Act of 2008}}
An [[FHA loan]] is a mortgage loan whose repayment is guaranteed by the [[Federal Housing Administration]] (FHA).

The Act:
*Increased the FHA loan limit from 95 percent to 110 percent of area median home price up to 150 percent of the [[Conforming loan|GSE conforming loan limit]], or $625,000), effective January 1, 2009.
*Required a down payment of at least 3.5 percent for any FHA loan.
Limited of regulation can Placed a 12-month moratorium second [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development|U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development]] implementation of risk-based premiums.
*Prohibited seller-funded down payments.

=== Federal Housing Finance Regulatory Reform Act of 2008 ===
{{wikisource|Federal Housing Finance Regulatory Reform Act of 2008}}

{{Expand section|date=September 2008}}
This statute established the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) as an independent federal agency.

=== HOPE for Homeowners Act of 2008 ===
{{wikisource|HOPE for Homeowners Act of 2008}}
*Authorized the FHA to insure up to $300 billion of 30-year fixed rate refinance loans up to 90% of appraised value for distressed borrowers.
Covered mortgage commitments made on or before January 1, 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hud.gov/hopeforhomeowners/consumerfactsheet.cfm |title=Basic Consumer Facts about the HOPE for Homeowners Program - HUD |access-date=2010-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619091908/http://www.hud.gov/hopeforhomeowners/consumerfactsheet.cfm |archive-date=2010-06-19  }}</ref>
*Required existing mortgage holders to accept the proceeds of the insured loan as payment in full for all pre-existing indebtedness.
*Lender participation in this program was not required but voluntary to cover financial.

As of February 2009, only 451 applications had been received and 25 loans finalized, far short of the estimated 400,000 homeowners who were expected to participate. This was attributed to high fees, high interest rates, the need for a reduction in principal on the part of the lender, and the requirement that the federal government receive 50% of any appreciation in value of the house. Congress began hearings on the program in February.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=100163398 | title=Homeowners Rescue Program Shows Slim Benefits | website=NPR.org | publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref>

=== Mortgage Disclosure Improvement Act of 2008 ===
{{wikisource|Mortgage Disclosure Improvement Act of 2008}}

{{Expand section|date=September 2008}}

=== Secure and Fair Enforcement for Mortgage Licensing Act of 2008 ===
{{wikisource|S.A.F.E. Mortgage Licensing Act of 2008}}
"Secure and Fair Enforcement for Mortgage Licensing Act" (12 United States Code, Section 5100, ''et seq.''), passed by Congress and signed by President G.W. Bush in 2008, required all states to implement a [[Mortgage Loan Originator]] (MLO) licensing and registration system by August 1, 2009 (August 1, 2010 for legislatures that meet biennially). States can operate their own systems, subject to stringent federal standards, or they can participate in the [[Nationwide Multi-State Licensing System and Registry]] (NMLS), a service operated jointly by the Conference of State Bank Supervisors and the American Association of Residential Mortgage Regulators (CSBS/AARMR). If the state's licensing and registration program does not meet minimum standards at any time, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is empowered to step in and impose a compliant system upon the state.

The objectives of the SAFE Act include aggregating and improving the flow of information to and between regulators; providing increased accountability and tracking of MLOs; enhancing consumer protections; supporting anti-fraud measures; and providing consumers with easily accessible information at no charge regarding the employment history of and publicly adjudicated disciplinary and enforcement actions against MLOs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CFPB Consumer Laws and Regulations|url=https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/201203_cfpb_update_SAFE_Act_Exam_Procedures.pdf}}</ref>

Upon registration, MLOs are provided with a Unique Identifier number. All MLOs and their employers are required to provide this unique identifier to anyone who requests it, and the federally chartered mortgage institutions, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, require that it be placed on all loan documents for loans that they purchase. Consumers will be able to use this number to obtain basic information on any registered MLO. This information includes name and aliases, employment history, current employment and contact information, negative civil judgments or settlements, and disciplinary and criminal history.{{citation needed|date=May 2011}}

The Act and the implementing regulations, which were issued jointly by the federal banking agencies in 2010, define a "mortgage loan originator" as any individual who ''both'' takes residential loan applications ''and'' "offers or negotiates" residential mortgage loan terms. Additionally, the individual must undertake these activities for economic gain (''i.e.'', get paid for it).<ref name=":0">12 C.F.R. § 365.101</ref> Persons who perform merely clerical or administrative tasks in connection with loan origination are not considered MLOs.<ref name=":0" /> The terms, "taking a mortgage loan application" and "offering or negotiating terms" are defined very broadly so that just about any person in the underwriting process who has more than cursory contact with a potential borrower is an MLO. Mortgage loans include financing and refinancing transactions, reverse mortgages, home equity lines of credit and just about any other credit transaction secured by a first or junior lien on a dwelling.

Not all persons who qualify as MLOs are required to become licensed or to register with the newly renamed [[Nationwide Multi-State Licensing System and Registry]] (NMLS). Licensed Realtors and MLOs who work for federally regulated financial institutions, for example, are not required to be licensed as MLOs, although they are required to register. Those who would otherwise be required to register are exempted if they have:

# Never been registered before and,
# Perform five or fewer mortgage loan originations in any rolling twelve-month period. 

Registration must be renewed annually, and registrants must submit fingerprints for a criminal background check along with their first registration application.

== See also ==
* [[Homeowners Refinancing Act]] (1933)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-10596/uslm/COMPS-10596.xml Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008] as amended ([https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-10596/pdf/COMPS-10596.pdf PDF]/[https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-10596/ details]) in the [[United States Government Publishing Office|GPO]] [https://www.govinfo.gov/help/comps Statute Compilations collection]
* [https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/110/public/289?link-type=pdf&.pdf Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008] as enacted ([https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/110/public/289?link-type=details details]) in the [[United States Statutes at Large|US Statutes at Large]]

=== Act summary ===
* {{cite web | url= http://www.hud.gov/offices/cpd/about/conplan/foreclosure/pdf/housingeconrecovactsum.pdf | title= Summary | work= U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development}}

=== Enactment news===
* {{cite web | url= http://www.housingwire.com/2008/07/26/as-housing-act-passes-questions-emerge | title= As Housing Act Passes Congress, Questions Emerge | first= Paul | last=Jackson | date= July 26, 2008 }}
* {{cite web | url= https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSN3042756820080730 | author=Jeremy Pelofsky | title=Bush signs housing bill as Fannie Mae grows | work= Reuters | date= July 30, 2008}}
* {{cite web | url= https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601103&sid=am2yQYThqmxQ&refer=us | title= Bush Signs Measure for Homeowners, Fannie, Freddie | work= Bloomberg | date= July 30, 2008}}

=== Congressional Votes ===
*  http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h110-3221

{{Subprime mortgage crisis}}

[[Category:Acts of the 110th United States Congress]]
[[Category:2008 in economic history]]
[[Category:United States federal housing legislation]]
[[Category:Subprime mortgage crisis]]
[[Category:United States federal legislation articles without infoboxes]]