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{{Infobox government agency
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The '''Federal Crop Insurance Corporation''' ('''FCIC''') is a wholly owned [[government corporation]] managed by the [[Risk Management Agency]] of the [[United States Department of Agriculture]]. FCIC manages the federal [[crop insurance]] program, which provides U.S. farmers and agricultural entities with crop insurance protection.

[[File:Corn corps bordering the Wabash River.jpg|thumb|Corn crops bordering the [[Wabash River]]]]

==Background==
{{see also|New Deal|Dust Bowl}}
During the 1930s, farmers thought they were safe during the [[Great Depression]] because they could provide food for themselves. That changed quickly when the [[Dust Bowl]] drought made it difficult for farmers to produce any crops during this time. By not being able to produce these essential crops, they lacked necessary food for themselves and were unable to make money off of the crops.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rosenberg|first=Jennifer|title=Great Depression- A short History|url=http://history1900s.about.com/od/1930s/p/greatdepression.htm|access-date=2014-04-17|archive-date=2017-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203033049/http://history1900s.about.com/od/1930s/p/greatdepression.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In order to help America recover from the Great Depression, President Franklin  D. Roosevelt started the [[New Deal]], which was a plan compiled of federal programs, including several focused on farming.<ref>{{cite web|last=Walker|first=R|title=What is the New Deal?|url=https://livingnewdeal.berkeley.edu/resources/what-was-the-new-deal/|access-date=2014-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418233722/https://livingnewdeal.berkeley.edu/resources/what-was-the-new-deal/|archive-date=2014-04-18|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
The Federal Crop Insurance Corporation was a program created to carry out the government initiative to provide insurance for farmers' produce, which means that  farmers would receive compensation for crops, even if they were not sustained in that year.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of the Crop Insurance Program|url=http://www.rma.usda.gov/aboutrma/what/history.html|access-date=2008-09-17|archive-date=2018-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606073009/https://www.rma.usda.gov/aboutrma/what/history.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On September 26, 1980, the program was expanded through Public Law 96-365.<ref name=CI>[http://www.federalgrantswire.com/crop-insurance.html Crop Insurance (10.450)], Federal Grants Wire.</ref>

Initially, participation in FCIC was voluntary. However, insurance premiums were subsidized by the U.S. government as a means of encouraging participation in the FCIC program. This changed with the [[Federal Crop Insurance Reform Act of 1994]], which required farmers to participate in the program in order to be eligible for deficiency payments related to certain FCIC programs. During the mandatory participation Catastrophic coverage was created. "Catastrophic coverage compensated farmers for losses exceeding 50 percent of an average yield paid at 60 percent of the price established for the crop for that year."<ref>{{cite web|title=History of the Crop Insurance Program|url=http://www.rma.usda.gov/aboutrma/what/history.html|access-date=2008-09-17|archive-date=2018-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606073009/https://www.rma.usda.gov/aboutrma/what/history.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mandatory participation was repealed in 1996, but for the farmers who had accepted other benefits it was mandatory to obtain crop insurance, or they would surrender the eligibility for any benefits that were [[Failed acreage|caused by disaster]].<ref>[http://www.rma.usda.gov/aboutrma/what/history.html History of the Crop Insurance Program, U.S. Department of Agriculture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606073009/https://www.rma.usda.gov/aboutrma/what/history.html |date=2018-06-06 }}.</ref> 
 
An independent office designed to supervise and monitor FCIC activities was mandated in the [[Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996]] (P.L.104-127). The [[Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000]] (ARPA) made amendments, providing for FCIC to offer a wider selection of insurance-related risk management tools to farmers and agricultural entities.<ref name=CI />

===Financial claims===
Between 1980 and 2005, FCIC recorded $43.6 billion in total claims, averaging approximately $1.7 billion in losses per year. Three-quarters of FCIC claims were the result of three weather-related disasters – [[drought]], excess moisture, and [[hail]] – with the remaining claims divided among 27 different causes, including crop-damaging frost and tornados.<ref name=CC>[https://books.google.com/books?id=--MHEt8biWAC&dq=%22federal+crop+insurance+corporation%22+1938&pg=PA51 "Climate Change" by John B. Stephenson, Google Books]</ref>

===Biotech coverage expansion===
In September 2008, the U.S. Department of Agriculture approved the expansion of the FCIC's risk management program to include agricultural producers involved in the planting and harvesting of certain [[biotech]] [[maize|corn]] hybrid seeds that are designed to be resistant to damage from [[lepidoptera]] pests (including [[moths]] and their larvae) and below-ground [[Diabrotica|corn rootworm]] damage. The biotech corn hybrid seeds must also show tolerance to certain herbicides. FCIC coverage for the biotech corn hybrid seeds went into effect in 2009.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120718000848/http://uk.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUKN1928538720080819 "Farmers using biotech seed may pay less insurance," Reuters, August 19, 2008]</ref>

==Standard Reinsurance Agreement==
The [[United States Department of Agriculture]] allows private insurance companies that participate in the federal crop insurance program to transfer a portion of their risk to the federal government. The '''standard reinsurance agreement''' establishes the terms and conditions under which the [[Federal government of the United States|United States federal government]] will provide [[subsidy|subsidies]] and reinsurance on eligible crop insurance contracts sold or reinsured by the insurance company named on the agreement.

==See also==
* [[Actual Production History]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{CRS|article = Report for Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition|url = http://ncseonline.org/nle/crsreports/05jun/97-905.pdf|author= Jasper Womach}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite news|title=Crop Insurance Program Ripe for Fraud|work=[[National Public Radio|NPR]]|date=November 15, 2005|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5012400}}
* {{Cite web|title=History of the Crop Insurance Program|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture Risk Management Agency|url=http://www.rma.usda.gov/aboutrma/what/history.html|access-date=2008-09-17|archive-date=2018-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606073009/https://www.rma.usda.gov/aboutrma/what/history.html|url-status=dead}} 
* {{Cite web|title=Living New Deal: What Was The New Deal?|publisher=University of California, Berkeley, Department of Geography|url=https://livingnewdeal.berkeley.edu/resources/what-was-the-new-deal/|access-date=2014-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418233722/https://livingnewdeal.berkeley.edu/resources/what-was-the-new-deal/|archive-date=2014-04-18|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite report|last=Rosch|first=Stephanie|date=February 18, 2021|title=Federal Crop Insurance: A Primer|publisher=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46686|access-date=May 23, 2024}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://www.rma.usda.gov/fcic/}}
* [https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/federal-crop-insurance-corporation Federal Crop Insurance Corporation] in the [[Federal Register]]

{{USDA agencies}}
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[[Category:Agricultural insurance in the United States]]
[[Category:United States Department of Agriculture agencies]]
[[Category:Corporations chartered by the United States Congress]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of the United States]]
[[Category:New Deal agencies]]
[[Category:Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996]]