View source for Central Intelligence Agency

{{Organization
|OrganizationName=Central Intelligence Agency
|OrganizationType=Intelligence Agencies
|Mission=To collect, analyze, evaluate, and disseminate foreign intelligence to assist the President and senior US government policymakers in making decisions related to national security. The CIA also conducts covert operations when authorized by the President.
|ParentOrganization=United States Government (Independent)
|CreationLegislation=National Security Act of 1947
|Employees=21575
|Budget=$15.6 billion (classified, approximate)
|OrganizationExecutive=Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
|Services=Intelligence gathering; analysis; covert action; counterintelligence;
|HeadquartersLocation=38.95247, -77.14426
|HeadquartersAddress=1000 Colonial Farm Rd, McLean, VA 22101
|Website=https://www.cia.gov
}}
{{Short description|National intelligence agency of the United States}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name       = Central Intelligence Agency
| motto             = <small>(Official):</small> ''The Work of a Nation. The Center of Intelligence.''<br /><small>(Unofficial):</small> And ye shall know the truth and [[Veritas vos liberabit|the truth shall make you free]]. ({{bibleverse|John|8:32|KJV}})<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/ohb-50th-anniversary.html |title=CIA Observes 50th Anniversary of Original Headquarters Building Cornerstone Laying |website=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=September 18, 2012 |archive-date=March 24, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324152925/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/ohb-50th-anniversary.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| picture           = Aerial view of the Central Intelligence Agency headquarters, Langley, Virginia - Corrected and Cropped.jpg
| picture_width     = 
| picture_caption   = [[George Bush Center for Intelligence]] in [[Langley, Virginia]]
| logo              = Flag of the United States Central Intelligence Agency.svg
| logo_width        = 200
| logo_caption      = Flag of the Central Intelligence Agency
| seal              = Seal of the Central Intelligence Agency.svg
| seal_width        = 200
| seal_caption      = Seal of the Central Intelligence Agency
| formed            = {{Start date and age|1947|9|18}}
| agency_type       = [[Independent agencies of the United States government|Independent]] (component of the [[United States Intelligence Community|Intelligence Community]])
| preceding1        = [[Office of Strategic Services]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/history-of-the-cia/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612182023/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/history-of-the-cia/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 12, 2007 |title=History of the CIA |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=March 28, 2014}}</ref>
| jurisdiction      = 
| headquarters      = [[George Bush Center for Intelligence]], [[Langley, Virginia]], U.S.
| coordinates       = {{Coord|38|57|07|N|77|08|46|W|type:landmark_region:US-VA|display=inline,title}}
| employees         = 21,575 (estimate){{r|wp20130829}}
| budget            = $15 billion ({{as of|2013|lc=y}})<ref name="wp20130829">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/black-budget-summary-details-us-spy-networks-successes-failures-and-objectives/2013/08/29/7e57bb78-10ab-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html |date=August 29, 2013 |first1=Barton |last1=Gellman |first2=Greg |last2=Miller |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |title=U.S. spy network's successes, failures and objectives detailed in 'black budget' summary |access-date=August 29, 2013 |archive-date=September 1, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901013422/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/black-budget-summary-details-us-spy-networks-successes-failures-and-objectives/2013/08/29/7e57bb78-10ab-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/cia-budget-unnecessary-secret |title=CIA Budget: An Unnecessary Secret |author-link=Dave Kopel |first=Dave |last=Kopel |date=July 28, 1997 |website=[[Cato Institute]] |access-date=April 15, 2007 |archive-date=February 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214094135/https://www.cato.org/commentary/cia-budget-unnecessary-secret |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://fas.org/sgp/news/1999/11/wp112999.html |title=Cloak Over the CIA Budget |date=November 29, 1999 |newspaper=The Washington Post |via=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |access-date=July 4, 2008 |archive-date=September 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916084055/https://fas.org/sgp/news/1999/11/wp112999.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| chief1_name       = [[William J. Burns (diplomat)|William J. Burns]]
| chief1_position   = [[Director of the Central Intelligence Agency|Director]]
| chief2_name       = [[David S. Cohen (attorney)|David S. Cohen]]
| chief2_position   = [[Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency|Deputy Director]]
| chief3_name       = [[Kate Heinzelman]]
| chief3_position   = General Counsel
| chief4_name       = 
| chief4_position   = 
| chief5_name       = 
| chief5_position   = 
| chief6_name       = 
| chief6_position   = 
| chief7_name       = 
| chief7_position   = 
| chief8_name       = 
| chief8_position   = 
| chief9_name       = 
| chief9_position   = 
| parent_agency     = [[Office of the Director of National Intelligence]]
| child1_agency     = [[Directorate of Operations (CIA)|Directorate of Operations]]
| child2_agency     = [[Central Intelligence Agency Directorate of Science & Technology|Directorate of Science and Technology]]
| child3_agency     = [[Operations Support Branch]]
| parent_department = [[Executive Office of the President of the United States|Office of the President of the United States]]
| website           = {{URL|https://cia.gov}}
}}

The '''Central Intelligence Agency''' ('''CIA'''),<!--English pronunciation—many G7 E1L and ESL readers might assume that this is "obvious", but it is not obvious to all of Wikipedia's global ESL audience (versus {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|i|.|ə}}, which is not how English treats it, but Spanish uses that.--> known informally as '''the Agency''',<ref>{{Citation | title = The Agency and the Hill, CIA's Relationship with Congress, 1946-2004 | author = L. Britt Snider | year = 2008 | url = https://archive.org/details/agencyhillciasre0000snid | isbn = 978-1-929667-17-8 | publisher = Center for the Study of Intelligence, CIA | url-access = registration }}</ref> [[Metonymy|metonymously]] as '''Langley'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Central Intelligence Agency {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/political-science-and-government/us-government/central-intelligence-agency|access-date=January 5, 2022|publisher=Encyclopedia.com|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414094722/https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/political-science-and-government/us-government/central-intelligence-agency|url-status=live}}</ref> and historically as '''the Company''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Appeals: the Company |url=https://public.oed.com/appeals/company/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224035115/https://public.oed.com/appeals/company/ |archive-date=February 24, 2021 |access-date=January 5, 2022 |website=Oxford English Dictionary |language=en}}</ref> is a civilian [[intelligence agency|foreign intelligence service]] of the [[federal government of the United States]] tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing [[national security]] information from around the world, primarily through the use of [[Human intelligence (intelligence gathering)|human intelligence]] (HUMINT) and conducting [[Covert operation|covert action]] through its [[Directorate of Operations (CIA)|Directorate of Operations]]. The agency is headquartered in the [[George Bush Center for Intelligence]] in [[Langley, Virginia]].

As a principal member of the [[United States Intelligence Community]] (IC), the CIA reports to the [[Director of National Intelligence|director of national intelligence]] and is primarily focused on providing intelligence for the [[President of the United States|president]] and [[Cabinet of the United States|Cabinet]]. The agency's founding followed the dissolution of the [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS) at the end of [[World War II]] by President Harry S. Truman, who created the [[Central Intelligence Group]] under the direction of a [[Director of Central Intelligence|director of central intelligence]] by presidential directive on January 22, 1946.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945-50Intel/d71|title=71. Presidential Directive on Coordination of Foreign Intelligence Activities|publisher=U.S. State Department Historian|date=January 22, 1946|access-date=January 19, 2022|archive-date=July 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712124715/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945-50Intel/d71|url-status=live}}</ref> The agency's creation was authorized by the [[National Security Act of 1947]].<!--see page 299-300 of https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/sites/default/files/FBIS_history_part1_0.pdf -- This is not cited that here because that cite would be inappropriate in this context. A more appropriate supporting document must exist somewhere-->

Unlike the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI), which is a domestic security service, the CIA has no law enforcement function and is mainly focused on intelligence gathering overseas, with only [[National Resources Division|limited domestic intelligence collection]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=How does the FBI differ from the Central Intelligence Agency? |url=https://www.fbi.gov/about/faqs/how-does-the-fbi-differ-from-the-central-intelligence-agency |access-date=February 22, 2023 |website=Federal Bureau of Investigation |language=en-us |archive-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222034540/https://www.fbi.gov/about/faqs/how-does-the-fbi-differ-from-the-central-intelligence-agency |url-status=live }}</ref> The CIA serves as the national manager for HUMINT, coordinating activities across the IC. It also carries out [[Covert operation|covert action]] at the behest of the [[President of the United States|president]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Additional pre-hearing questions for Mr. John O. Brennan upon his nomination to be Director of the Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/hearings/prehearing%20%285%29.pdf |website=[[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] |access-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317014708/https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/hearings/prehearing%20%285%29.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Woodward |first=Bob |author-link=Bob Woodward |title=Secret CIA Units Playing Central Combat Role |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/CIA18.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=November 18, 2001 |access-date=February 26, 2012 |archive-date=May 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514002315/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/CIA18.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 

The CIA exerts foreign political influence through its paramilitary operations units, including its [[Special Activities Center]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Phillips |first=Tom |title=Paraguay in a spin about Bush's alleged 100,000 acre hideaway |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/oct/23/mainsection.tomphillips |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |date=October 23, 2006 |access-date=April 18, 2011 |archive-date=June 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624222140/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/oct/23/mainsection.tomphillips |url-status=live }}</ref> The CIA was instrumental in establishing intelligence services in many countries, such as [[Germany]]'s [[Federal Intelligence Service]]. It has also provided support to several foreign political groups and governments, including planning, coordinating, [[Enhanced interrogation techniques|training in torture]], and technical support. It was involved in many [[United States involvement in regime change|regime changes]] and carrying out [[terrorism|terrorist attacks]] and planned assassinations of foreign leaders.<ref>[[Greg Grandin]] (2011). ''[http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/L/bo11643711.html The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729004206/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/L/bo11643711.html |date=July 29, 2019 }}''. [[University of Chicago Press]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6FivSpNY2fkC&pg=PA75 p. 75] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031145308/https://books.google.com/books?id=6FivSpNY2fkC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA75 |date=October 31, 2019 }}. {{ISBN|9780226306902}}.</ref><ref name="wp20130829"/>

Since 2004, the CIA is organized under the Office of the [[Director of National Intelligence]] (ODNI). Despite having had some of its powers transferred to the DNI, the CIA has grown in size following the September 11 attacks. In 2013, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported that in the fiscal year 2010, the CIA had the [[United States intelligence budget|largest budget]] of all intelligence community agencies, exceeding prior estimates.<ref name="wp20130829"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-INTELLIGENCE/content-detail.html |title=Preparing for the 21st Century: An Appraisal of U.S. Intelligence. Chapter 13 – The Cost of Intelligence |author=Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the United States Intelligence Community |date=March 1, 1996 |access-date=November 21, 2013 |archive-date=December 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212104613/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-INTELLIGENCE/content-detail.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The CIA's role has expanded since its creation, now including covert [[paramilitary]] operations.<ref name="wp20130829"/> One of its largest divisions, the Information Operations Center (IOC), has shifted from [[counter-terrorism|counterterrorism]] to offensive [[Cyberwarfare in the United States|cyber operations]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-spy-agencies-mounted-231-offensive-cyber-operations-in-2011-documents-show/2013/08/30/d090a6ae-119e-11e3-b4cb-fd7ce041d814_story.html |title=U.S. spy agencies mounted 231 offensive cyber-operations in 2011, documents show |first1=Barton |last1=Gellman |first2=Ellen |last2=Nakashima |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=September 3, 2013 |access-date=May 19, 2018 |archive-date=January 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106031521/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-spy-agencies-mounted-231-offensive-cyber-operations-in-2011-documents-show/2013/08/30/d090a6ae-119e-11e3-b4cb-fd7ce041d814_story_3.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The agency has been the subject of [[List of CIA controversies|several controversies]], including its use of [[Enhanced interrogation techniques|torture]], [[Project Mockingbird|domestic wiretapping]], [[CIA influence on public opinion|propaganda]], and alleged [[Human rights violations by the CIA|human rights violations]] and [[Allegations of CIA drug trafficking|drug trafficking]]. In 2022, a CIA domestic [[surveillance]] program was uncovered that had not been subject to [[United States Congress|congressional]] oversight.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 6, 2023 |title=CIA is Collecting in Bulk Certain Data Affecting Americans, Senators Warn - The New York Times |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/10/us/politics/cia-data-privacy.html |access-date=January 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418121703/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/10/us/politics/cia-data-privacy.html |archive-date=April 18, 2024 |last1=Savage |first1=Charlie }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 22, 2022 |title=The CIA has secretly been collecting [REDACTED] |url=https://www.rcfp.org/pclob-leadership-cia-surveillance/ |access-date=January 31, 2024 |website=The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press |language=en-US |archive-date=January 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131011612/https://www.rcfp.org/pclob-leadership-cia-surveillance/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Purpose==
When the CIA was created, its purpose was to create a clearinghouse for foreign policy intelligence and analysis, collecting, analyzing, evaluating, and disseminating foreign intelligence, and carrying out covert operations.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rudgers |first1=David F. |title=Creating the secret state : the origins of the Central Intelligence Agency, 1943-1947 |date=2000 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |isbn=978-0-7006-1024-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/creatingsecretst0000rudg/page/114/mode/1up?q=%22on+June+20+1946%22}}</ref><ref><!-- Primary source referenced in previous citation -->{{cite web |title=National Intelligence Authority Directive No. 5 - Functions of the Director of Central Intelligence |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945-50Intel/d160 |website=Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute United States Department of State}}</ref>

As of 2013, the CIA had five priorities:{{r|wp20130829}}
* [[Counterterrorism]]
* [[Nonproliferation]] of [[weapons of mass destruction]]
* Indications and warnings for senior policymakers
* [[Counterintelligence]]
* [[cyberwarfare in the United States|Cyber intelligence]]

==Organizational structure==
{{Main|Organizational structure of the Central Intelligence Agency}}
[[File:CIA Director Burns.jpg|thumb|[[William J. Burns (diplomat)|William J. Burns]], the current [[Director of the Central Intelligence Agency]]]]
[[File:CIA ORG Structure.svg|thumb|The organization of the Central Intelligence Agency]]
The CIA has an executive office and five major directorates:
* The '''Directorate of Digital Innovation'''
* The '''Directorate of Analysis'''
* The '''Directorate of Operations'''
* The '''Directorate of Support'''
* The '''Directorate of Science and Technology'''

===Executive Office===
{{Further|Director of the Central Intelligence Agency|Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency}}
The [[director of the Central Intelligence Agency]] (D/CIA) is appointed by the [[President of the United States|president]] with [[Senate confirmation]] and reports directly to the [[Director of National Intelligence|director of national intelligence]] (DNI); in practice, the CIA director interfaces with the [[Director of National Intelligence|director of national intelligence]] (DNI), [[United States Congress|Congress]], and the [[White House]], while the [[Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency|deputy director (DD/CIA)]] is the internal executive of the CIA and the chief operating officer (COO/CIA), known as executive director until 2017, leads the day-to-day work<ref name="about-cia leadership">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/leadership|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012191825/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/leadership/|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 12, 2012|title=Leadership|website=Central Intelligence Agency|date= December 30, 2011 |access-date=January 6, 2018}}</ref> as the third-highest post of the CIA.<ref name="Brennan, Haines, Park">{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/sisterhood-spies-women-crack-code-cia-f2D11594601|title=Sisterhood of Spies: Women crack the code at the CIA  |first1=Robert |last1=Windrem |website=[[NBC News]]|date=November 14, 2013|access-date=January 7, 2018|archive-date=April 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408013640/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/sisterhood-spies-women-crack-code-cia-f2D11594601|url-status=live}}</ref> The deputy director is formally appointed by the director without [[United States Senate|Senate]] confirmation,<ref name="Brennan, Haines, Park"/><ref name="Haspel appointment">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/feb/03/cia-deputy-director-gina-haspel-linked-torture-thailand-black-site|title=CIA deputy director linked to torture at Thailand black site|website=The Guardian|date=February 3, 2017 |first1=Oliver |last1=Holmes |access-date=January 7, 2018|archive-date=February 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203132358/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/feb/03/cia-deputy-director-gina-haspel-linked-torture-thailand-black-site|url-status=live}}</ref> but as the president's opinion plays a great role in the decision,<ref name="Haspel appointment"/> the deputy director is generally considered a political position, making the chief operating officer the most senior non-political position for CIA career officers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://investors.butterfieldgroup.com/current-news/2017/10-06-2017-214238579|title=Meroe Park Joins Butterfield Board|website=[[Butterfield Bank]]|date=October 6, 2017|access-date=January 6, 2018|archive-date=August 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816065800/https://investors.butterfieldgroup.com/current-news/2017/10-06-2017-214238579|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Executive Office also supports the [[United States military|U.S. military]], including the [[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command|U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command]], by providing it with information it gathers, receiving information from [[military intelligence]] organizations, and cooperating with field activities. The associate deputy director of the CIA is in charge of the day-to-day operations of the agency. Each branch of the agency has its own director.<ref name="about-cia leadership"/> The Office of Military Affairs (OMA), subordinate to the associate deputy director, manages the relationship between the CIA and the [[Unified Combatant Command]]s, who produce and deliver regional and operational intelligence and consume national intelligence produced by the CIA.<ref>{{cite web |title=CIA Support to the US Military During the Persian Gulf War |website=Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/gulfwar/061997/support.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613051112/https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/gulfwar/061997/support.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 13, 2007 |date=June 16, 1997}}</ref>

===Directorate of Analysis===
The '''Directorate of Analysis''', through much of its history known as the '''Directorate of Intelligence''' (DI), is tasked with helping "the President and other policymakers make informed decisions about our country's national security" by looking "at all the available information on an issue and organiz[ing] it for policymakers".<ref name=history>{{cite web|title=Offices of CIA – Intelligence & Analysis – History|url=https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/history.html|publisher=CIA|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430083353/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/history.html |archive-date=April 30, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The directorate has four regional analytic groups, six groups for transnational issues, and three that focus on policy, collection, and staff support.<ref name="CIA-DI-ORG">{{cite web |website=Central Intelligence Agency |title=Intelligence & Analysis |url=https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/organization-1/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612191505/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/organization-1/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 12, 2007 |access-date=July 1, 2011}}</ref> There are regional analytical offices covering the [[Near East]] and [[South Asia]], [[Russia]], and Europe; and the [[Asia–Pacific]], [[Latin America]], and [[Africa]].

===Directorate of Operations===
{{Main|Directorate of Operations (CIA)}}
The '''Directorate of Operations''' is responsible for collecting foreign intelligence (mainly from clandestine HUMINT sources), and for covert action. The name reflects its role as the coordinator of human intelligence activities between other elements of the wider U.S. intelligence community with their HUMINT operations. This directorate was created in an attempt to end years of rivalry over influence, philosophy, and budget between the [[United States Department of Defense]] (DOD) and the CIA. In spite of this, the Department of Defense announced in 2012 its intention to organize its own global clandestine intelligence service, the [[Defense Clandestine Service]] (DCS),<ref name=GWUEBB46>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/dia-to-send-hundreds-more-spies-overseas/2012/12/01/97463e4e-399b-11e2-b01f-5f55b193f58f_story.html |title=DIA to send hundreds more spies overseas |date=December 1, 2012 |last=Miller |first=Greg |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=August 25, 2017 |archive-date=October 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013215504/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/dia-to-send-hundreds-more-spies-overseas/2012/12/01/97463e4e-399b-11e2-b01f-5f55b193f58f_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> under the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] (DIA). Contrary to some public and [[mass media|media]] misunderstanding, DCS is not a "new" [[intelligence agency]] but rather a consolidation, expansion and realignment of existing Defense [[Clandestine HUMINT|HUMINT]] activities, which have been carried out by DIA for decades under various names, most recently as the Defense Human Intelligence Service.<ref>Eric Schmitt (April 23, 2012). [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/24/world/asia/defense-department-plans-new-spy-service.html "Defense Department Plans New Intelligence Gathering Service"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117014605/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/24/world/asia/defense-department-plans-new-spy-service.html |date=January 17, 2024 }}, ''The New York Times''.</ref>

This Directorate is known to be organized by geographic regions and issues, but its precise organization is classified.<ref name=NSAEBB>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB34/13-01.htm |chapter=Defense HUMINT Service Organizational Chart |title=The "Death Squad Protection" Act: Senate Measure Would Restrict Public Access to Crucial Human Rights Information Under the Freedom of Information Act |first1=Thomas S. |last1=Blanton |first2=Michael L. |last2=Evans |first3=Kate |last3=Martin |date=July 17, 2000 |series=George Washington University National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 34 |access-date=January 16, 2008 |archive-date=January 9, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109140707/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB34/13-01.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Directorate of Science & Technology===
{{Main|Central Intelligence Agency Directorate of Science & Technology|l1=Directorate of Science & Technology}}
The Directorate of Science & Technology was established to research, create, and manage technical collection disciplines and equipment. Many of its innovations were transferred to other intelligence organizations, or, as they became more overt, to the military services.

The development of the [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]] high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft, for instance, was done in cooperation with the [[United States Air Force]]. The U-2's original mission was clandestine [[IMINT|imagery intelligence]] over denied areas such as the Soviet Union.<ref name="Pocock, Chris page 404">{{Cite book |last=Pocock |first=Chris |title=50 Years of the U-2: The Complete Illustrated History of the 'Dragon Lady' |publisher=Schiffer Publishing Ltd |location=Atglen, Pennsylvania |lccn=89012535 |isbn=0-7643-2346-6 |page=404|year=2005 }}</ref> It was subsequently provided with [[signals intelligence]] and [[Measurement and Signature Intelligence|measurement and signature intelligence]] capabilities and is now operated by the Air Force.

A DS&T organization analyzed imagery intelligence collected by the U-2 and reconnaissance satellites called the National Photointerpretation Center (NPIC), which had analysts from both the CIA and the military services. Subsequently, NPIC was transferred to the [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]] (NGA).{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}

===Directorate of Support===
{{Main|Organizational structure of the Central Intelligence Agency#Directorate of Support|l1=Directorate of Support}}
The Directorate of Support has organizational and administrative functions to significant units including:
* The '''Office of Security'''
* The '''Office of Communications'''
* The '''Office of Information Technology'''

===Directorate of Digital Innovation===
The Directorate of Digital Innovation (DDI) focuses on accelerating innovation across the Agency's mission activities. It is the Agency's newest directorate. The [[Langley, Virginia]]-based office's mission is to streamline and integrate digital and cybersecurity capabilities into the CIA's espionage, counterintelligence, all-source analysis, open-source intelligence collection, and covert action operations.<ref name="fedscoop.com">{{Cite web| url=https://www.fedscoop.com/new-cia-director-inherits-agency-quickly-developing-cyber-capabilities/| title=New CIA director inherits an agency that is quickly developing cyber capabilities| date=January 27, 2017| access-date=July 25, 2019| archive-date=July 25, 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725052515/https://www.fedscoop.com/new-cia-director-inherits-agency-quickly-developing-cyber-capabilities/| url-status=live}}</ref> It provides operations personnel with tools and techniques to use in cyber operations. It works with [[information technology]] infrastructure and practices cyber [[tradecraft]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/digital-innovation/index.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040535/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/digital-innovation/index.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=March 5, 2016 |title = Digital Innovation – Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> This means retrofitting the CIA for [[cyberwarfare]]. DDI officers help accelerate the integration of innovative methods and tools to enhance the CIA's cyber and digital capabilities on a global scale and ultimately help safeguard the United States. They also apply technical expertise to exploit clandestine and publicly available information (also known as [[open-source intelligence|open-source data]]) using specialized methodologies and digital tools to plan, initiate and support the technical and human-based operations of the CIA.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.cia.gov/careers/opportunities/support-professional/digital-targeter.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307154405/https://www.cia.gov/careers/opportunities/support-professional/digital-targeter.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=March 7, 2017 | title=Digital Targeter – Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> Before the establishment of the new digital directorate, offensive cyber operations were undertaken by the CIA's Information Operations Center.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://theintercept.com/2017/03/08/cias-new-digital-innovation-division-cant-seem-to-keep-its-own-secrets/|title = CIA's New 'Digital Innovation' Division Can't Seem to Keep its Own Secrets|date = March 8, 2017|access-date = July 25, 2019|archive-date = July 25, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190725052511/https://theintercept.com/2017/03/08/cias-new-digital-innovation-division-cant-seem-to-keep-its-own-secrets/|url-status = live}}</ref> Little is known about how the office specifically functions or if it deploys offensive cyber capabilities.<ref name="fedscoop.com"/>

The directorate had been covertly operating since approximately March 2015 but formally began operations on October 1, 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fcw.com/articles/2015/10/01/cia-digital-directorate.aspx|title=Inside the CIA's new Digital Directorate |first1=Sean|last1=Lyngaas|date=October 1, 2015|website=FCW|access-date=July 25, 2019|archive-date=July 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725052513/https://fcw.com/articles/2015/10/01/cia-digital-directorate.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> According to classified budget documents, the CIA's computer network operations budget for fiscal year 2013 was $685.4&nbsp;million. The NSA's budget was roughly $1&nbsp;billion at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gellman |first1=Barton |last2=Miller |first2=Greg |date=August 29, 2013 |title='Black budget' summary details U.S. spy network's successes, failures and objectives |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/black-budget-summary-details-us-spy-networks-successes-failures-and-objectives/2013/08/29/7e57bb78-10ab-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901013422/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/black-budget-summary-details-us-spy-networks-successes-failures-and-objectives/2013/08/29/7e57bb78-10ab-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html |archive-date=September 1, 2013 |access-date=August 25, 2017 |via=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>

Rep. [[Adam Schiff]], the California Democrat who served as the ranking member of the [[United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence|House Intelligence Committee]], endorsed the reorganization. "The director has challenged his workforce, the rest of the intelligence community, and the nation to consider how we conduct the business of intelligence in a world that is profoundly different from 1947 when the CIA was founded," Schiff said.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bankinfosecurity.com/cia-creates-digital-innovation-directorate-a-7991|title=CIA Creates Digital Innovation Directorate|website=www.bankinfosecurity.com|access-date=July 25, 2019|archive-date=July 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725052515/https://www.bankinfosecurity.com/cia-creates-digital-innovation-directorate-a-7991|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Office of Congressional Affairs===
The '''Office of Congressional Affairs''' ('''OCA''') serves as the liaison between the CIA and the [[US Congress]]. The OCA states that it aims to ensures that Congress is fully and currently informed of intelligence activities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Congressional Affairs|url=https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/congressional-affairs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806010648/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/congressional-affairs|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 6, 2013|website=cia.gov|accessdate=10 June 2016|date=26 March 2013}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

The office is the CIA's primary interface with [[Congressional oversight]] committees, leadership, and members. It is responsible for all matters pertaining to congressional interaction and oversight of US intelligence activities. It claims that it aims to:<ref>{{cite web|title=Who We Are|url=https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/congressional-affairs/who-we-are.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019174849/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/congressional-affairs/who-we-are.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 19, 2011|website=cia.gov|accessdate=10 June 2016|date=23 January 2013}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

* ensure that Congress is kept informed of intelligence issues and activities by providing timely briefings and notifications
* facilitate prompt and complete responses to congressional requests for information and inquiries
* maintaining a record of the Agency's interaction with Congress
* track legislation that could affect the Agency
* educate Agency personnel about their responsibility to keep Congress fully and currently informed

==Training==
{{Further|CIA University|National Intelligence University|Warrenton Training Center}}
The CIA established its first training facility, the Office of Training and Education, in 1950. Following the end of the [[Cold War]], the CIA's training budget was slashed, which had a negative effect on [[employee retention]].<ref name=campus>{{cite news |last=Wendt |first=Jeff |title=A feature interview with Frans Bax, President, CIA University |newspaper=Today's Campus |url=http://www.todayscampus.com/articles/load.aspx?art=1638 |access-date=June 5, 2013 |archive-date=May 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531065445/http://www.todayscampus.com/articles/load.aspx?art=1638 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=npr>{{cite episode |title=Inside CIA University: Higher Ed for Operatives |series=Morning Edition |series-link=Morning Edition |credits=Host: [[Mary Louise Kelly]] |network=[[NPR]] |air-date=May 28, 2004 |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1914175 |access-date=April 3, 2018 |archive-date=December 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206074612/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1914175 |url-status=live }}</ref> 

In response, Director of Central Intelligence [[George Tenet]] established [[CIA University]] in 2002.<ref name=campus/><ref name=history/> CIA University holds between 200 and 300 courses each year, training both new hires and experienced intelligence officers, as well as CIA support staff.<ref name=campus/><ref name=npr/> The facility works in partnership with the [[National Intelligence University]], and includes the [[Sherman Kent School for Intelligence Analysis]], the Directorate of Analysis' component of the university.<ref name=history/><ref name=learning>{{cite web |title=Life in HR: Learning Resources |website=Central Intelligence Agency |date=February 12, 2013 |url=https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/human-resources/learning-resources.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429131704/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/human-resources/learning-resources.html |archive-date=April 29, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=training>{{cite web |title=Training Resources |website=Central Intelligence Agency |date=January 23, 2013 |url=https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/training-resources.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612191020/https://www.cia.gov/offices-of-cia/intelligence-analysis/training-resources.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 12, 2007 |access-date=April 3, 2013}}</ref>

For later stage training of student operations officers, there is at least one classified training area at [[Camp Peary]], near [[Williamsburg, Virginia]]. Students are selected, and their progress evaluated, in ways derived from the OSS, published as the book ''Assessment of Men, Selection of Personnel for the Office of Strategic Services''.<ref name=AOM>{{Cite book |title=Assessment of Men, Selection of Personnel for the Office of Strategic Services |author=The OSS Assessment Staff |publisher=Johnson Reprint Corporation (original printing by Rinehart and Company, Inc.) |orig-date=1948 |year=1969}}</ref> Additional mission training is conducted at [[Harvey Point]], [[North Carolina]].<ref name=nyt88>{{cite news |last=Weiner |first=Tim |author-link=Tim Weiner |title=Is the Explosion-Noisy Base a C.I.A. Spy School? What Base? |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 20, 1998 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/20/world/is-the-explosion-noisy-base-a-cia-spy-school-what-base.html |access-date=February 15, 2017 |archive-date=March 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325225636/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/20/world/is-the-explosion-noisy-base-a-cia-spy-school-what-base.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The primary training facility for the Office of Communications is [[Warrenton Training Center]], located near [[Warrenton, Virginia]]. The facility was established in 1951 and has been used by the CIA since at least 1955.<ref name=fasB>{{cite web |last=Pike |first=John |title=Warrenton Station B |website=Federation of American Scientists |year=2001 |url=https://fas.org/irp/facility/warrenton_b.htm |access-date=March 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605143410/https://fas.org/irp/facility/warrenton_b.htm |archive-date=June 5, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Office of the General Counsel |website=Central Intelligence Agency |date=October 31, 1954 |url=http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/5829/CIA-RDP86B00269R000100110003-5.pdf |access-date=March 27, 2013 |archive-date=May 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526171137/http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/5829/CIA-RDP86B00269R000100110003-5.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Budget==
{{Main|United States intelligence budget}}
Details of the overall United States intelligence budget are classified.{{r|wp20130829}} Under the [[Central Intelligence Agency Act]] of 1949, the Director of Central Intelligence is the only federal government employee who can spend [[black budget|"un-vouchered" government money]].<ref name="cia1992">{{cite book |url=http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB434/ |title=The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance: The U-2 and OXCART Programs, 1954–1974 |publisher=History Staff, Central Intelligence Agency |last1=Pedlow |first1=Gregory W. |last2=Welzenbach |first2=Donald E. |year=1992 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=43–44 |access-date=November 21, 2013 |archive-date=August 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818070925/http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB434/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The government showed its 1997 budget was $26.6&nbsp;billion for the fiscal year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/news-information/press-releases-statements/press-release-archive-1997-1/pr101597.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612215415/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/press-releases-statements/press-release-archive-1997-1/pr101597.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 12, 2007 |title=Statement of the Director of Central Intelligence Regarding the Disclosure of the Aggregate Intelligence Budget for Fiscal Year 1997 |date=October 15, 1997 |website=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> The government has disclosed a total figure for all non-military intelligence spending since 2007; the fiscal 2013 figure is $52.6&nbsp;billion. According to the [[2013 mass surveillance disclosures]], the CIA's fiscal 2013 budget is $14.7&nbsp;billion, 28% of the total and almost 50% more than the budget of the National Security Agency. CIA's [[HUMINT]] budget is $2.3&nbsp;billion, the [[SIGINT]] budget is $1.7&nbsp;billion, and spending for security and logistics of CIA missions is $2.5&nbsp;billion. "Covert action programs," including a variety of activities such as the CIA's [[unmanned combat aerial vehicle|drone]] fleet and anti-[[Iranian nuclear program]] activities, accounts for $2.6&nbsp;billion.{{r|wp20130829}}

There were numerous previous attempts to obtain general information about the budget.<ref name=Aftergood2002budget>{{cite web |title=Declaration of Steven Aftergood |id=Case No. 02-1146 (RMU) |date=May 5, 2003 |url=https://fas.org/sgp/foia/2002/aftergood.html |website=Federation of American Scientists |access-date=June 27, 2015 |archive-date=June 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629182938/https://fas.org/sgp/foia/2002/aftergood.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result, reports revealed that CIA's annual budget in Fiscal Year 1963 was $550&nbsp;million (inflation-adjusted US$ {{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|0.55|1963|r=1}}}} billion in {{CURRENTISOYEAR}}),<ref name=CIA_CostReductionProgram>{{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency |title=CIA Cost Reduction Program |date=September 1, 1965 |url=https://fas.org/sgp/foia/1947/cia050405att.pdf |website=Federation of American Scientists |access-date=June 27, 2015 |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924135858/http://www.fas.org/sgp/foia/1947/cia050405att.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and the overall intelligence budget in FY 1997 was US$26.6&nbsp;billion (inflation-adjusted US$ {{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|26.6|1997|r=1}}}} billion in {{CURRENTISOYEAR}}).<ref name="Press Release 03/20/98 No. 03-98">{{cite web |website=Federation of American Scientists |title=CIA Discloses FY 1998 Intelligence Budget Total |date=March 20, 1998 |url=https://fas.org/sgp/foia/intel98.html |access-date=June 27, 2015 |archive-date=June 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629231244/https://fas.org/sgp/foia/intel98.html |url-status=live }}</ref> There have been accidental disclosures; for instance, [[Mary Margaret Graham]], a former CIA official and deputy director of national intelligence for collection in 2005, said that the annual intelligence budget was $44&nbsp;billion,<ref name="NYT2005-11-08">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/08/politics/08budget.html |title=Official Reveals Budget for U.S. Intelligence |last=Shane |first=Scott |date=November 8, 2005 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=April 29, 2013 |archive-date=June 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625160659/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/08/politics/08budget.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and in 1994 Congress accidentally published a budget of $43.4&nbsp;billion (in 2012 dollars) in 1994 for the non-military National Intelligence Program, including $4.8&nbsp;billion for the CIA.{{r|wp20130829}}

After the [[Marshall Plan]] was approved, appropriating $13.7&nbsp;billion over five years, 5% of those funds or $685&nbsp;million were secretly made available to the CIA. A portion of the enormous M-fund, established by the U.S. government during the post-war period for reconstruction of Japan, was secretly steered to the CIA.<ref>''Legacy of Ashes,'' p. 28.</ref>

==Open-source intelligence==
{{Further|Foreign Broadcast Information Service|Open Source Center}}
Until the 2004 reorganization of the intelligence community, one of the "services of common concern" that the CIA provided was [[open-source intelligence]] from the [[Foreign Broadcast Information Service]] (FBIS).<ref>{{cite web |title=Reexamining the Distinction Between Open Information and Secrets |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/Vol49no2/reexamining_the_distinction_3.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613114103/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/Vol49no2/reexamining_the_distinction_3.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 13, 2007 |last=Mercado |first=Stephen |website=Center for the Study of Intelligence |date=April 15, 2007 |access-date=July 4, 2008}}</ref> FBIS, which had absorbed the Joint Publication Research Service, a military organization that translated documents,<ref name=JPRSharvard>{{cite web |url=http://hcl.harvard.edu/research/guides/jprs/ |title=Joint Publications Research Service (JPRS) |work=Harvard College Library |access-date=July 1, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709232005/http://hcl.harvard.edu/research/guides/jprs/ |archive-date=July 9, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> moved into the [[National Open Source Enterprise]] under the Director of National Intelligence.

During the [[Presidency of Ronald Reagan|Reagan administration]], Michael Sekora (assigned to the [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]]), worked with agencies across the intelligence community, including the CIA, to develop and deploy a technology-based competitive strategy system called [[Project Socrates]]. Project Socrates was designed to utilize open-source intelligence gathering almost exclusively. The technology-focused Socrates system supported such programs as the [[Strategic Defense Initiative]] in addition to private sector projects.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Esther |last=Smith |title=DoD Unveils Competitive Tool: Project Socrates Offers Valuable Analysis |date=May 5, 1988 |magazine=[[Washington Technology]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |first=Robert |last=Wrubel |title=The Frontal Assault: A Conversation with Michael Sekora |date=July 10, 1990 |magazine=[[Financial World]]}}</ref>

Increasingly, the CIA is a major consumer of social media intelligence.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=CIA Monitors YouTube For Intelligence |url=http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=206105311 |first=Thomas |last=Claburn |magazine=[[InformationWeek]] |date=February 6, 2008 |access-date=February 11, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210020649/http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=206105311 |archive-date=February 10, 2008}}</ref> CIA launched a [[Twitter]] account in June 2014.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pfeiffer |first=Eric |url=https://news.yahoo.com/cia-launches-twitter-and-facebook-accounts-210535915.html |title=CIA outwits impersonators by embracing Twitter, Facebook |website=[[Yahoo! News]] |date=June 6, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2017 |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305055827/http://news.yahoo.com/cia-launches-twitter-and-facebook-accounts-210535915.html |url-status=live }}</ref> CIA also launched its own [[.onion]] website to collect anonymous feedback.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Makuch |first1=Ben |title=The CIA Will Use its New Dark Web Site to Collect Anonymous Tips |date=May 7, 2019 |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/xwnyew/the-cia-will-use-its-new-dark-web-site-to-collect-anonymous-tips |publisher=Vice |access-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-date=March 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303032125/https://www.vice.com/en/article/xwnyew/the-cia-will-use-its-new-dark-web-site-to-collect-anonymous-tips |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Outsourcing and privatization==
{{See also|Intelligence Outsourcing}}
Many of the duties and functions of Intelligence Community activities, not the CIA alone, are being outsourced and privatized. [[John Michael McConnell|Mike McConnell]], former Director of National Intelligence, was about to publicize an investigation report of outsourcing by U.S. intelligence agencies, as required by Congress.<ref name=IntAuth2008>{{cite web |title=Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008, Conference Committee Report |date=December 6, 2007 |url=https://fas.org/irp/congress/2007_rpt/hrpt110-478.pdf |website=Federation of American Scientists |access-date=June 27, 2015 |archive-date=March 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307212806/http://fas.org/irp/congress/2007_rpt/hrpt110-478.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> However, this report was then classified.<ref name="Hillhouse2007-10-09">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/06/AR2007070601993_pf.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |first=R. J. |last=Hillhouse |title=Who Runs the CIA? Outsiders for Hire |date=July 8, 2007 |access-date=July 4, 2008 |archive-date=March 5, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305004252/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/06/AR2007070601993_pf.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E6D91731F936A15755C0A9619C8B63 |newspaper=The New York Times |first=Patrick Radden |last=Keefe |title=Don't Privatize Our Spies |date=June 25, 2007 |access-date=July 4, 2008 |archive-date=October 12, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012221219/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E6D91731F936A15755C0A9619C8B63 |url-status=live }}</ref> Hillhouse speculates that this report includes requirements for the CIA to report:<ref name="Hillhouse2007-10-09"/><ref name="Hillhouse2007-12-18"/>
* different standards for government employees and contractors;
* contractors providing similar services to government workers;
* analysis of costs of contractors vs. employees;
* an assessment of the appropriateness of outsourced activities;
* an estimate of the number of contracts and contractors;
* comparison of compensation for contractors and government employees;
* attrition analysis of government employees;
* descriptions of positions to be converted back to the employee model;
* an evaluation of accountability mechanisms;
* an evaluation of procedures for "conducting oversight of contractors to ensure identification and prosecution of criminal violations, financial waste, fraud, or other abuses committed by contractors or contract personnel"; and
* an "identification of best practices of accountability mechanisms within service contracts."

According to investigative journalist [[Tim Shorrock]]:

{{blockquote|text=...what we have today with the intelligence business is something far more systemic: senior officials leaving their national security and counterterrorism jobs for positions where they essentially perform the same jobs they once held at the CIA, the NSA, and other agencies{{snd}}but for double or triple the salary and profit. It's a privatization of the highest order, in which our collective memory and experience in intelligence &ndash; our crown jewels of spying, so to speak &ndash; are owned by corporate America. There is essentially no government oversight of this private sector at the heart of our intelligence empire. And the lines between public and private have become so blurred as to be nonexistent.<ref name="spies for hire">{{cite web |url=http://www.salon.com/news/excerpt/2008/05/29/spies_for_hire/print.html |title=Former high-ranking Bush officials enjoy war profits |last=Shorrock |first=Tim |website=[[Salon.com]] |date=May 29, 2008 |access-date=June 16, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602013315/http://www.salon.com/news/excerpt/2008/05/29/spies_for_hire/print.html |archive-date=June 2, 2008  }}</ref><ref name="business of intelligence">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/15/business/15shelf.html |title=The Business of Intelligence Gathering |last=Hurt III |first=Harry |newspaper=The New York Times |date=June 15, 2008 |access-date=June 18, 2008 |archive-date=November 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105032536/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/15/business/15shelf.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

Congress had required an outsourcing report by March 30, 2008:<ref name="Hillhouse2007-12-18">{{cite web |title=CIA Contractors: Double or Nothin' |url=http://www.thespywhobilledme.com/the_spy_who_billed_me/2007/12/cia-contractors.html |first=R. J. |last=Hillhouse |author-link=Raelynn Hillhouse |date=December 18, 2007 |website=thespywhobilledme.com |access-date=August 26, 2017 |archive-date=August 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826234958/http://www.thespywhobilledme.com/the_spy_who_billed_me/2007/12/cia-contractors.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{blockquote|text=The Director of National Intelligence has been granted the authority to increase the number of positions (FTEs) on elements in the Intelligence Community by up to 10% should there be a determination that activities performed by a contractor should be done by a U.S. government employee."<ref name="Hillhouse2007-12-18"/>}}

The problem is two-fold. Part of the problem, according to Author Tim Weiner, is that political appointees designated by recent presidential administrations have sometimes been under-qualified or over-zealous politically. Large scale purges have taken place in the upper echelons of the CIA, and when those talented individuals are pushed out the door, they have frequently gone on to found new independent intelligence companies which can suck up CIA talent.<ref name="Ashes" /> Another part of the contracting problem comes from Congressional restrictions on the number of employees within the IC. According to Hillhouse, this resulted in 70% of the de facto workforce of the CIA's National Clandestine Service being made up of contractors. "After years of contributing to the increasing reliance upon contractors, Congress is now providing a framework for the conversion of contractors into federal government employees{{snd}}more or less."<ref name="Hillhouse2007-12-18"/> The number of independent contractors hired by the Federal government across the intelligence community has skyrocketed. So, not only does the CIA have trouble hiring, but those hires will frequently leave their permanent employ for shorter term contract gigs which have much higher pay and allow for more career mobility.<ref name="Ashes" />

As with most government agencies, building equipment often is contracted. The National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), responsible for the development and operation of airborne and spaceborne sensors, long was a joint operation of the CIA and the United States Department of Defense. The NRO had been significantly involved in the design of such sensors, but the NRO, then under DCI authority, contracted more of the design that had been their tradition, and to a contractor without extensive reconnaissance experience, [[Boeing]]. The next-generation satellite [[Future Imagery Architecture]] project "how does heaven look," which missed objectives after $4&nbsp;billion in cost overruns, was the result of this contract.<ref name="AWST2005-03-20">{{Cite journal |title=SBIRS High in the Red Again |date=March 20, 2005 |first1=Amy |last1=Butler |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news%2F03215p02.xml |journal=Aviation Week |access-date=January 14, 2008 |archive-date=April 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429022651/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news%2F03215p02.xml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NYT">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/11/washington/11satellite.html |title=In Death of Spy Satellite Program, Lofty Plans and Unrealistic Bids |last=Taubman |first=Philip |date=November 11, 2007 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=April 29, 2013 |archive-date=April 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408013929/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/11/washington/11satellite.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some of the cost problems associated with intelligence come from one agency, or even a group within an agency, not accepting the compartmented security practices for individual projects, requiring expensive duplication.<ref name=BenRich>{{cite book |title=Skunk Works: A Personal Memoir of My Years of Lockheed |first=Ben R. |last=Rich |publisher=Back Bay Books |year=1996 |isbn=0-316-74330-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/skunkworks00benr }}</ref>

==See also==<!-- Please respect alphabetical order -->
{{Portal|United States|Politics}}
{{div col}}
* [[Abu Omar case]]
* [[Blue sky memo]]
* [[Church Committee]]
* [[CIA's relationship with the United States Military]]
* [[Classified information in the United States]]
* [[Enhanced interrogation techniques]]
* [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)]]
* [[Intellipedia]]
* [[Kryptos]]
* [[National Intelligence Board]]
* [[Operation Peter Pan]]
* [[Reagan Doctrine]]
* [[Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations]]
* [[U.S. Army and CIA interrogation manuals]]
* [[United States and state-sponsored terrorism]]
* [[United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade]], target chosen by CIA, claimed by accident
* [[United States involvement in regime change]]
* [[United States Department of Homeland Security]]
* [[United States Intelligence Community]]
* [[Vault 7]]
* ''[[The World Factbook]]'', published by the CIA
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Library resources box}}
* {{cite book|title=The CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention |first=Richard H. |last=Immerman |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-292-71083-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=erAkfz6c9HoC}}
* {{cite book |last=Weiner |first=Tim |year=2007 |title=Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA |publisher=Doubleday |location=New York |isbn=978-0-385-51445-3|oclc= 82367780|title-link=Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA }}

==External links==
<!--===============================================================================-->
<!--| WIKIPEDIA IS NOT A COLLECTION OF LINKS. Only a limited number of new links  |-->
<!--| should be added to this article. Consider adding links to the appropriate   |-->
<!--| category at the Open Directory Project (www.dmoz.org) and link back to that |-->
<!--| category using the {{dmoz}} template.                                       |-->
<!--| See [[Wikipedia:External links]] and [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for further details |-->
<!--===============================================================================-->
{{Sister project links |wikt=no |b=no |q=no |v=no}}
* {{Official website|https://www.cia.gov/}}
* {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/*/http://www.odci.gov/cia/|title=Central Intelligence Agency}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160722095046/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/ CIA Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room]
* [http://backdoorbroadcasting.net/2011/04/landscapes-of-secrecy-the-cia-in-history-fiction-and-memory-2/ Landscapes of Secrecy: The CIA in History, Fiction and Memory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316140956/http://backdoorbroadcasting.net/2011/04/landscapes-of-secrecy-the-cia-in-history-fiction-and-memory-2/ |date=March 16, 2015 }} (2011)
* {{Internet Archive author |search=( "Central Intelligence Agency" OR "CIA" )}}
* {{Librivox author |id=9612}}
* [https://archive.org/details/cia-collection Central Intelligence Collection] at [[Internet Archive]]

{{Central Intelligence Agency}}
{{Intelligence agencies of USA}}
{{External national intelligence agencies}}
{{Five Eyes}}
{{Cold War}}
{{Harry S. Truman}}
{{War on Terror}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Central Intelligence Agency| ]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in Virginia]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1947]]
[[Category:United States intelligence agencies]]
[[Category:Independent agencies of the United States government]]
[[Category:Intelligence analysis agencies]]
[[Category:Anti-communist organizations in the United States]]
[[Category:Cold War in popular culture]]
[[Category:Secret police]]
[[Category:McLean, Virginia]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]