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{{Short description|US Defense Intelligence Agency program}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2023}}

'''Project Socrates''' was a classified U.S. [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] program established in 1983 within the [[Reagan administration]].  It was founded and directed by physicist Michael C. Sekora to determine why the United States was unable to maintain economic competitiveness—and to rectify the situation.<ref name="Sanders">{{cite news|url=http://www.economyincrisis.org/content/spurring-americas-economic-renaissance|title=Spurring America's Economic Renaissance|last=Sanders|first=Joshua|date=September 14, 2010|publisher=Economy in Crisis|access-date=31 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126122329/http://www.economyincrisis.org/content/spurring-americas-economic-renaissance|archive-date=26 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first = Ronald E. | last = Yates | title = For Some Executives, 'Trade Wars' Taking On A Literal Meaning | date = 1992-07-05 | url = https://www.chicagotribune.com/1992/07/05/for-some-executives-trade-wars-taking-on-a-literal-meaning/ | work = Chicago Tribune | access-date = 2010-05-30}}</ref>

According to Project Socrates:<blockquote> [B]ird’s eye view of competition went far beyond, in terms of scope and completeness, the extremely narrow slices of data that were available to the professors, professional economists, and consultants that addressed the issue of competitiveness.  The conclusions that the Socrates team derived about competitiveness in general and about the U.S. in particular were in almost all cases in direct opposition to what the professors, economists and consultants had been saying for years, and to what had been accepted as irrefutable underlying truths by decision-makers throughout the U.S.<ref name="Sanders"/></blockquote>

When Reagan's presidential term ended and the [[George H. W. Bush administration|Bush administration]] came to the White House, Project Socrates was labeled as "[[industrial policy]]", and began to fall from favor.  As a result, in April 1990, the program was defunded.<ref name="Wicker">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/24/opinion/in-the-nation-the-high-tech-future.html?pagewanted=all|title=IN THE NATION; The High-Tech Future|last=Wicker|first=Tom|date=May 24, 1990|work=The New York Times|access-date=31 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first = John | last = Markoff | title = Technology Official Quits at Pentagon | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/10/business/technology-official-quits-at-pentagon.html | date = May 20, 1990 | work = The New York Times | access-date = 2013-10-15}}</ref>

==Early history==

In 1983 Sekora was an intelligence officer within the U.S. [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] (DIA), working on preventing the flow of western military technologies to the Soviet Union.  At the time, the intelligence agencies of the [[Soviet Union]] like the [[KGB]] and [[GRU (Soviet Union)|GRU]] were very aggressive in their efforts to acquire technology from the United States as well as from various other western countries like [[France]] and [[Germany]]. They were using a multitude of covert and overt, legal and illegal means to acquire western [[military technology|military technologies]]. For example, DIA would block KGB's acquisition of a sensitive U.S. technology that the KGB had trans-shipped through an intricate maze of front companies throughout [[Africa]] (it turns out that the KGB was ultimately successful by trans-shipping it through European front companies).{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

It became clear that the United States' technology policy was radically different from the policies of all the other countries that Sekora had interacted with. The U.S. technology policy consisted primarily of protection in the form of [[export control]]s to prevent the flow of U.S.-developed technology to military adversaries. In contrast, the technology policies of all other countries of the world addressed the flow of technology both into and out of the country.  Surprisingly, this was the policy of both U.S. adversaries and allied countries, and it was used by the countries to address both their military as well as commercial technologies.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

The U.S. approach was premised on the notion that all technology of value to the United States was in the United States, that the most effective means to have the technology was to execute internal [[research and development]] (R&D), so therefore, the only necessary national technology policy was to prevent its flow out of the country. In addition, only the flow of U.S. military critical technologies to the United States' military adversaries needed to be restricted.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

So while the U.S. approach to technology policy was focused on simply reducing the flow of military technology, its ability to generate an economic competitive advantage was starting to rapidly deteriorate in several key industries, including the [[U.S. auto industry]]. By contrast, other countries were executing strategies to manage the flows of commercial and military technologies into and out of their respective countries to systematically and efficiently build their economic and military strengths.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

Sekora concluded that in order for the United States to remain competitive, economically and militarily, the United States must abandon its simplistic approach to technology and execute strategies that managed the flows of technology into and out of the country in a manner that was superior to that which was executed by all its military competitors and commercial adversaries. The rest of the world was playing chess with the world's technologies, and the United States had to become the grand master of technology chess.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

Sekora thereafter initiated the Socrates Project within the Defense Intelligence Agency.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Sekora | first1 = Michael | title = Mastering the Art of Competition | publisher = Jossey Bass | date = 28 Jan 2010  | isbn = 978-0-470-50071-2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first = Robert | last = Wrubel | title = The Frontal Assault: A Conversation with Michael Sekora | date = 1990-07-10 | work = Financial World Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first = Lisa | last = Shuchman | title = World War Inc.? Business Strategists Counsel Aggression to Compete Globally | date = 1991-11-10 | work = The Palm Beach Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first = Lisa | last = Burgess | title = Sekora: What's Next for Socrates Master? | date = 1990-07-19 | work = Military & Aerospace Electronics}}</ref>

==Mission==

The Socrates Project from its inception had a twofold mission. First was to determine the true underlying cause of the United States' declining competitiveness. Second was to use this understanding to develop the means to rebuild America's competitiveness.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

In the early 1980s, it was becoming apparent to some people that the United States was losing its competitiveness. However, the Socrates team saw that what amounted to "one-liner" explanations of the reasons for the United States' declining competitiveness (e.g., "Japan, Inc.", "A non-level playing field")—which were widely distributed and fully accepted—were too superficial for Socrates' mission of rebuilding America's competitiveness, and were not supported by what was seen while working on the issue of preventing the [[Soviets]] from acquiring Western technology.{{citation needed|date=June 2011}}

To determine the source of the U.S. competitiveness problem, Project Socrates assembled an all-source intelligence system which enabled the project to examine competition on a global scale. The combination of deep intelligence and digital data provided a bird's-eye, holistic view of all forms of competition worldwide.<ref>{{cite news | first = Esther | last = Smith | title = DoD Unveils Competitive Tool: Project Socrates Offers Valuable Analysis | date = 1988-05-05 | work = Washington Technology}}</ref>

==Socrates' discoveries==
Project Socrates identified five key mental shifts which had to take place in order to restore the United States' competitive edge:<ref>{{cite journal | title = Mike Sekora: Towards a technology based strategy | journal = Trade Reform | date = 2010-08-27 | first = Michael | last = Stumo | url = http://www.tradereform.org/2010/08/mike-sekora-towards-a-technology-based-strategy/ | access-date = 2011-01-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110126130501/http://www.tradereform.org/2010/08/mike-sekora-towards-a-technology-based-strategy/ | archive-date = 2011-01-26 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Ronald Reagan Had It Right; Bring Back Project Socrates, The Intelligence Community's International Technology Monitoring Program | journal = Manufacturing & Technology News | date = June 2010 | first = Michael | last = Sekora}}</ref>

# Decision-makers must revert to technology exploitation (i.e., the acquisition and utilization of technology to include R&D) as the foundation for their decision-making—technology-based planning.
# The exploitation of the technology is the most effective foundation for decision making for the complete set of functions within the private and public sectors that determine U.S. competitiveness.
# To exploit technology more effectively than its competitors, the United States must generate and lead the next evolutionary step in technology exploitation—the automated innovation revolution.
# A system was developed within the Socrates Project of the [[U.S. intelligence community]], and then refined in the private sector, that would enable the United States to generate and lead the automated innovation revolution providing U.S. private and public organizations with the ability to generate and maintain a major competitive advantage over all competitors worldwide for many generations.
# The automated innovation system would, in addition, enable the U.S. private and public organizations to execute automated innovation in a manner that would enable the full range of U.S. resources to be exploited in a highly coherent, flexible, and independent fashion, further increasing the competitive advantages achieved and maintained by the U.S. organizations.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Defense Intelligence Agency}}

[[Category:Defense Intelligence Agency]]
[[Category:Economic history of the United States]]
[[Category:Cold War history of the United States]]