View source for Bonneville Power Administration

{{Short description|United States federal agency that provides power supply to the Pacific Northwest}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name    = Bonneville Power Administration
| type           =
| nativename     =
| nativename_a   =
| nativename_r   =
| logo           = Bonneville Power Administration (logo, 2015).svg
| logo_width     = 
| logo_caption   =
| seal           = 
| seal_width     = 
| seal_caption   =
| picture        =
| picture_width  =
| picture_caption=
| formed         = {{Start date and age|1937|8|20|mf=y}}
| preceding1     = 
| preceding2     =
| dissolved      =
| superseding    =
| jurisdiction   = [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. government]]
| headquarters   = [[Portland, Oregon]], U.S.
| coordinates    =
| employees      =
| budget         =
| minister1_name =
| minister1_pfo  =
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo  =
| chief1_name    = John Hairston
| chief1_position= administrator
| chief2_name    =
| chief2_position=
| agency_type    =
| parent_agency  = {{flagicon image|Flag of the United States Department of Energy.svg|size=23px}} [[United States Department of Energy|U.S. Department of Energy]]
| child1_agency  =
| child2_agency  =
| keydocument1   =
| website        = {{official URL|https://www.bpa.gov/}}
| footnotes      =
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}}

The '''Bonneville Power Administration''' ('''BPA''') is an American federal agency operating in the [[Pacific Northwest]]. BPA was created by an act of [[United States Congress|Congress]] in 1937 to market electric power from the [[Bonneville Dam]] located on the [[Columbia River]] and to construct facilities necessary to transmit that power. Congress has since designated Bonneville to be the marketing agent for power from all of the federally owned hydroelectric projects in the Pacific Northwest. Bonneville is one of four regional Federal [[Power Marketing Administration|power marketing agencies]] within the [[United States Department of Energy|U.S. Department of Energy]] (DOE).

[[File:Bonneville Power Administration (system map, October 2020).svg|300px|thumb|right|Map of the BPA service area (green) with facilities:

{{legend|#006a44|BPA transmission lines}}
{{legend|#8c3f97|Non-BPA lines}}
[[File:Bonneville Power Administration (system map, federal dam icon).svg|12px]] Federal dam]]
[[File:BPA-75-years-logo.svg|thumb|right|Logo used to commemorate 75 years of the Bonneville Power Administration.]]
[[File:E11167 - DPLA - 361b50669f9f44df0cdf8e92b5fe0149.jpg|thumb|right|Construction of high voltage line]]
[[File:E1224 - DPLA - fe6b46ed03cc2b278cd70764299c173f.jpg|thumb|right|High voltage transmission right-of-way cleared for construction]]
[[File:E2009 - DPLA - b2d47dda5d4e9358cf68726091edeae9.jpg|thumb|right|Linemen installing high-voltage insulators]]
[[File:E2190 - DPLA - 82748a84a4f348c323d28a68fe435177.jpg|thumb|right|Construction of high voltage pylon]]
[[File:E881 - DPLA - 37c6ab5dab9dc6c58e2f5cd34ada9cd6.jpg|thumb|right|Spanning wires]]

==Operations==

The power generated on BPA's grid is sold to public utilities, private utilities, and industry on the grid. The excess is sold to other grids in [[Canada]], California and other regions. Because BPA is a public entity, it does not make a profit on power sales or from providing transmission services. BPA also coordinates with the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]] and the [[U.S. Bureau of Reclamation]] to regulate flow of water in the [[Columbia River]] and to carry out environmental projects such as [[salmon]] restoration.

Although BPA is part of the DOE, it is self-funded and covers its costs by selling its products and services at cost. The BPA provides about 28% of the electricity used in the region. BPA transmits and sells wholesale [[electricity]] in eight western states: [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Oregon]], [[Idaho]], [[Montana]], [[Wyoming]], [[Utah]], [[Nevada]], and [[California]].<ref name="BPAF">{{cite web |date=March 2023 |title=BPA Facts |url=https://www.bpa.gov/-/media/Aep/about/publications/general-documents/bpa-facts.pdf |publisher=Bonneville Power Administration |accessdate=June 5, 2024}}</ref> Its minimum wholesale rate is 3.49&nbsp;cents per kilowatt-hour; the BPA generated $4.72&nbsp;billion in operating revenue in 2022.<ref name="BPAF"/>

BPA now markets the electricity from thirty-one federal [[hydroelectric dams on the Columbia River]] and its tributaries, as well as from the [[Columbia Generating Station]], a nuclear plant located on the [[Hanford Site]] in eastern Washington. BPA has more than {{convert|15,000|mi|km|0|disp=preunit|circuit }} of electrical lines and 261 substations in the [[Pacific Northwest]] and controls approximately 75 percent of the high-voltage (230 kV and higher) transmission capacity in the region.<ref name="BPAF"/> 87&nbsp;percent of the agency's sustained peak capacity (11,680 MW) is generated from hydroelectricity.<ref name="BPAF"/>

BPA also maintains connection lines with other [[power grid]]s.  It connects to the California high-voltage transmission system by [[Path 66]], which consists of the two 500 kV AC lines of the Pacific AC Intertie, plus a third 500 kV AC line of the California-Oregon Transmission Project (COTP) (managed by the Balancing Authority of Northern California). Together these three lines are operated as the [[California-Oregon Intertie]] (COI) (managed by the [[California Independent System Operator]] CAISO). An additional [[Direct current|DC]] ±500 kV line, the [[Pacific DC Intertie]], links BPA's grid at the [[Celilo Converter Station]] near [[The Dalles, Oregon]] to the [[Los Angeles Department of Water and Power]] (LADWP) grid 800 miles (1,300&nbsp;km) away at the [[Sylmar Converter Station]] in [[Los Angeles]].

The Northern Intertie crosses the Canada–US border in two locations at [[Blaine, Washington]] and [[Nelway, British Columbia]] and connects to two [[BC Hydro]] [[Alternating current|AC]] 500 kV lines and several lower [[voltage]] lines.<ref>{{cite web| title=BPA to automate transmission curtailment procedure for the Puget Sound Area | date=September 2007 | url=https://www.bpa.gov/news/pubs/FactSheets/fs200709-BPA%20to%20automate%20transmission%20curtailment%20procedure%20for%20the%20Puget%20Sound%20Area.pdf}}</ref>

Because BPA owns and operates transmission equipment and locations, its workers perform its own [[vegetation management]].<ref name="Mason-2000">{{cite web | access-date=July 16, 2022 | date=June 23, 2000 | publisher=Bonneville Power Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, [[Bureau of Land Management]] (BLM), [[U.S. Forest Service]] (FS) | last=Mason | first=Stacy L. | title=Bonneville Power Administration Transmission System Vegetation Management Program Final Environmental Impact Statement (DOE/EIS-0285) | url=https://www.energy.gov/nepa/downloads/eis-0285-final-environmental-impact-statement-0}}</ref>

BPA uses helicopters to [[Glossary of wildfire terms#S|sling load]] maintenance workers inspecting and repairing power lines.<ref>Head, Elan. "[http://www.verticalmag.com/news/article/OnTheLineTrainingwithBPAandPriority1AirRescue On The Line: Training with BPA and Priority 1 Air Rescue]" ''Vertical'', October 28, 2014. Accessed: October 30, 2014.</ref>

==Facilities and projects==

The BPA is the designated marketer for 31 hydroelectric dams and the [[Columbia Generating Station]] a nuclear power plant at the [[Hanford Site]]. The dams are owned and operated by either the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|Army Corps of Engineers]] (21 dams) or the [[United States Bureau of Reclamation|Bureau of Reclamation]] (10 dams), and have a maximum combined capacity of 22 GW.<ref name="BPAF"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ Bonneville Power Administration dams<ref name="BPAF"/>
|-
! scope="col" data-sort-type="text" | Dam
! scope="col" data-sort-type="text" | River
! scope="col" data-sort-type="text" | State(s)
! scope="col"data-sort-type="number" | Maximum<br />capacity
! scope="col" data-sort-type="date" | Year opened
! scope="col" data-sort-type="text" | Owner
|-
! scope="row" | [[Albeni Falls Dam]]
| [[Pend Oreille River|Pend Oreille]]
| [[Idaho]]
| align="right" | 49 MW
| align="center" | 1955
| Army Corps of Engineers
|-
! scope="row" | [[Anderson Ranch Dam]]
| [[Boise River|Boise]]
| [[Idaho]]
| align="right" | 40 MW
| align="center" | 1950
| Bureau of Reclamation
|-
! scope="row" | [[Big Cliff Dam]]
| [[North Santiam River|North Santiam]]
| [[Oregon]]
| align="right" | 23 MW
| align="center" | 1953
| Army Corps of Engineers
|-
! scope="row" | [[Black Canyon Diversion Dam]]
| [[Payette River|Payette]]
| [[Idaho]]
| align="right" | 10 MW
| align="center" | 1925
| Bureau of Reclamation
|-
! scope="row" | [[Boise River Diversion Dam]]
| [[Boise River|Boise]]
| [[Idaho]]
| align="right" | 3 MW
| align="center" | 1912
| Bureau of Reclamation
|-
! scope="row" | [[Bonneville Dam]]
| [[Columbia River|Columbia]]
| [[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
| align="right" | 1,216 MW
| align="center" | 1938
| Army Corps of Engineers
|-
! scope="row" | [[Chandler Dam]]
| [[Yakima River|Yakima]]
| [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
| align="right" | 12 MW
| align="center" | 1956
| Bureau of Reclamation
|-
! scope="row" | [[Chief Joseph Dam]]
| [[Columbia River|Columbia]]
| [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
| align="right" | 2,614 MW
| align="center" | 1958
| Army Corps of Engineers
|-
! scope="row" | [[Cougar Dam]]
| [[McKenzie River (Oregon)|McKenzie]]
| [[Oregon]]
| align="right" | 28 MW
| align="center" | 1963
| Army Corps of Engineers
|-
! scope="row" | [[Detroit Dam]]
| [[North Santiam River|North Santiam]]
| [[Oregon]]
| align="right" | 126 MW
| align="center" | 1953
| Army Corps of Engineers
|-
! scope="row" | [[Dexter Dam]]
| [[Middle Fork Willamette River|Middle Fork Willamette]]
| [[Oregon]]
| align="right" | 17 MW
| align="center" | 1954
| Army Corps of Engineers
|-
! scope="row" | [[Dworshak Dam]]
| [[Clearwater River (Idaho)|Clearwater]]
| [[Idaho]]
| align="right" | 460 MW
| align="center" | 1973
| Army Corps of Engineers
|-
! scope="row" | [[Foster Dam]]
| [[South Santiam River|South Santiam]]
| [[Oregon]]
| align="right" | 23 MW
| align="center" | 1967
| Army Corps of Engineers
|-
! scope="row" | [[Grand Coulee Dam]]
| [[Columbia River|Columbia]]
| [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
| align="right" | 7,049 MW
| align="center" | 1942
| Bureau of Reclamation
|-
! scope="row" | [[Green Peter Dam]]
| [[South Santiam River|South Santiam]]
| [[Oregon]]
| align="right" | 92 MW
| align="center" | 1967
| Army Corps of Engineers
|-
! scope="row" | [[Green Springs Dam]]
| [[Emigrant Creek]]
| [[Oregon]]
| align="right" | 17 MW
| align="center" | 1960
| Bureau of Reclamation
|-
! scope="row" | [[Hills Creek Dam]]
| [[Middle Fork Willamette River|Middle Fork Willamette]]
| [[Oregon]]
| align="right" | 34 MW
| align="center" | 1962
| Army Corps of Engineers
|-
! scope="row" | [[Hungry Horse Dam]]
| [[Flathead River|Flathead]]
| [[Montana]]
| align="right" | 428 MW
| align="center" | 1953
| Bureau of Reclamation
|-
! scope="row" | [[Ice Harbor Dam]]
| [[Snake River|Snake]]
| [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
| align="right" | 695 MW
| align="center" | 1962
| Army Corps of Engineers
|-
! scope="row" | [[John Day Dam]]
| [[Columbia River|Columbia]]
| [[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
| align="right" | 2,484 MW
| align="center" | 1971
| Army Corps of Engineers
|-
! scope="row" | [[Libby Dam]]
| [[Kootenai River|Kootenai]]
| [[Montana]]
| align="right" | 605 MW
| align="center" | 1975
| Army Corps of Engineers
|-
! scope="row" | [[Little Goose Dam]]
| [[Snake River|Snake]]
| [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
| align="right" | 930 MW
| align="center" | 1970
| Army Corps of Engineers
|-
! scope="row" | [[Lookout Point Dam]]
| [[Middle Fork Willamette River|Middle Fork Willamette]]
| [[Oregon]]
| align="right" | 138 MW
| align="center" | 1953
| Army Corps of Engineers
|-
! scope="row" | [[Lost Creek Dam (Oregon)|Lost Creek Dam]]
| [[Rogue River (Oregon)|Rogue]]
| [[Oregon]]
| align="right" | 56 MW
| align="center" | 1977
| Army Corps of Engineers
|-
! scope="row" | [[Lower Granite Dam]]
| [[Snake River|Snake]]
| [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
| align="right" | 930 MW
| align="center" | 1975
| Army Corps of Engineers
|-
! scope="row" | [[Lower Monumental Dam]]
| [[Snake River|Snake]]
| [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
| align="right" | 930 MW
| align="center" | 1969
| Army Corps of Engineers
|-
! scope="row" | [[McNary Dam]]
| [[Columbia River|Columbia]]
| [[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
| align="right" | 1,127 MW
| align="center" | 1952
| Army Corps of Engineers
|-
! scope="row" | [[Minidoka Dam]]
| [[Snake River|Snake]]
| [[Idaho]]
| align="right" | 28 MW
| align="center" | 1909
| Bureau of Reclamation
|-
! scope="row" | [[Palisades Dam]]
| [[Snake River|Snake]]
| [[Idaho]]
| align="right" | 176 MW
| align="center" | 1958
| Bureau of Reclamation
|-
! scope="row" | [[Roza Dam]]
| [[Yakima River|Yakima]]
| [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
| align="right" | 13 MW
| align="center" | 1958
| Bureau of Reclamation
|-
! scope="row" | [[The Dalles Dam]]
| [[Columbia River|Columbia]]
| [[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
| align="right" | 2,048 MW
| align="center" | 1957
| Army Corps of Engineers
|}

==History==

The Bonneville Project, named for the then-new [[Bonneville Dam]], was established by an [[act of Congress]] that was signed into law by President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] on August 20, 1936. The federal agency was created to market electricity from the Bonneville and [[Grand Coulee Dam|Grand Coulee]] dams based on the model of the [[Tennessee Valley Authority]] (TVA). It would provide a flat rate for customer utilities and use revenue from these sales to pay off the bonds used by the federal government to finance the construction of dams in the Pacific Northwest. The agency's name was changed to the Bonneville Power Administration in 1940. Attempts to replace the BPA with a Columbia Valley Authority that more closely resembled the TVA were made in the 1940s and 1950s, but were ultimately unsuccessful.<ref name="HistoryLink">{{cite web |last=Tate |first=Cassandra |date=April 27, 2015 |title=Bonneville Power Administration |url=https://historylink.org/File/11060 |work=[[HistoryLink]] |accessdate=June 5, 2024}}</ref><ref name="NPCC">{{cite web |title=Bonneville Power Administration: History |url=https://www.nwcouncil.org/reports/columbia-river-history/bpahistory/ |publisher=[[Northwest Power and Conservation Council]] |accessdate=June 5, 2024}}</ref>

BPA's first industrial sale was to [[Alcoa]] in January 1940, to provide 32,500 kilowatts of power.<ref name="maccoll">{{cite book|last=MacColl|first=E. Kimbark|title=The Growth of a City: Power and Politics in Portland, Oregon 1915–1950|year=1979|publisher=The Georgian Press|location=[[Portland, Oregon]]|isbn=0-9603408-1-5}}</ref> This, and the following 162,500 kilowatt order, led to complaints of the Bonneville Power Act's anti-monopoly clause.<ref name="maccoll" /> The cheap price of aluminum from Alcoa helped aluminum sales grow in the post-[[World War II]] market.<ref name="maccoll" />

Overly optimistic estimates of future electricity consumption by BPA in the 1960s led the agency to guarantee some bonds for the disastrous [[Energy Northwest|Washington Public Power Supply System]] nuclear power project. Out of five nuclear power plants started ([[WNP-1 and WNP-4]], [[WNP-3 and WNP-5]]), only [[WNP-2]] was completed. BPA is still making payments on three of the abandoned plants. In 2003, BPA's debt for the nuclear project totaled $6.2 billion.<ref>[http://www.nwcouncil.org/history/BPAHistory Northwest Council: "BPA History"] ''www.nwcouncil.org'', accessed November 16, 2019</ref>

In 1973, the BPA commissioned [[TRW Inc.]] to write software for the [[PDP-10]] mainframe computer that managed the agency's power grid; [[Bill Gates]] and [[Paul Allen]] wrote the software for the monitoring system, which remained in operation until its replacement in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hair |first1=Calley |last2=Hastings |first2=Patty |date=October 16, 2018 |title=Paul Allen honed his chops in Vancouver for BPA |url=https://www.columbian.com/news/2018/oct/16/paul-allen-honed-his-chops-in-vancouver-for-bpa/ |work=[[The Columbian]] |accessdate=June 5, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Legacy computer system retires after keeping the lights on for 38 years |url=https://www.bpa.gov/news/newsroom/Pages/Legacy-computer-system-retires-after-keeping-the-lights-on-for-38-years.aspx |website=Bonneville Power Administration |access-date=November 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112025905/https://www.bpa.gov/news/newsroom/Pages/Legacy-computer-system-retires-after-keeping-the-lights-on-for-38-years.aspx |archive-date=November 12, 2020}}</ref>

In 2014, the BPA Library discovered a collection of old films made by the agency and began posting digital versions of them on the agency's website.<ref>[https://www.bpa.gov/news/AboutUs/History/Pages/Film-Vault.aspx Film-Vault] ''www.bpa.gov'', accessed November 16, 2019</ref> Included in the collection is the award-winning documentary "River of Power" which covers the Agency's history from its beginning to the present.<ref>[http://www.bpa.gov/news/AboutUs/History/Pages/River-of-Power.aspx River of Power (1987) film] ''www.bpa.gov/news'', accessed November 16, 2019</ref>

The BPA gives its name to the [[BPA Trail]] in [[Federal Way, Washington|Federal Way]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], a walking trail built beneath power transmission lines.

===Administrators===
{| class=wikitable
|+Administrators of the Bonneville Power Administration<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bpa.gov/news/AboutUs/Execs/Pages/Administrators-of-BPA.aspx | title = Administrators of BPA | publisher=Bonneville Power Administration | access-date = February 2, 2016 }}</ref>
! Administrator{{efn|The position title varied in the early years as shown in the reference; since William Pearl, the title has consistently been 'Administrator of the Bonneville Power Administration'.}}
! Dates{{efn|The start date shown is the earliest date when the person was named to the position or when showed up for the job. The "effective" appointment date wasn't always precise but was always after the date of announcement, and sometimes before and sometimes after the date the individual actually began work on the job. Likewise, the swearing-in date was sometimes before and sometimes after the start of actual work in the position.}}
|-
| [[James Delmage Ross|James D. (J. D.) Ross]]{{efn|Power administrator of the Bonneville Project}}
| Oct. 10, 1937 – March 14, 1939
|-
| Charles Carey 
| Feb. 2 – May 4, 1939 (acting){{efn|During Ross' illness and after his death}}
|-
| Frank Banks
| May 4 – Sept. 15, 1939 (interim / acting)
|-
| [[Paul J. Raver]]{{efn|Administrator, Bonneville Power Project, later Bonneville Power Administration}}
| Sept. 16, 1939 – Jan. 14, 1954
|-
| [[William A. Pearl]]
| Jan. 15, 1954 – Feb. 14, 1961
|-
| [[Charles F. Luce]]
| Feb. 15, 1961 – Aug. 30, 1966
|-
| David S. Black
| Aug. 31, 1966 – Sept. 7, 1967
|-
| H.R. Richmond
| Sept. 8, 1967 – Oct. 19, 1967 (acting)
|-
| [[Donald P. Hodel]]
| Dec. 1, 1972 – Dec. 19, 1977
|-
| [[S. Sterling Munro, Jr.]]
| Jan. 1978 – Feb. 1981
|-
| Earl Gjelde
| Feb. – May 1981 (acting)
|-
| [[Peter T. Johnson]]
| May 1981 – July 1986
|-
| [[James J. Jura]]
| July 1986 – Aug. 1991
|-
| Jack Robertson
| Aug. – Oct. 1991 (acting)
|-
| [[Randall W. Hardy]]
| Oct. 1991 – Sept. 1997
|-
| Jack Robertson
| Oct. 1997 – June 1998 (acting)
|-
| Judith A. Johansen
| June 1998 – Sept. 2000
|-
| Stephen J. Wright
| Sept. 2000 – Feb. 2002 (acting)<br>March 2002 – Feb. 2013
|-
| William K. Drummond
| Jan. 2013 – Jan. 2014
|-
| [[Elliot Mainzer]]
| July 2013 – Jan. 2014 (acting)<br>Jan. 2014 – Sept. 2020
|-
| John L. Hairston
| Sept 2020 - Mar. 2021 (acting)<br>Mar. 2021 – present
|}

===Notes===
{{notelist}}

== See also ==
*[[Tennessee Valley Authority]]
*[[Power Marketing Administration]]
*[[Western Interconnection]]
*[[BPA Trail]], [[Federal Way, Washington|Federal Way]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Archives==
*[http://digital.lib.washington.edu/findingaids/view?docId=LuceCharlesF0781.xml Charles F. Luce papers]. 1654–2000. 6.13 cubic feet.
*[http://digital.lib.washington.edu/findingaids/view?docId=AdamsBrock1096.xml Brock Adams papers]. 1947–1993. 326.64 cubic feet (456 boxes).
*[http://digital.lib.washington.edu/findingaids/view?docId=BarkerGeorgePHColl102.xml George H. Barker Collection of Dam Construction Photographs and Ephemera]. 1935-1952. 243 photographic prints, 18 newspaper clippings (1 box).

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Official website|1=https://www.bpa.gov/|2=Bonneville Power Administration}}
*[https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/bonneville-power-administration Bonneville Power Administration] in the [[Federal Register]]
*[[Historic American Engineering Record]] (HAER) documentation:
{{HAER |survey=ID-22 |id=id0167 |title=Bonneville Power Administration Burley Substation, 1221 Albion Avenue, Burley, Cassia County, ID |photos=13 |data=19 |cap=2 |link=no}}
{{HAER |survey=OR-4 |id=or0169 |title=Bonneville Power Administration South Bank Substation, I-84, South of Bonneville Dam Powerhouse, Bonneville, Multnomah County, OR |photos=20 |data=9 |cap=2 |link=no}}
{{HAER |survey=WA-188 |id=wa0488 |title=Pasco-Kennewick Transmission Line, Columbia River Crossing Towers, Columbia Drive and Gum Street, Kennewick, Benton County, WA |photos=6 |data=14 |cap=1 |link=no}}

{{USGovernment|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227004010/http://www.bpa.gov/corporate/about_BPA/Facts/FactDocs/BPA_Facts_2006.pdf|archive-date=February 27, 2009|url=http://www.bpa.gov/corporate/about_BPA/Facts/FactDocs/BPA_Facts_2006.pdf|title=BPA Fast Facts - Fiscal Year 2006}}

{{DOE agencies}}
{{Columbia River}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Columbia River]]
[[Category:New Deal agencies]]
[[Category:United States Department of Energy]]
[[Category:Companies based in Portland, Oregon]]
[[Category:Renewable energy in the United States]]
[[Category:New Deal in Oregon]]
[[Category:Public utilities of the United States]]
[[Category:Water management authorities in the United States]]