View source for Ethics in Government Act

{{Short description|United States federal law}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}{{More citations needed|date=July 2011}}
{{Infobox U.S. legislation
| name = Ethics in Government Act of 1978 
| fullname = An Act to establish certain Federal agencies, effect certain reorganizations of the Federal Government, to implement certain reforms in the operation of the Federal Government and to preserve and promote the integrity of public officials and institutions, and for other purposes.
| acronym = EIGA
| nickname = Ethics in Government Act of 1978
| enacted by = 95th
| effective date = October 26, 1978
| public law url = 
| cite public law = {{USPL|95|521}}
| cite statutes at large = {{USStat|92|1824}}
| acts amended = 
| title amended = [[Title 5 of the United States Code|5 U.S.C.: Government Organization and Employees]]
| sections created = [https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode05a/usc_sup_05_5_10_sq3.html Title 5-Appendix - Ethics]
| sections amended = 
| leghisturl = http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d095:S.555:
| introducedin = Senate
| introducedbill = "Public Official Integrity Act" ({{USBill|95|S|555}})
| introducedby = [[Abraham Ribicoff]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]-[[Connecticut|CT]])
| introduceddate = February 1, 1977
| committees = [[United States Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs|Senate Governmental Affairs]], [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Senate Judiciary]]
| passedbody1 = Senate
| passeddate1 = June 27, 1977
| passedvote1 = [http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/95-1977/s245 74–5]
| passedbody2 = House
| passeddate2 = September 27, 1978
| passedvote2 = in lieu of {{USBill|95|HR|1}}, passed [http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/95-1978/h1447 365–6]
| conferencedate = October 1978
| passedbody3 = Senate
| passeddate3 = October 7, 1978
| passedvote3 = cleared
| passedbody4 = House
| passeddate4 = October 12, 1978
| passedvote4 = [http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/95-1978/h1500 370–23]
| signedpresident = [[Jimmy Carter]]
| signeddate = October 26, 1978
| amendments = Courthouse Ethics and Transparency Act
| SCOTUS cases = [[Morrison v. Olson]], April 26, 1988
}}

The '''Ethics in Government Act of 1978''' is a [[United States]] [[federal law]] that was passed in the wake of the Nixon [[Watergate scandal]] and the [[Saturday Night Massacre]]. It was intended to fight [[corruption]] in government.

==Summary==
The Ethics in Government Act of 1978 is organized into six titles. It created mandatory, public disclosure of financial, and employment history of public officials as well as their immediate families. It also created restrictions on [[lobbying]] efforts by public officials for a set period after leaving public office. Lastly, it created the United States Office of the Government Ethics to oversee the federal ethics program.  

===Title I===
Title I requires those in the public service sector to fill out financial disclosure forms which include the sources and amounts of income, gifts, reimbursements, the identity and approximate value of property held and liabilities owed, transactions in property, commodities, and securities, and certain financial interests of a spouse or dependent. People that must file reports include, but are not limited to: the President, Vice President, employees and officers of the [[Executive Branch]], [[United States Postmaster General|Postmaster General]], the Deputy Postmaster General, each Governor of the Board of Governors of the [[U.S. Postal Service]], each officer or employee of the [[United States Postal Service]] or [[Postal Regulatory Commission]], as well as judicial officers, such as Chief Justice, Associate Justices, appellate judges and district judges.

The report must then be filed to the appropriate state officer of their state of residence, and the committee charged with issues of ethics in their respective house of Congress. The [[President of the United States|President]], [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]], counsel appointed to the [[United States Department of Justice]], and nominees to positions that require [[United States Senate]] confirmation must file with the Director of the Office of Government Ethics.

These reports are available to the public shortly after they are submitted.

The [[Attorney General of the United States]] can bring charges against anyone who falsifies information in the reports.

===Title II===
Vote to repeal took place in 1989, and took effect January 1, 1991. This title originally governed financial disclosure by executive branch officials, but disclosure rules for all three branches were later consolidated into the first title.

===Title III===
Vote to repeal took place in 1989, and took effect January 1, 1991. This title originally governed financial disclosure by judicial branch officials, but disclosure rules for all three branches were later consolidated into the first title.

===Title IV===
Title IV created the [[Office of Government Ethics]]. The Office of Government Ethics' director is appointed by the President, and approved by the Senate. The director is charged with providing direction on Executive Branch policies of disclosure, and collaborates with the Attorney General in investigations of ethics violations.

===Title V===
Title V restricts outside employment on people making above $120,000 a year with adjustment for location as of 2011. Employees cannot be employed by an "entity which provides professional services involving a fiduciary relationship", have their name used by that entity, work on the board of that entity, or teach without prior authorization by the appropriate government ethics department or figure.

The bill increased length of prohibition of lobbying work in front of the agency from one to two years.

Finally, it allows for judges to teach when not on active duty.

===Title VI===
Title VI amended [[Title 28 of the United States Code]]. Title VI of The Act expired on June 30, 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/counsel/office/history.html |title=A Brief History of the Independent Counsel Law |first=Jim |last=Mokhiber |publisher=[[PBS]] |date=May 1998}}</ref> It has been permanently replaced with [[Title 28 of the Code of Federal Regulations|Title 28 (CFR)]], Chapter VI, Part 600.

It requires the Attorney General to investigate specific allegations of federal offenses by the President, Vice President, individuals at specified salary levels in the Executive Office of the President and the Department of Justice, any Assistant Attorney General, the Director and Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, the Commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service, all such specified individuals who held office during the incumbency of the President or during the period the previous President held office, if such preceding President was of the same political party as the incumbent President, and any officer of the principal national campaign committee seeking the election or reelection of the President.

The Attorney General must decide if there is merit to the allegation within 90 days. If so, he or she must have a special prosecutor appointed who has all the power of the Department of Justice office except those specific to the Attorney General. The special prosecutor is chosen through a system wherein the [[Chief Justice of the United States]] appoints a panel of three judges from the [[U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals|Circuit Court of Appeals]], one of which must be from the [[District of Columbia]], who serve three-year terms and choose the special prosecutor. The special prosecutor has the authority to send any information to the [[United States Congress]] that he or she deems relevant and can provide counsel in issues that may call for impeachment of the person under investigation.

The special prosecutor can only be removed by impeachment and conviction by congress, or by the Attorney General for "substantial improprieties" or a physical or mental condition that affects performance.

The Department of Justice is required to suspend all investigations within the realm of the special prosecutor.

The Attorney General has the authority to declare anyone disqualified from participating in an investigation because of conflict of interest.

===Criticism===
{{Weasel|section|date=February 2017}}
Justice Antonin Scalia provided critiques of the Act, based on both Constitutional law and the potential for harm in practice, in his dissenting opinion in the case ''[[Morrison v. Olson]]''. Justice [[Antonin Scalia|Scalia]], a judicial conservative, noted that the [[U.S. Constitution]] granted consolidated power to enforce the law exclusively to the Executive Branch. The Act extended the power to initiate criminal investigation to the [[United States House of Representatives]] and the Senate, which Scalia viewed as a violation of the [[separation of powers]]. He believed that the House of Representatives' investigation through the use of a special prosecutor "[arose] out of a bitter power dispute between the President and the Legislative Branch".

Even some Congressmen who had voted for the Act criticized it privately, leading to speculation that "if it had been an anonymous vote, it would have been voted down two-to-one".<ref name="newyorker">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1977/08/22/congressional-ethics |title=A Reporter at Large: Congressional Ethics |last=Drew|first=Elizabeth|date=August 22, 1977|magazine=The New Yorker|access-date=February 1, 2012}}</ref> The bill's most controversial feature among Congressmen was its limit on outside income, which could be no more than 15 percent of his public service income. This restriction applied only to "earned" income, while excluding investment income from stocks or bonds. About a half-dozen members of the House of Representatives reportedly would not speak to the Speaker of the House, [[Tip O'Neill]], because he pushed the Act through. Their claim was that the Act favored people with "unearned" wealth, people who already had it, over people with "earned" additional income, usually with a law practice on the side. Democratic Representative [[David R. Bowen]] of [[Mississippi]] called the ethics climate of the time a "witch-hunt".<ref name=newyorker />

Specific provisions of the Act have faced criticism as either too weak or too strong. The Special Prosecutor created by Title VI was empowered to pursue investigations with minimal evidence, and was required to pursue any accusation that the District Attorney could not disprove. It allowed for legal harassment of political opponents, even in cases that prosecutors stated they would have dropped in any other federal court.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://nationalaffairs.com/public_interest/detail/the-independent-counsel-regime |last=Eastland |first=Terry |title=The Independent-Counsel Regime |journal=[[The Public Interest]] |volume=100 |date=Summer 1990 |page=68 }}</ref> Republicans{{Which|date=February 2017}} complained of abuse by Democrats during the Supreme Court case of ''Morrison v. Olson'', and Democrats later complained that Kenneth Starr's three-and-a-half-year investigation of President [[Bill Clinton]] in the [[Monica Lewinsky scandal]] was motivated by partisanship.<ref>{{cite web|last=Greenhouse |first=Linda |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/02/01/weekinreview/blank-check-ethics-in-government-the-price-of-good-intentions.html |title=Blank Check; Ethics in Government: The Price of Good Intentions |work=The New York Times |date=February 1, 1998 |access-date=February 1, 2012}}</ref> The Office of Government Ethics created by Title IV has been criticized on the grounds that its limited budget, leadership and prestige are inadequate for the Office to function effectively.<ref name=Carroll>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1541-0072.1988.tb00592.x|title="if Men Were Angels": Assessing the Ethics in Government Act of 1978|journal=Policy Studies Journal|volume=17|issue=2|pages=435–447|year=1988|last1=Carroll|first1=James D.|last2=Roberts|first2=Robert N.}}</ref>{{rp|437}}

Other critics complain that public disclosure involves a violation of privacy which may deter good people from public service.<ref name=Carroll/>{{rp|439}}

== The Ethics Reform Act of 1989 ==
{{Expand section
 | 1           = Added content from cited source. This section provides newer information than the 1978 section.
 | section     = 1
 | small       = no
 | talksection = 
 | date        = February 2021}}
The '''Ethics Reform Act of 1989''' was introduced by Representative [[Tom Foley]] (D-WA) to provide for government-wide ethics reform. Improvements to the 1978 act included civil penalties for appointees violating post-service employment regulations, and widening the net to include all employees of the Executive Department who hold a commission from the President. The act became Public Law 101-194 on November 30, 1989.<ref name=PL101-194>{{USPL |101|194|The Ethics Reform Act of 1989}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[STOCK Act]] or Stop Trading on Congressional Knowledge Act

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal|last=Cook | first=Julian A. III | date=November 1999 | title=The Independent Counsel Statute: A Premature Demise | work=Brigham Young Law Review | volume=1999 | number=4 | pages=1367-1417 | url=http://digitalcommons.law.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2038&context=lawreview}}
* {{cite book |last=O'Conner |first=Karen |first2=Larry |last2=Sabato |title=American Government: Continuity and Change |edition=8th |location=New York |publisher=Pearson Longman |year=2006 |isbn=0-321-20918-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7f_lrQEACAAJ }}
* {{cite web | last=Scalia | first=Antonin | title=Morrison v. Olson | type=Dissenting Opinion | via=Cornell University Law School | url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0487_0654_ZD.html}}
* {{cite journal | last=Iglesias | first=Elizabeth M. | date=2018 | title=When Impunity and Corruption Embrace: How the Past Becomes the Future in the Struggle Against Torture and Genocide | work=UC Davis Journal of International Law and Policy | volume=25 | number=1 | pages=1-36 | url=https://jilp.law.ucdavis.edu/sites/g/files/dgvnsk15346/files/2024-05/25UCDavisJIntlLPoly1_0.pdf <!-- https://jilp.law.ucdavis.edu/archives/25/1/when-impunity-and-corruption-embrace-how-past-becomes-future-struggle-against-torture https://repository.law.miami.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1709&context=fac_articles -->}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-900/uslm/COMPS-900.xml Ethics in Government Act of 1978] ([https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-900/pdf/COMPS-900.pdf PDF]/[https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-900/ details]) as amended in the [[United States Government Publishing Office|GPO]] [https://www.govinfo.gov/help/comps Statute Compilations collection]
* [http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/95/hr1 H.R. 1: Financial Disclosure Act]
* [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2010-title5/pdf/USCODE-2010-title5-app-ethicsing.pdf Original Text of 1978 law]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1978 in American law]]
[[Category:Social ethics]]
[[Category:United States federal government administration legislation]]