View source for Commission of Fine Arts

{{Short description|Design and aesthetic control agency for Washington, D.C.}}
{{Organization 
|OrganizationName=United States Commission of Fine Arts
|OrganizationType=Independent Agencies
|Mission=To advise the President, Congress, and heads of departments and agencies of the federal and District of Columbia governments on matters of design and aesthetics, particularly as they impact the federal interest and preserve the dignity of the nation’s capital. The Commission reviews public and some private projects in designated areas of Washington, D.C.
|OrganizationExecutive=Chair
|Employees=12
|Budget=Not publicly specified; operates with a small budget allocated by Congress
|Website=https://www.cfa.gov
|Services=Design review; advice on public art; urban planning; 
|ParentOrganization=United States Government (Independent)
|CreationLegislation=Act of Congress in 1910
|HeadquartersLocation=38.897712, -77.043150
|HeadquartersAddress=401 F Street NW, Suite 312, Washington, DC 20001
}}
{{Infobox government agency
|agency_name     = U.S. Commission of Fine Arts
|nativename      = CFA
|nativename_a    =
|nativename_r    =
|logo            = United States Commission of Fine Arts - seal.jpg
|logo_width      = 
|logo_caption    = Commission of Fine Arts logo
|seal            =
|seal_width      =
|seal_caption    =
|formed          = May 17, 1910
|date1           =
|date1_name      =
|date2           =
|date2_name      =
|preceding1      =
|preceding2      =
|dissolved       =
|superseding     =
|jurisdiction    =
|headquarters    =
|employees       = 10
|budget          = $2.175 million
|chief1_name     = [[Billie Tsien]]
|chief1_position = Chair
|chief2_name     = Thomas Luebke
|chief2_position = Secretary
|parent_agency   =
|child1_agency   =
|child2_agency   =
|website         = [http://www.cfa.gov www.cfa.gov]
|footnotes       =
}}

The '''U.S. Commission of Fine Arts''' ('''CFA''') is an [[independent agency]] of the [[federal government of the United States]], and was established in 1910. The CFA has review (but not approval) authority over the "design and aesthetics" of all construction within [[Washington, D.C.]] In accordance with the [[Old Georgetown Act]], the CFA appoints the Old Georgetown Board. The Old Georgetown Board has design review authority over all semipublic and private structures within the boundaries of the [[Georgetown, Washington, D.C.|Georgetown Historic District]]. The CFA was granted approval (not just review) authority by the [[Shipstead-Luce Act]] over the design and height of public and private buildings which front or abut the grounds of the [[United States Capitol]], the grounds of the [[White House]], [[Pennsylvania Avenue (Washington, D.C.)|Pennsylvania Avenue]] NW extending from the Capitol to the White House, [[Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.|Lafayette Square]], [[Rock Creek Park]], the [[National Zoological Park (United States)|National Zoological Park]], the [[Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway]], [[West Potomac Park|Potomac Park]], and the [[National Mall]] and its constituent parks.<ref>Gutheim and Lee, p. 208; Kohler, ''The Commission of Fine Arts: A Brief History, 1910–1995'', p. 244.</ref>

The CFA mandate does not apply to the [[United States Capitol]], the [[Library of Congress]], or the other properties and locations overseen by the [[Architect of the Capitol]].

==Formation of the CFA==
President [[George Washington]] granted the government of the District of Columbia the power to regulate architectural design and urban planning. These powers were suspended by President [[James Monroe]] in 1822.<ref name="GrantPlanning">{{cite journal|last=Grant |first= Ulysses S. III|title =Planning the Nation's Capital|journal = Records of the Columbia Historical Society |date = 1948–1950|volume= 50|page = 48|jstor = 40067315}}</ref> In the wake of the [[World's Columbian Exposition]] in [[Chicago]] in 1893, the [[Cosmos Club]] and [[American Institute of Architects]] formed the Public Art League, a new organization whose purpose was to lobby for a new agency of the federal government to approve the design or purchase of art and architecture by the federal government. Legislation was proposed in Congress in 1897, but failed to pass because members of Congress wanted an advisory board rather than one which could deny Congress the ability to award commissions as part of the [[spoils system]].<ref>Kohler, ''The Commission of Fine Arts: A Brief History, 1910–1995'', p. 1.</ref>

In 1900, the [[United States Congress]] created the [[McMillan Plan|Senate Park Commission]] (also known as the "McMillan Commission" for its chairman, [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[James McMillan (politician)|James McMillan]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[Michigan|MI]])) to reconcile competing visions for the development of [[Washington, D.C.]], and especially the [[National Mall]] and nearby areas.<ref>Peterson, p. 77-91.</ref> The commission's plan for development of the city, popularly known as the [[McMillan Plan]], proposed the razing of all residences and other buildings on [[President's Park#Lafayette Park|Lafayette Square]] and building tall, [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] government office buildings with facades of white [[marble]] around the square to house executive branch offices.<ref>Peterson, p. 94.</ref> It also proposed clearing large spaces north and south of the [[National Mall]], realigning some streets, and constructing major new museums and public buildings along the Mall's length.<ref>Bednar, p. 49-51.</ref> The commission also proposed significant expansion of the district's park system, the creation of a system of [[parkway]]s, and extensive renovation and beautification of existing parks.<ref>Davis, p. 137-180.</ref> Over the next few years, the President and Congress established several new agencies to supervise the approval, design, and construction of new buildings in the [[District of Columbia]] to carry out the McMillan Plan: The Commission of Fine Arts in 1910 to review and advise on the design of new structures, the Public Buildings Commission in 1916 to make recommendations regarding the construction of buildings to house federal agencies and offices, and the [[National Capital Planning Commission|National Capital Parks and Planning Commission]] in 1924 to oversee planning for the District.<ref>Cannadine, p. 373-374.</ref>

On January 11, 1909, a committee of the [[American Institute of Architects]] (AIA) asked President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] to establish an independent federal agency to advise the government on architecture, bridges, painting, parks, sculpture, and other artistic works requiring design. Roosevelt wrote back the same day, agreeing to the proposal.<ref>Kohler, ''The Commission of Fine Arts: A Brief History, 1910–1995'', p. 2.</ref> On January 19, 1909, Roosevelt issued [[Executive order|Executive Order]] 1010, establishing a Council of Fine Arts. He requested that the AIA name 30 individuals to the council, and he instructed the [[Cabinet of the United States|Cabinet]] to seek the council's advice in matters of architecture, building site selection, landscaping, painting, and sculpture.<ref>Kohler, ''The Commission of Fine Arts: A Brief History, 1910–1995'', p. 2-3.</ref> The Council met only once, on February 9, 1909,<ref>{{cite web|last=Kohler|first=Sue|date=March 20, 2009|title=The Commission of Fine Arts: Implementing the Senate Park Commission's Vision|url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/ncr/designing-capital/sec6.html|website=Designing the Nation's Capital: The 1901 Plan for Washington, D.C.|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref><ref>Charles Moore, CFA chairman from 1912 to 1915, puts the date of the meeting at February 10, 1909, but the ''[[The Washington Post|Washington Post]]'' reported on February 10, 1909, that the council had met the previous day.. See: [https://books.google.com/books?id=vWgAAAAAYAAJ&dq=Taft+revoked+Executive+Order+Council+of+Fine+Arts&pg=PA120 Moore, p. 120], accessed 2012-10-13; "Arts Council Meets." ''Washington Post.'' February 10, 1909.</ref> during which it approved the site (suggested by the McMillan Commission) for the [[Lincoln Memorial]].<ref>Partridge and Helrich, p. 313.</ref>

[[William Howard Taft]] was inaugurated as president in March 1909. Taft revoked Executive Order 1010 on May 21, 1909.<ref>[[s:Executive Order 1074|"Revoking Executive Order of January 19, 1909, Which Appointed the Council of Fine Arts." Executive Order 1074.]] William Howard Taft. May 21, 1909.</ref><ref name="Partridge311">Partridge and Helrich, p. 311.</ref><ref name="Kohler3">Kohler, ''The Commission of Fine Arts: A Brief History, 1910–1995'', p. 3.</ref> There are differing explanations for Taft's actions. Historians Sue Kohler and Christopher Thomas state that Taft supported the idea of a fine arts commission, but wanted it to have a basis in legislation.<ref name="Kohler3" /><ref name="Thomas">Thomas, p. 36.</ref> But a contemporary report in the ''[[The Washington Post|Washington Post]]'' noted that the council was highly controversial, and Congress had passed legislation prohibiting the expenditure of funds for any federal body not established by law. The newspaper said the legislation was intended to defund the Council of Fine Arts.<ref>"Art Council No More." ''Washington Post.'' May 27, 1909.</ref>

Later in 1909, [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Elihu Root]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[New York (state)|NY]]) drafted legislation establishing an advisory commission of fine arts.<ref name="Partridge311" /> [[United States House of Representatives|Representative]] [[Samuel W. McCall]] (R-[[Massachusetts|MA]]) introduced the bill, H.R. 19962, into the [[United States House of Representatives]].<ref name="SerialSet">[https://books.google.com/books?id=GmE3AQAAIAAJ&dq=Samuel+McCall+fine+arts+commission+H.R.&pg=PA251 "Commission of Fine Arts." p. 251-253.] Accessed 2012-10-13.</ref> The House passed the legislation on February 9, 1910. The House bill made the members of the commission subject to approval by the Senate, gave their term of office as four years, and their qualifications as artists "of repute". In addition to having an advisory capacity on all questions of art and design, the commission was given final say on the selection of sites for monuments and statues.<ref>"Art Board for District." ''Washington Post.'' February 10, 1910.</ref> Root managed the House bill through the Senate. [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker]] [[Joseph Gurney Cannon]] opposed the bill, and it was bottled up the [[United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library|Committee on the Library]]. But in mid-March, a group of renegade [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] joined forces with [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] to strip Speaker Cannon of much of his power. The fine arts commission bill quickly passed through the committee and was brought up for a vote on the Senate floor.<ref name="Thomas" />

The Senate amended the bill, and passed it on May 3, 1910. One amendment, to bar statues of any person not dead 50 years, was turned down.<ref>"Senators As Art Critics." ''Washington Post.'' May 4, 1910.</ref> The Senate changed the qualifications of the commissioners to seven "well qualified judges of the fine arts". It struck the commission's authority to site monuments and statues, making the authority advisory only. It also added fountains to the type of items covered by the act.<ref name="SerialSet" /> In a [[United States congressional conference committee|conference committee]] on May 9, the House conferees agreed to the Senate amendments. They also won approval of the Senate conferees to remove the requirement that the commission members be approved by the Senate. Clarifying language was also added to the bill, permitting the commission to advise (upon request) on the U.S. Capitol and [[Library of Congress]] buildings.<ref name="SerialSet" /> H.R. 19962, as amended, was passed by the House on May 12, and the Senate on May 17.<ref>American Federation of Arts, p. 97; [https://books.google.com/books?id=W3vQmfZEUZ8C&dq=May+17+commission+on+fine+arts+passed+senate&pg=PA56 Joint Committee on the Library, p. 56.] Accessed 2012-10-13.</ref> Taft signed the legislation Public Law 61-181 (40 U.S.C. 104, 36 Stat. 371), shortly thereafter.

President Taft named the seven members of the commission on June 13, 1910.<ref>"Art Experts Chosen." ''Washington Post.'' June 14, 1910.</ref> Taft appointed architect [[Daniel Burnham]] to be the chairman.<ref>Moore, p. 122-123.</ref>

The 1910 legislation establishing the CFA gave the commission the power to only provide advice on the siting of monuments and memorials. In October 1910, President [[William Howard Taft]] issued [[Executive order|Executive Order]] 1259 (October 25, 1910), which required that all new public buildings erected in the District of Columbia be reviewed by the CFA as well.<ref name="Resnik">Resnik and Curtis, p. 488, fn. 125.</ref> On November 28, 1913, President [[Woodrow Wilson]] issued Executive Order 1862, which expanded the CFA's advisory authority to cover any "new structures...which affect in any important way the appearance of the City, or whenever questions involving matters of art and with which the federal government is concerned..."<ref name="Kohler204">Kohler, ''The Commission of Fine Arts: A Brief History, 1910–1995'', p. 204.</ref> Executive Order 3524, issued by President [[Warren G. Harding]] on July 28, 1921, further expanded the CFA's review to the design of coins, fountains, insignia, medals, monuments, parks, and statues, whether constructed or issued by the federal government or the government of the District of Columbia.<ref name="Kohler204" />

==Commission members==
In May 2021, US president Joe Biden removed four white male members, one of them the Jewish chairman [[Justin Shubow]], appointed to four-year terms by Donald Trump, following a complaint by Washington, D.C.'s Deputy Mayor that the committee members must "embrace our diversity and advance equity as a remedy to the legacy of discrimination that shapes our surroundings to this day".<ref>{{cite news | last = McGlone | first = Peggy | date = May 25, 2021 | title = Rejecting precedent and Trump, Biden ousts members of the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/biben-ousts-fine-arts-commission-members/2021/05/25/840066f6-bd64-11eb-b26e-53663e6be6ff_story.html | newspaper = Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Hickman | first = Matt | date = May 25, 2021 | title = Biden administration replaces four members of the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts | url = https://www.archpaper.com/2021/05/biden-administration-forces-resignations-from-members-of-u-s-commission-of-fine-arts/}}</ref>  Shubow, who was appointed in October 2018, said, "In the Commission's 110-year history, no commissioner has ever been removed by a President".<ref>{{cite news | last = Blair | first = Elizabeth | date = May 25, 2021 | title = Biden Just Purged 4 On The Arts Panel That Advises Congress On Public Architecture | url = https://www.npr.org/2021/05/25/1000103301/biden-just-purged-the-arts-commission-that-advises-congress-on-public-architectu | work = NPR}}</ref> In March 2022, President Biden removed Trump-appointed commissioner Rodney Mims Cook, Jr. before the conclusion of his four-year term.<ref>{{cite news | last = Hickman | first = Matt | date = April 4, 2022 | title = Trump appointee Rodney Mims Cook Jr. Exits U.S. Commission of Fine Arts | url = https://www.archpaper.com/2022/04/rodney-mims-cook-jr-exits-commission-of-fine-arts/ | work = Architect's Newspaper}}</ref>

The Commission of Fine Arts is composed of seven members, who are appointed by the President. The appointments do not require Senate approval. Commission members serve four-year terms, and are not term-limited. The members of the commission as of June 2024 are:

*Bruce Redman Becker (appointed May 13, 2024). Becker is president of [https://www.beckerandbecker.com Becker + Becker].[https://www.beckerandbecker.com/]
*William J. Lenihan (appointed May 13, 2024). Lenihan is a principal and partner of [https://tevebaugh.com/ Tevebaugh Architecture].
*[[Billie Tsien]] (appointed June 9, 2021). Tsien is a founding partner of [[Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects]].
*Hazel Ruth Edwards (appointed June 9, 2021). Edwards is the chair of [[Howard University]]'s Department of Architecture.
*Peter D. Cook (appointed June 9, 2021). Cook is a principal of [[Hammel, Green and Abrahamson|HGA]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=McGlone|first=Peggy|date=May 25, 2021|title=Rejecting Precedent and Trump, Biden Ousts Members of the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts|language=en-US|volume=144|page=C1|newspaper=Washington Post|issue=172|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/biben-ousts-fine-arts-commission-members/2021/05/25/840066f6-bd64-11eb-b26e-53663e6be6ff_story.html|access-date=May 26, 2021|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>
*Lisa E. Delplace (appointed April 7, 2022). Delplace is a director and CEO emeritus of the landscape architecture firm [[Oehme, van Sweden & Associates]].
*Justin Garrett Moore (appointed June 9, 2021). Moore leads the Humanities in Place program at the [[Mellon Foundation]].

===Chairs of the CFA===
The commissioners elect one of their members to be chair, and another to be vice-chair. Twelve individuals have chaired the Commission on Fine Arts as of May 2022. These people, and the dates of their service as chair (which may differ from their years of service on the commission):<ref>[http://www.cfa.gov/about/bios/members.html "Members of the Commission." Commission of Fine Arts. October 3, 2012.] Accessed 2012-10-13.</ref>
#[[Daniel H. Burnham]], 1910–1912
#[[Daniel Chester French]], 1912–1915
#[[Charles Moore (city planner)|Charles Moore]], 1915–1937
#[[Gilmore David Clarke]], 1937–1950
#[[David E. Finley, Jr.]], 1950–1963
#[[William Walton (painter)|William Walton]], 1963–1971
#[[J. Carter Brown]], 1971–2002
#[[Harry G. Robinson III]], 2002–2003
#[[David Childs]], 2003–2005
#[[Earl A. Powell III]], 2005–2021
#[[Justin Shubow]], January–May 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who We Are {{!}} Commission of Fine Arts|url=https://www.cfa.gov/about-cfa/who-we-are|access-date=2021-01-22|website=www.cfa.gov}}</ref>
#[[Billie Tsien]], June 2021–present

==Exhibitions==
In May 2010, the [[National Building Museum]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], opened an exhibition devoted solely to this agency. The exhibition, ''[https://www.nbm.org/exhibition/century-design/ A Century of Design: The U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, 1910–2010]'', was on view from May to July 2010.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
*American Federation of Arts. ''American Art Annual.'' New York: MacMillan Co., 1911.
*Bednar, Michael J. ''L'Enfant's Legacy: Public Open Spaces in Washington.'' Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006.
*Cannadine, David. ''Mellon: An American Life.'' Reprint ed. New York: Random House, Inc., 2008.
*"Commission of Fine Arts." Report No. 1292. ''United States Congressional Serial Set.'' Vol 3. 61st Cong., 2d sess. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1910.
*Davis, Timothy. "Beyond the Mall: The Senate Park Commission's Plans for Washington's Park System." In Sue A. Kohler and Pamela Scott, eds. ''Designing the Nation's Capital: The 1901 Plan for Washington, D.C.'' Washington, D.C.: U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, 2006.
*Gutheim, Frederick Albert and Lee, Antoinette Josephine. Worthy of the Nation: Washington, DC, From L'Enfant to the National Capital Planning Commission. 2d ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006.
*Joint Committee on the Library. ''Establishment of a National Botanical Garden: Hearing Before a Joint Committee on the Library.'' Part 1. 66th Cong., 2d sess. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1920.
*Kohler, Sue A. ''The Commission of Fine Arts: A Brief History, 1910–1995.'' Washington, D.C.: United States Commission of Fine Arts, 1996.
*Kohler, Sue A. "The Commission of Fine Arts: Implementing the Senate Park Commission's Vision." In Sue A. Kohler and Pamela Scott, eds. ''Designing the Nation's Capital: The 1901 Plan for Washington, D.C.'' Washington, D.C.: U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, 2006.
*Luebke, Thomas E., ed. ''Civic Art:  A Centennial History of the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts.'' Washington, D.C.: U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, 2013.
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=vWgAAAAAYAAJ&dq=Taft+revoked+Executive+Order+Council+of+Fine+Arts&pg=PP1 Moore, Charles. ''Daniel H. Burnham, Architect, Planner of Cities.'' Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1921.]
*Partridge, William T. and Helrich, Kurt G.F. "'Beloved Ancien': William T. Partridge's Recollections of the Senate Park Commission and the Subsequent Mall Development." In Sue A. Kohler and Pamela Scott, eds. ''Designing the Nation's Capital: The 1901 Plan for Washington, D.C.'' Washington, D.C.: U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, 2006.
*Peterson, Jon A. ''The Birth of City Planning in the United States, 1840–1917.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.
*[[Judith Resnik (lawyer)|Resnik, Judith]] and Curtis, Dennis E. ''Representing Justice: Invention, Controversy, and Rights in City-States and Democratic Courtrooms.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.
*Thomas, Christopher A. ''The Lincoln Memorial and American Life.'' Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2002.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{official website}}
*[[s:Executive Order 1010|Text of Executive Order 1010]], courtesy of [[Wikisource]]
*[[s:Executive Order 1259|Text of Executive Order 1259]], courtesy of [[Wikisource]]
*[[s:Executive Order 1862|Text of Executive Order 1862]], courtesy of [[Wikisource]]
*[[s:Executive Order 3524|Text of Executive Order 3524]], courtesy of [[Wikisource]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:United States Commission Of Fine Arts}}
[[Category:1910 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:United States federal boards, commissions, and committees|Commission of Fine Arts]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Arts organizations based in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Arts organizations established in 1910]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1910]]