View source for Fair Credit Reporting Act

{{Short description|U.S. federal legislation}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox U.S. legislation
| shorttitle = Fair Credit Reporting Act
| othershorttitles = {{unbulleted list|Consumer Credit Protection Act Amendment|Consumer Credit
Reporting|Credit Reporting Agencies}}
| longtitle = An Act to amend the Federal Deposit Insurance Act to require insured banks to maintain certain records, to require that certain transactions in U.S. currency be reported to the Department of the Treasury, and for other purposes.
| colloquialacronym = 
| nicknames = Federal Deposit Insurance Act Amendments
| enacted by = 91st
| effective date = October 26, 1970
| public law url = http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-84/pdf/STATUTE-84-Pg1114-2.pdf
| cite public law = 91-508
| cite statutes at large = {{usstat|84|1114-2}} ''aka'' 84 Stat. 1127
| acts amended = 
| acts repealed = 
| title amended = {{unbulleted list|[[Title 12 of the United States Code|12 U.S.C.: Banks and Banking]]|[[Title 15 of the United States Code|15 U.S.C.: Commerce and Trade]]}}
| sections created = 
| sections amended = {{unbulleted list|{{Usc-title-chap|12|16}} §§ 1830-1831|{{Usc-title-chap|15|41}} § 1681 et seq.}}
| leghisturl = 
| introducedin = House
| introducedbill = {{USBill|91|H.R.|15073}}
| introducedby = 
| introduceddate = December 3, 1969
| committees = 
| passedbody1 = House
| passeddate1 = May 25, 1970
| passedvote1 = [http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/91-1970/h255 302–0]
| passedbody2 = 
| passedas2 = <!-- used if the second body changes the name of the legislation -->
| passeddate2 = 
| passedvote2 = 
| conferencedate = 
| 0 passedbody3 = 
| passeddate3 = 
| passedvote3 = 
| agreedbody3 = <!-- used when the other body agrees without going into committee -->
| agreeddate3 = <!-- used when the other body agrees without going into committee -->
| agreedvote3 = <!-- used when the other body agrees without going into committee -->
| agreedbody4 = <!-- used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation -->
| agreeddate4 = <!-- used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation -->
| agreedvote4 = <!-- used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation -->
| passedbody4 = 
| passeddate4 = 
| passedvote4 = 
| signedpresident = [[Richard Nixon]]
| signeddate = October 26, 1970
| unsignedpresident = <!-- used when passed without presidential signing -->
| unsigneddate = <!-- used when passed without presidential signing -->
| vetoedpresident = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| vetoeddate = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| overriddenbody1 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| overriddendate1 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| overriddenvote1 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| overriddenbody2 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| overriddendate2 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| overriddenvote2 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| amendments = [[Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act]]<br>[[Credit CARD Act of 2009]]<br>[[USA Freedom Act]]
| SCOTUS cases = {{ubl|''[[TRW Inc. v. Andrews]]'', {{ussc|534|19|2001}}|''[[Safeco Ins. Co. of America v. Burr]]'', {{ussc|551|47|2007}}|''[[Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins]]'', {{ussc|docket=13-1339|volume=578|year=2016}}|''[[TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez]]'', {{ussc|docket=20-297|volume=594|year=2021}}|''[[Department of Agriculture Rural Development Rural Housing Service v. Kirtz]]'', {{ussc|docket=22-846|volume=601|year=2024}}}}
}}

The '''Fair Credit Reporting Act''' ('''FCRA'''), 15 U.S.C. § 1681 ''et seq.'', is [[Federal government of the United States|federal]] legislation enacted to promote the accuracy, fairness, and [[consumer privacy|privacy]] of [[Customer data|consumer information]] contained in the files of [[Credit bureau|consumer reporting agencies]]. It was intended to shield consumers from the willful and/or negligent inclusion of erroneous data in their credit reports. To that end, the FCRA regulates the collection, dissemination, and use of consumer information, including [[consumer credit]] information.<ref>{{cite book |title= Intro to Business|last1= Dlabay|first1= Les R. |last2=Burrow |first2=James L. |last3=Brad |first3= Brad |year= 2009|publisher= South-Western [[Cengage Learning]]|location= [[Mason, Ohio]]|isbn=978-0-538-44561-0 |page= 471}}</ref> Together with the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA), the FCRA forms the foundation of consumer rights law in the United States. It was originally passed in 1970,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moneymanagement.org/Education/OnlineArticles/FairCreditAct.asp |title=Budgeting Tools |publisher=Money Management |access-date=October 2, 2012 |archive-date=February 8, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208105801/http://www.moneymanagement.org/Education/OnlineArticles/FairCreditAct.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> and is enforced by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, and private litigants.

==History==
Before standardization of credit scoring, statements of character were integral to credit reports well into the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauer|first=Josh|title=Creditworthy: A History of Consumer Surveillance and Financial Identity in America|year=2017|pages=64}}</ref> With credit reports containing probing details about personality, habits, and health, in the hearings on the Fair Credit Reporting Act lawmakers were troubled that individuals were helpless to clear up errors.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauer|first=Josh|title=Creditworthy: A History of Consumer Surveillance and Financial Identity in America|year=2017|pages=836}}</ref> 

The Fair Credit Reporting Act, as originally enacted, was title VI of {{USStatute|91|508|84|1114|1970|10|26}}, entitled ''An Act to amend the Federal Deposit Insurance Act to require insured banks to maintain certain records, to require that certain transactions in United States currency be reported to the Department of the Treasury, and for other purposes''. It was written as an amendment to add a title VI to the [[Consumer Credit Protection Act]], {{USStatute|90|321|82|146|1968|06|29}}.

The Fair Credit Reporting Act was one of the first [[data privacy]] laws passed in the [[Information Age]]. The findings of the U.S. Congress that led to the Act and the Act's regulatory goals set the direction of information privacy in the U.S. and the world for the next sixty years. Among these innovations were the determination that there should be no secret databases to make decisions about a person's life, individuals should have a right to see and challenge the information held in such databases, and that information in such a database should expire after a reasonable amount of time.

== Consumer reports ==
Commonly referred to as credit reports, a consumer report "contains information about your credit—and some bill repayment history—and the status of your credit accounts. This information includes how often you make your payments on time, how much credit you have, how much credit you have available, how much credit you are using, and whether a debt or bill collector is collecting on money you owe. Credit reports also can contain rental repayment information if you are a property renter. It also can contain public records such as liens, judgments, and bankruptcies that provide insight into your financial status and obligations."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.consumerfinance.gov/askcfpb/309/what-is-a-credit-report.html|title=What is a credit report?|website=Consumer Financial Protection Bureau|language=en|access-date=May 25, 2018}}</ref>

== Inaccuracies in consumer reports ==
A 2015 study released by the Federal Trade Commission found that 23% of consumers identified inaccurate information in their credit reports.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/reports/section-319-fair-and-accurate-credit-transactions-act-2003-fifth-interim-federal-trade-commission/130211factareport.pdf|title = Report to Congress Under Section 319 of the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act of 2003|date = December 2012|access-date = October 16, 2015|website = www.ftc.gov|publisher = Federal Trade Commission}}</ref>  Under the [[Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act]] (FACTA), an amendment to the FCRA passed in 2003, consumers are able to receive a free copy of their consumer report from each credit reporting agency once a year.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ftc.gov/opa/2004/06/factaidt.htm|title=Provisions of New Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act Will Help Reduce Identity Theft and Help Victims Recover: FTC|date=June 15, 2004|work=Federal Trade Commission|access-date=May 25, 2018|language=en}}</ref> The free report can be requested by telephone, mail, or through the government-authorized website: [[annualcreditreport.com|AnnualCreditReport.com]].<ref name="Free Credit Reports">{{Cite news|url=http://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0155-free-credit-reports|title=Free Credit Reports|date=March 26, 2013|work=Consumer Information|access-date=May 25, 2018|language=en}}</ref>

== Civil liability ==
The FCRA regulates: 
#  Consumer reporting agencies; 
#  Users of consumer reports; and, 
#  Furnishers of consumer information.

If a consumer's rights under the FCRA are violated, they can recover: 
# Actual or statutory damages; 
#  Attorney's fees; 
#  Court costs; and, 
#  Punitive damages if the violation was willful.<ref name=":0">{{citation|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-260/ |title=Consumer Credit Protection Act; Fair Credit Reporting Act |date= |publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office]]}}</ref>  "The threat of punitive damages under 1681n of the FCRA is the primary factor deterring erroneous reporting by the reporting industry."<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://casetext.com/case/brim-v-midland-credit-mgmt-inc|title = Brim V. Midland Credit Mgmt. Inc., 795 F.Supp.2d 1255 (N.D. Ala. 2011)|date = 2011|access-date = October 15, 2015|website = Casetext.com|publisher = United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama}}</ref>

The statute of limitations requires consumers to file suit prior to the earlier of: two years after the violation is discovered; or,
five years after the violation occurred.<ref name=":0" />

Consumer attorneys often take these cases on a contingency fee basis because the statute allows a consumer to recover attorney's fees from the offending party.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

==Users of consumer reports==
Users of the information for [[Credit (finance)|credit]], [[insurance]], or employment purposes (including [[background check]]s) have the following responsibilities under the FCRA:

# Users can only obtain consumer reports for permissible purposes under the FCRA;
# Users must notify the consumer when an adverse action is taken on the basis of such reports; and,
# Users must identify the company that provided the report, so that the accuracy and completeness of the report may be verified or contested by the consumer.

==Employment background checks==
Employers using consumer reports to screen job applicants or employees must follow specific procedures: 
# Get your written permission; 
# Tell you how they want to use your credit report; 
# Not misuse your information;
# Give you a copy of your credit report if the employer decides not to hire or fires you; and,
# Give you an opportunity to dispute the information contained within your credit report before making a final adverse decision.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0157-background-checks|title = Employment Background Checks|date = November 2014|access-date = July 10, 2019|website = Consumer.ftc.gov|publisher = Federal Trade Commission }}</ref>

== Furnishers of information ==
A creditor, as defined by the FCRA, is a company that furnishes information to consumer reporting agencies. Typically, these are [[creditors]], with which a consumer has some sort of credit agreement (such as [[credit card]] companies, [[Automobile|auto]] finance companies and [[mortgage bank]]ing institutions).

Other examples of information furnishers are collection agencies (third-party collectors), state or municipal [[courts]] reporting a [[Legal judgment|judgment]] of some kind, past and present employers and bonders. Lenders have an important role to play in ensuring credit reports are accurate. Under the FCRA, creditors who furnish information about consumers to consumer reporting agencies must:<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/jan/19/credit-agencies-are-the-messengers/|title=WILLIAMS: Credit agencies are the messengers|work=The Washington Times|access-date=May 25, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

# Provide complete and accurate information to the credit reporting agencies;
# Investigate consumer disputes received from credit reporting agencies;
# Correct, delete, or verify information within 30 days of receipt of a dispute; and,
# Inform consumers about negative information which is in the process of or has already been placed on a consumer's credit report within one month.

''(This notice doesn't have to be sent as a separate notice, but may be placed on a consumer's monthly statement. If sent as part as the monthly statement, it needs to be conspicuous, but need not be in bold type. Required wording developed by the US Federal Treasury Department):''

'''Notice before negative information is reported''': ''We may report information about your account to credit bureaus. Late payments, missed payments, or other defaults on your account may be reflected in your credit report.''

'''Notice after negative information is reported''': ''We have told a credit bureau about a late payment, missed payment or other default on your account. This information may be reflected in your credit report.''

== Consumer reporting agencies (CRAs) ==
[[Consumer credit reporting agency|Consumer reporting agencies]] (CRAs) are entities that collect and disseminate information about consumers to be used for credit evaluation and certain other purposes, including employment. Credit bureaus, a type of consumer reporting agency, hold a consumer's [[credit report]] in their databases. CRAs have a number of responsibilities under FCRA, including the following:

# CRAs must maintain reasonable procedures to ensure the maximum possible accuracy of the information contained within a consumer's report;<ref name=":0" />
# Provide a consumer with information about him or her in the agency's files and take steps to verify the accuracy of information disputed by a consumer;
# If negative information is removed as a result of a consumer's dispute, it may not be reinserted without notifying the consumer in writing within five days; and,
# Remove negative information seven years after the date of first delinquency (except for [[bankruptcies]] (10 years) and [[tax liens]] (seven years from the time they are paid).

The three big CRAs—[[Experian]], [[TransUnion]], and [[Equifax]]—do not interact with information furnishers directly as a result of consumer disputes. They use a system called E-Oscar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.e-oscar.org/|title=Home - e-OSCAR|website=www.e-oscar.org|access-date=May 25, 2018}}</ref> In some areas of the country, however, there are other credit bureaus.

===Nationwide specialty consumer reporting agencies===
In addition to the three big CRAs, the FCRA also classifies dozens of other information technology companies as "nationwide specialty consumer reporting agencies" that produce individual consumer reports used to make credit determinations.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ftc.gov/os/statutes/fcradoc.pdf |title=Text of the Fair Credit Reporting Act, 15 U.S.C. 1681 |publisher=Ftc.gov|access-date=October 6, 2017}}</ref> Under Section 603 of the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the term "nationwide specialty consumer reporting agency" means a consumer reporting agency that compiles and maintains files on consumers on a nationwide basis relating to:<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.isoftpull.com/resources/fair-credit-reporting-act |title = iSoftpull}}</ref>
# Medical records or payments;
# Residential or tenant history;
# Check writing history;
# Employment history; or,
# Insurance claims.

Because these nationwide specialty consumer reporting agencies sell consumer credit report files, they are required to provide annual disclosures of their report files to any consumer who requests disclosure.<ref name="Free Credit Reports"/> A partial list of companies classified as nationwide specialty consumer reporting agencies under FCRA includes: [[Telecheck]], [[ChoicePoint]], [[LiveRamp|Acxiom]], [[Integrated Screening Partners]], [[Innovis]], the [[Insurance Services Office]], [[Tenant Data Services]], [[LexisNexis]], [[Retail Equation]], [[Central Credit]], [[Teletrack]], the [[MIB Group]], [[United Health Group]] (Ingenix Division), and [[Milliman]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.annualmedicalreport.com/do-a-total-background-check-on-yourself-annual-consumer-reporting-agency/|title=Do a Total Background Check on Yourself - Consumer Reporting Agencies|website=www.annualmedicalreport.com|access-date=May 25, 2018}}</ref>

Although the major CRAs [[Experian]], [[Equifax]], and [[TransUnion]] are required by law to provide a central source website for consumers to request their reports, the nationwide specialty consumer reporting agencies are not required to provide a centralized online source for disclosure. The FCRA Section 612 merely requires nationwide specialty consumer reporting agencies to establish a streamlined process for consumers to request consumer reports, which shall include, at a minimum, the establishment by each such agency of a [[toll-free telephone number]] for such consumer disclosure requests.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Annualcreditreport.com]]
* [[Adverse Credit History]]
* [[Background check]]
* [[Credit card]]
* [[Credit history]]
* [[Credit rating agency]]
* [[Credit score]]
* [[Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act]]
* [[Fair Credit Billing Act]]
* [[Identity theft]]
* [[Identity Theft Resource Center]]
* [[Tenant Screening]]
* [[Financial privacy laws in the United States]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/chapter-41/subchapter-III As codified in 15 U.S.C. chapter 41 subchapter III] of the [[United States Code]] from the [[Legal Information Institute|LII]]
* [https://uscode.house.gov/browse/prelim@title15/chapter41/subchapter3&edition=prelim As codified in 15 U.S.C. chapter 41 subchapter III] of the [[United States Code]] from the [[United States House of Representatives|US House of Representatives]]
* [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-260/uslm/COMPS-260.xml Consumer Credit Protection Act] as amended (FCRA is title VI; [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-260/pdf/COMPS-260.pdf PDF]/[https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-260/ details]) in the [[United States Government Publishing Office|GPO]] [https://www.govinfo.gov/help/comps Statute Compilations collection]
* [https://www.ftc.gov/legal-library/browse/advisory-opinions FTC advisory opinions]
 [https://web.archive.org/web/20060527041654/http://www.ftc.gov/os/statutes/fcra/index.htm FTC Staff Opinion Letters archive 1997-2001]
* [https://www.mymoney.gov/ MyMoney.gov] from the US [[Financial Literacy and Education Commission]]
* [https://www.consumerfinance.gov/consumer-tools/credit-reports-and-scores/consumer-reporting-companies/ Consumer reporting company list] maintained by the [[Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB)

{{Bank regulation in the United States}}
{{Presidency of Richard Nixon}}
{{Patriot Act}}
{{Authority control}} 

[[Category:United States federal banking legislation]]
[[Category:Credit]]