View source for Administrative Office of the United States Courts

{{short description|Administrative agency of the US federal court system}}
{{Organization 
|OrganizationName=Administrative Office of the United States Courts
|OrganizationType=Administrative and Support Agencies
|Mission=To support the effective and efficient administration of justice in the United States federal courts by providing a range of legislative, administrative, legal, financial, management, program, and information technology services. It aims to facilitate the judiciary in executing its constitutional mission of providing equal justice under law.
|OrganizationExecutive=Director
|Employees=1000
|Budget=$1.34 billion (FY 2024)
|Website=https://www.uscourts.gov/
|Services=Administrative support; Budget management; Legislative analysis; Judicial education and training; Court statistics; IT support
|ParentOrganization=Judicial Conference of the United States
|CreationLegislation=Administrative Office of the United States Courts Act of 1939
|Regulations=
|HeadquartersLocation=38.893977, -77.026589
|HeadquartersAddress=One Columbus Circle NE, Washington, DC 20544, United States
}}
{{Infobox government agency
|agency_name     = Administrative Office of the United States Courts
|seal            = US-Courts-AdministrativeOffice-Seal.svg
|seal_width      = 140 px
|seal_caption    = Seal
| picture         = 
| picture_width   = 
| picture_caption = 
|formed          = August 7, 1939<ref name=ffa>[http://findfederalagency.com/administrative-office-united-states-courts ''Administrative Office of the United States Courts (AO)''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928105817/http://findfederalagency.com/administrative-office-united-states-courts |date=September 28, 2007 }} at FindFederalAgency.com</ref>
|dissolved       =
|superseding     =
|jurisdiction    = [[United States federal courts|United States Judiciary]]
|headquarters    = [[Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary Building]] [[Washington, D.C.]]
|employees       = ~30,000 (2020)<ref name=AR2020DM>{{cite report |author=[[James C. Duff]] |date=2020 |title=Annual Report 2020 Director's Message |url=https://www.uscourts.gov/statistics-reports/annual-report-2020 |publisher=Administrative Office of the United States Courts |access-date=July 15, 2021}}</ref>
|budget          = $7.8 billion (FY 2021)<ref>{{cite report |author=[[James C. Duff]] |date=2020 |title=Funding/Budget – Annual Report 2020 |url=https://www.uscourts.gov/statistics-reports/fundingbudget-annual-report-2020 |publisher=Administrative Office of the United States Courts |access-date=July 15, 2021}}</ref>
|chief1_name     = 
|chief1_position = 
|chief2_name     = [[Robert J. Conrad]]
|chief2_position = Director
|parent_agency   = [[Judicial Conference of the United States]]
|website         = {{URL|http://www.uscourts.gov/}}
|footnotes       =
}}
The '''Administrative Office of the United States Courts''', or the '''Administrative Office''' ('''AO''') for short, is the [[Administration (government)|administrative]] [[Government agency|agency]] of the [[United States federal courts|United States federal court system]], established in 1939. The central support entity for the federal [[Judiciary|judicial branch]], the AO provides a wide range of legislative ([[Legislative assistant|legislative assistance]]), [[Court administration|administrative]], [[Law|legal]], [[Finance|financial]], [[management]], program ([[program evaluation]]), and [[information technology]] support services to the federal courts.

It is directly supervised by the [[Judicial Conference of the United States]], the body that sets the national and legislative policy of the federal judiciary and is composed of the [[Chief Justice of the United States|chief justice]], chief judge of each [[United States court of appeals|court of appeals]], a [[United States district court|district court]] judge from each regional [[United States federal judicial circuits|judicial circuit]], and the chief judge of the [[United States Court of International Trade]]. The AO implements and executes Judicial Conference policies, as well as applicable federal statutes and regulations. The office facilitates communications within the judiciary and with [[United States Congress|Congress]], the [[Federal government of the United States#Executive branch|executive branch]], and the public on behalf of the [[Federal judiciary of the United States|judiciary]]. Administrative Office [[Lawyer|lawyers]], [[Public administration|public administrators]], [[Accountant|accountants]], [[Systems engineering|systems engineers]], analysts, [[Architect|architects]], [[Statistician|statisticians]], and other staff provide a wide variety of professional services to meet the needs of judges and more than 32,000 Judiciary employees working in more than 800 locations across the United States.

==Mission==
[[File:Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary Building photo D Ramey Logan.jpg|thumb|right|The Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary Building houses the offices of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts, the [[Federal Judicial Center]], the [[United States Sentencing Commission]], and the Office of the Clerk of the [[Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation]].]]
The mission of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts (AO) is to provide a variety of support functions to the [[United States federal judiciary]]. The AO prepares and submits the budget for the courts to the Judicial Conference for approval by Congress. It analyzes legislation from Congress that will affect the courts' operations or personnel, and it interprets and applies the new laws. It also provides administrative help to members of the courts in the form of [[Court clerk|clerk]]s, probation and pretrial services officers, [[court reporter]]s, and [[public defender]]s. It also works together with the [[General Services Administration]] to develop and operate suitable accommodations for federal courts, either in [[General Services Administration#Federal property and buildings|federal building]]s or in standalone federal [[courthouse]]s.

==Structure==
The director of the AO (currently [[Robert J. Conrad]])<ref name=Conrad/> serves as Secretary of the Judicial Conference and is appointed, along with the deputy director (currently Lee Ann Bennett),<ref name=AR2020DM/> by the [[Chief Justice of the United States|chief justice of the United States]].<ref name=ffa/>  The AO includes an Office of the General Counsel, Office of Judicial Conference Executive Secretariat, Office of Public Affairs, Office of Legislative Affairs, Office of Judges Programs, Office of Court Administration, Office of Human Resources, Office of Finance and Budget, Office of Facilities and Security, Office of Defender Services, [[U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services System]], Office of Information Technology, and an Office of Internal Services.

==History==
The Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts was established by an act of Congress on November 6, 1939.<ref>{{cite web |title=Judicial Branch |url=http://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/ATO/USGM/Judicial.html |work=United States Government Manual |year=1945 |access-date=February 1, 2013}}</ref><ref>An Act to provide for the administration of the United States courts, and for other purposes, {{USStatute|76|299|53|1223|1939|8|7}}, codified at {{USC|28|444}}</ref>  With the establishment of the Administrative Office and the circuit [[Judicial council (United States)|judicial councils]], Congress for the first time provided the judiciary with budgetary and personnel management agencies that were independent of the executive branch of government. For 150 years, administrative responsibility for the federal courts shifted from the [[United States Treasury Department|Treasury Department]] to the Interior Department in 1849 and to the Justice Department in 1870. (The [[Conference of Senior Circuit Judges]], established in 1922, was an advisory body.) By the late 1930s, a coalition of judges, lawyers, academics, and Justice Department officials agreed that the efficient administration of justice, as well as the principle of judicial independence, required a separate agency with officers appointed by and responsible to a body of judges.

By the early-twentieth century, some judges expressed concern that the Justice Department's administrative oversight of the courts was ineffective and, more importantly, posed the threat of interference with the judicial process. Reform proposals ranged from separate appropriation bills for the courts to the authorization of senior circuit judges as administrators for all the courts within their respective circuits. Some circuits established conferences of judges to discuss problems of case management and [[court administration]]. The Roosevelt administration's [[Judicial Reorganization Bill of 1937]], best known for its provision to enlarge the [[United States Supreme Court|Supreme Court]], included provision for appointment of a proctor who would gather data on the business of the courts and make recommendations for reassignment of judges and improved case management. Many district court judges resisted this centralization of authority over individual courts that had operated with so much autonomy for a century and a half, but there was widespread support for some reform that would facilitate judicial business and eliminate the Justice Department's role in the daily operations of the federal courts.

After the defeat of Roosevelt's "[[Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937|court-packing]]" plan, Chief Justice [[Charles Evans Hughes]] responded to suggestions for less sweeping administrative changes. He appointed members of the Conference of Senior Circuit Judges to work with representatives of the [[American Bar Association]] and Justice Department officials to draft legislation that would improve the efficiency of the courts at the same time that it respected the decentralized character of the federal judicial system. The committee's proposed that the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts would collect information on the caseload of the courts, prepare the annual budget request for the courts and disburse funds appropriated to the judiciary, and offer administrative assistance to the courts. The act authorized the Supreme Court to select the director of the Administrative Office, but, at the insistence of Chief Justice Hughes, the office was to operate under the supervision of the Conference of Senior Circuit Judges rather than the Court.
The committee proposal found broad support in both the Senate and House of Representatives, which considered several versions before passage in August 1939. The act established circuit judicial councils through which the courts of appeals judges would review the caseload reports of the Administrative Office and instruct district judges on what was necessary to expedite the courts' business. It also mandated annual circuit conferences at which circuit and district judges would meet with members of the bar to discuss judicial administration.

==Directors of the Administrative Office==

In preparation for the planned retirement of Director [[Roslynn R. Mauskopf]] on January 31, 2024, Chief Justice [[John Roberts]], on January 23, 2024, appointed [[United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina|Western District of NC]] senior judge [[Robert J. Conrad]] to be the next director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts effective March 1, 2024. Deputy director Lee Ann Bennet served as acting director for the month of February.<ref name=Conrad>{{Cite press release |date=January 24, 2024 |title= January 23, 2024|publisher=[[Supreme Court of the United States]] |location=Washington, D.C. |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/publicinfo/press/pressreleases/pr_01-23-24 |access-date=February 6, 2024}}</ref>

===Past directors===
*[[Henry P. Chandler]], 1939–1956
*Warren Olney III, 1958–1967
*Ernest C. Friesen, 1968–1970
*Rowland F. Kirks, 1970–1977
*William E. Foley, 1977–1985
*[[Leonidas Ralph Mecham]], 1985–2006
*[[James C. Duff]], 2006–2011<ref name="USCourts">{{cite web | url=http://news.uscourts.gov/james-c-duff-return-ao-director-january-2015 | title=James C. Duff to Return as AO Director in January 2015 | publisher=uscourts.gov | date=4 November 2014 | access-date=18 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="SCOTUS">{{cite web | url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/publicinfo/press/pressreleases/pr_11-04-14 | title=Press Release | publisher=[[Supreme Court of the United States]] | date=4 November 2014 | access-date=18 November 2014}}</ref> 
*[[Thomas F. Hogan]], 2011–2013
*[[John D. Bates]], 2013–2015<ref>[http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/admin_01_03_01.html Directors of the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts], Federal Judicial Center</ref>
*[[James C. Duff]], 2015–2021
*[[Roslynn R. Mauskopf]], 2021–2024

== See also ==
* [[Judicial council (United States)]]
* [[California Administrative Office of the Courts]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web |title=In Profile: Administrative Office of the United States Courts |work=United States Courts |url=http://www.uscourts.gov/FederalCourts/UnderstandingtheFederalCourts/AdministrativeOffice/DirectorAnnualReport/annual-report-2012/in-profile.aspx |access-date=May 8, 2013 }}
* {{cite web |title=Directors of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts |url=http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/admin_06_01.html |access-date=February 1, 2012 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.uscourts.gov/adminoff.html Administrative Office of the United States Courts]
* [https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/administrative-office-of-united-states-courts Administrative Office of the United States Courts] in the [[Federal Register]]
* [https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/judicial-conference-of-the-united-states Judicial Conference of the United States] in the Federal Register

{{United States Judicial Conference}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Administrative Office Of The United States Courts}}
[[Category:1939 in American law]]
[[Category:Federal judiciary of the United States]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1939]]
[[Category:Court administration]]
[[Category:1939 establishments in Washington, D.C.]]