View source for Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act

{{Short description|Legislation of the 117th United States Congress}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox U.S. legislation
| shorttitle = Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
| longtitle = <!--Starts "An act to..."-->An act to authorize funds for Federal-aid highways, highway safety programs, and transit programs, and for other purposes.
| nickname = Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL)
| acronym = IIJA
| enacted by = 117th<!--Name of Congress. (e.g. 1st, 10th, 100th). Auto-links to corresponding page. Adding other characters breaks the link-->
| effective date = November 15, 2021
| number of co-sponsors = 5
| public lawurl = 
| cite public law = {{USPL|117|58}}
| cite statutes at large = {{USStat|135|429}}
| agenciesaffected = [[United States Department of Transportation|Department of Transportation]]&nbsp;(USDOT)
| acts amended = 
| acts repealed = 
| title amended = {{USC|23|}} <!--US code titles changed-->
| sections created = <!--{{USC}} can be used-->
| sections amended = 
| leghisturl = https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/3684
| introducedin = House<!--House or Senate-->
| introducedbill = the "INVEST in America Act" ({{USBill|117|HR|3684}})
| introducedby = [[Peter DeFazio]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]–[[Oregon|OR]])
| introduceddate = June 4, 2021
| committees = [[United States House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure|House Transportation and Infrastructure]]
| passedbody1 = House
| passeddate1 = July 1, 2021
| passedvote1 = [https://clerk.house.gov/evs/2021/roll208.xml 221–201]
| passedbody2 = Senate
| passedas2 = "Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act"
| passeddate2 = August 10, 2021
| passedvote2 = [https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=117&session=1&vote=00314 69–30]
| agreedbody3 = House
| agreeddate3 = November 5, 2021
| agreedvote3 = [https://clerk.house.gov/evs/2021/roll369.xml 228–206]
| signedpresident = [[Joe Biden]]
| signeddate = November 15, 2021
}}
The '''Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act''' ('''IIJA'''), also known as the '''Bipartisan Infrastructure Law''' ('''BIL'''), ([https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/3684 H.R. 3684]) is a [[United States federal statute]] enacted by the [[117th United States Congress]] and signed into law by President [[Joe Biden]] on November 15, 2021. It was introduced in the House as the '''INVEST in America Act''' and nicknamed the Bipartisan Infrastructure Bill.

The act was initially a {{US$|547–715&nbsp;billion|link=n|long=n}} [[infrastructure]] package that included provisions related to federal highway aid, transit, [[highway safety]], motor carrier, research, [[hazardous materials]] and rail programs of the [[United States Department of Transportation|Department of Transportation]].<ref name="RNB">{{cite web |date=July 1, 2021 |title=Industry associations applaud U.S. House passage of INVEST in America Act |url=https://www.roadsbridges.com/industry-associations-applaud-us-house-passage-invest-america-act-updated |access-date=July 2, 2021 |website=Roads & Bridges |archive-date=August 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818052833/https://www.roadsbridges.com/industry-associations-applaud-us-house-passage-invest-america-act-updated |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="DeFazio June press release">{{cite web |date=June 4, 2021 |title=Chairs DeFazio, Norton, and Payne Introduce the INVEST in America Act to Create Millions of Jobs Bringing Our Infrastructure into the Modern Era |url=https://transportation.house.gov/news/press-releases/chairs-defazio-norton-and-payne-introduce-the-invest-in-america-act-to-create-millions-of-jobs-bringing-our-infrastructure-into-the-modern-era- |access-date=July 23, 2021 |website=The House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure |publisher=US House of Representatives |archive-date=July 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723033513/https://transportation.house.gov/news/press-releases/chairs-defazio-norton-and-payne-introduce-the-invest-in-america-act-to-create-millions-of-jobs-bringing-our-infrastructure-into-the-modern-era- |url-status=dead }}</ref> After congressional negotiations, it was amended and renamed the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act to add funding for [[broadband access]], clean water and [[electric grid]] renewal in addition to the transportation and road proposals of the original House bill. This amended version included approximately $1.2&nbsp;trillion in spending, with $550&nbsp;billion newly authorized spending on top of what [[United States Congress|Congress]] was planning to authorize regularly.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sprunt |first1=Barbara |last2=Kim |first2=Caitlyn |last3=Shivaram |first3=Deepa |date=November 6, 2021 |title=Biden says final passage of $1&nbsp;trillion infrastructure plan is a big step forward |language=en |publisher=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/11/05/1050012853/the-house-has-passed-the-1-trillion-infrastructure-plan-sending-it-to-bidens-des |access-date=November 14, 2021 |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121111856/https://www.npr.org/2021/11/05/1050012853/the-house-has-passed-the-1-trillion-infrastructure-plan-sending-it-to-bidens-des |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bipartisan Infrastructure Bill Passes, What Happens Next |url=https://www.investopedia.com/here-s-what-s-in-the-usd1-trillion-infrastructure-bill-passed-by-the-senate-5196817 |access-date=November 14, 2021 |website=Investopedia |language=en |archive-date=November 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113141213/https://www.investopedia.com/here-s-what-s-in-the-usd1-trillion-infrastructure-bill-passed-by-the-senate-5196817 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The amended bill was passed 69–30 by the [[United States Senate|Senate]] on August 10, 2021. On November 5, it was passed 228–206 by the [[United States House of Representatives|House]], and ten days later was signed into law by President Biden.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/biden-poised-to-sign-12-trillion-infrastructure-bill-fulfilling-campaign-promise-and-notching-achievement-that-eluded-trump/2021/11/15/1b69f9a6-4638-11ec-b8d9-232f4afe4d9b_story.html |title=Biden signs $1.2 trillion infrastructure bill, fulfilling campaign promise and notching achievement that eluded Trump |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=November 15, 2021 |archive-date=November 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116153116/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/biden-poised-to-sign-12-trillion-infrastructure-bill-fulfilling-campaign-promise-and-notching-achievement-that-eluded-trump/2021/11/15/1b69f9a6-4638-11ec-b8d9-232f4afe4d9b_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Background ==
{{Further|Build Back Better Plan}}
{{Joe Biden series|expanded=Policies}}
On March 31, 2021,<ref name="WaPo-1">{{Cite news |last=Siegel |first=Rachel |date=March 31, 2021 |title=What's in Biden's $2&nbsp;trillion jobs and infrastructure plan? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2021/03/31/what-is-in-biden-infrastructure-plan/ |url-status=live |access-date=June 23, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-date=April 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401015541/https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2021/03/31/what-is-in-biden-infrastructure-plan/ }}</ref> President [[Joe Biden]] unveiled his $2.3&nbsp;trillion [[Build Back Better Plan#American Jobs Plan|American Jobs Plan]] (which, when combined with the [[Build Back Better Plan#American Families Plan|American Families Plan]], amounted to $4&nbsp;trillion in infrastructure spending),<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last1=Everett |first1=Burgess |last2=Levine |first2=Marianne |date=May 24, 2021 |title='Time to move on': Infrastructure talks near collapse |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/05/24/infrastructure-talks-near-collapse-490637 |url-status=live |access-date=May 25, 2021 |website=Politico |language=en |archive-date=May 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524234502/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/05/24/infrastructure-talks-near-collapse-490637 }}</ref> pitched by him as "a transformative effort to overhaul the nation's economy".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Stein |first1=Jeff |last2=Eilperin |first2=Juliet |last3=Laris |first3=Michael |last4=Romm |first4=Tony |date=April 1, 2021 |title=White House unveils $2&nbsp;trillion infrastructure and climate plan, setting up giant battle over size and cost of government |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2021/03/31/biden-infrastructure-climate-plan/ |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=October 25, 2021 |archive-date=March 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331100334/https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2021/03/31/biden-infrastructure-climate-plan/ }}</ref> The detailed plan aimed to create millions of jobs, bolster [[labor union]]s, expand labor protections, and [[Climate change mitigation|address climate change]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Davidson |first1=Kate |last2=Omeokwe |first2=Amara |date=April 3, 2021 |title=Biden's Infrastructure Package Is Designed to Boost Unions |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/bidens-infrastructure-package-is-designed-to-boost-unions-11617454410 |url-status=live |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=October 25, 2021 |archive-date=April 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403125650/https://www.wsj.com/articles/bidens-infrastructure-package-is-designed-to-boost-unions-11617454410 }}</ref><ref name="Vox-explainer">{{Cite web |last=Nilsen |first=Ella |date=March 31, 2021 |title=Joe Biden's $2&nbsp;trillion infrastructure and jobs plan, explained |url=https://www.vox.com/2021/3/31/22357179/biden-two-trillion-infrastructure-jobs-plan-explained |url-status=live |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |access-date=October 25, 2021 |archive-date=March 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331124725/https://www.vox.com/2021/3/31/22357179/biden-two-trillion-infrastructure-jobs-plan-explained }}</ref>

== Legislative history ==

=== Senate passage ===
In mid-April 2021, Republican lawmakers offered a $568&nbsp;billion counterproposal to the American Jobs Plan.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Allan |last2=Pettypiece |first2=Shannon |date=April 22, 2021 |title=Republicans unveil $568&nbsp;billion counterproposal to Biden's infrastructure plan |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/republicans-unveil-568-billion-counter-proposal-biden-s-infrastructure-plan-n1264936 |url-status=live |access-date=May 22, 2021 |publisher=NBC News |language=en |archive-date=May 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522081319/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/republicans-unveil-568-billion-counter-proposal-biden-s-infrastructure-plan-n1264936 }}</ref> On May 9, Senate Minority Leader [[Mitch McConnell]] said it should cost no more than $800&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pramuk |first=Jacob |date=May 10, 2021 |title=Infrastructure plan should cost up to $800&nbsp;billion, McConnell says ahead of Biden meeting |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/10/biden-infrastructure-plan-mitch-mcconnell-says-bill-should-cost-up-to-800-billion.html |access-date=May 22, 2021 |publisher=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=May 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521222249/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/10/biden-infrastructure-plan-mitch-mcconnell-says-bill-should-cost-up-to-800-billion.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On May 21, the administration reduced the price tag to $1.7&nbsp;trillion, which was quickly rejected by Republicans.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Garrison |first=Joey |date=May 21, 2021 |title=Infrastructure talks hit snag as Republicans reject Biden's reduced $1.7&nbsp;trillion counteroffer |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/05/21/biden-lowers-infrastructure-plan-counteroffer-senate-republicans/5205911001/ |url-status=live |access-date=May 22, 2021 |website=USA Today |language=en-US |archive-date=May 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521232923/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/05/21/biden-lowers-infrastructure-plan-counteroffer-senate-republicans/5205911001/ }}</ref> A day later, a bipartisan group within the [[United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works|Senate Environment and Public Works Committee]] announced that they had reached a deal for $304&nbsp;billion in U.S. highway funding.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McLaughlin |first=David |date=May 22, 2021 |title=Senators Reach Bipartisan Deal on U.S. Highway Funding Package |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-22/senators-reach-bipartisan-deal-on-u-s-highway-funding-package |url-status=live |access-date=May 25, 2021 |archive-date=May 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524235315/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-22/senators-reach-bipartisan-deal-on-u-s-highway-funding-package }}</ref> This was approved unanimously by the committee on May 26.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adragna |first=Anthony |date=May 26, 2021 |title=Bipartisan highway bill advances in Senate, offering a path through infrastructure morass |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/05/26/bipartisan-highway-bill-senate-infrastructure-490979 |url-status=live |access-date=June 5, 2021 |website=Politico |language=en |archive-date=June 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605080345/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/05/26/bipartisan-highway-bill-senate-infrastructure-490979 }}</ref> On June 4, [[House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee]] Chair [[Peter DeFazio]] announced a $547&nbsp;billion plan, called the INVEST in America Act, which would address parts of the American Jobs Plan.<ref name="Segers">{{Cite web |last=Segers |first=Grace |date=June 4, 2021 |title=House Democrats announce infrastructure bill amid Biden negotiations |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/infrastructure-bill-house-democrats/ |url-status=live |access-date=June 5, 2021 |publisher=CBS News |language=en-US |archive-date=June 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604234515/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/infrastructure-bill-house-democrats/ }}</ref>{{efn|According to ''[[CBS News]]'', this "would dedicate:
* $343 billion to roads, bridges and safety
* $109 billion to public transit systems; and
* $95 billion to passenger and freight rail."<ref name=Segers />}} On July 1, the House passed an amended $715 billion infrastructure bill focused on land transportation and water.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morgan |first=David |date=July 1, 2021 |title=U.S. House approves $715 bln infrastructure bill |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-house-approves-715-bln-infrastructure-bill-2021-07-01/ |url-status=live |access-date=July 2, 2021 |work=Reuters |archive-date=July 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702010436/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-house-approves-715-bln-infrastructure-bill-2021-07-01/ }}</ref>

On May 27, Republican senator [[Shelley Moore Capito]] presented a $928&nbsp;billion plan,<ref name="cnbc">{{Cite web |last=Pramuk |first=Jacob |date=May 27, 2021 |title=Senate GOP unveils its $928&nbsp;billion infrastructure counteroffer to Biden – here's what's in it |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/27/biden-infrastructure-plan-capito-discusses-republican-counteroffer.html |access-date=May 27, 2021 |publisher=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=May 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527123255/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/27/biden-infrastructure-plan-capito-discusses-republican-counteroffer.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|The week before, a spokeswoman for Capito had said Republicans seemed to be "further apart" from Democrats regarding the bill than they were at their previous meeting with the president.<ref name=":3" />}}{{Efn|According to ''[[CNBC]]'', the plan "includes:
* $506 billion for roads, bridges and major infrastructure projects
** including $4 billion for [[electric vehicle]]s
* $72&nbsp;billion for water systems
* $65&nbsp;billion for broadband
* $56&nbsp;billion for airports
* $46&nbsp;billion for passenger and freight rail systems
* $22&nbsp;billion for ports and waterways
* $22&nbsp;billion for water storage
* $21&nbsp;billion for safety efforts [and]
* $20&nbsp;billion for infrastructure financing".<ref name=cnbc />}} and on June 4, increased it by about $50&nbsp;billion; this was quickly rejected by the Biden administration.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hoffman |first1=Jason |last2=Vazquez |first2=Maegan |date=June 4, 2021 |title=White House rejects GOP infrastructure counteroffer, saying it does not meet Biden's objectives |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/04/politics/biden-capito-defazio-infrastructure/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=2021-06-05 |publisher=CNN |archive-date=October 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024192349/https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/04/politics/biden-capito-defazio-infrastructure/index.html }}</ref> On June 8, the administration shifted its focus to a bipartisan group of 20 senators, which had been working on a package tentatively priced around $900&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Everett |first=Burgess |date=2021-06-08 |title=Biden ends infrastructure talks with Senate GOP, starts engaging bipartisan group |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/06/08/biden-ends-infrastructure-talks-with-senate-gop-starts-engaging-bipartisan-group-492168 |url-status=live |access-date=2021-06-08 |website=Politico |language=en |archive-date=October 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024192353/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/06/08/biden-ends-infrastructure-talks-with-senate-gop-starts-engaging-bipartisan-group-492168 }}</ref>{{Efn|On June 9, the House's 58-member bipartisan [[Problem Solvers Caucus]] presented a plan which would cost $1.25&nbsp;trillion over eight years. According to ''[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]'', the plan "calls for
* more than $959&nbsp;billion for traditional infrastructure, including highways, bridges, rail, airports and waterways
** [including] $25&nbsp;billion ... for electric vehicle infrastructure, including electric buses ...
* $74&nbsp;billion for drinking water and wastewater systems
* $71&nbsp;billion for the electric grid and clean-energy programs
* $45&nbsp;billion for broadband; and
* $10&nbsp;billion for veterans' housing."<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Wong |first1=Scott |last2=Lillis |first2=Mike |date=2021-06-09 |title=House moderates unveil $1.25T infrastructure plan |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/557621-house-moderates-unveil-125t-infrastructure-plan |url-status=live |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=The Hill |language=en |archive-date=October 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024192350/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/557621-house-moderates-unveil-125t-infrastructure-plan }}</ref>}} On June 10, a bipartisan group of 10 senators reached a deal costing $974&nbsp;billion over five years; or about $1.2&nbsp;trillion if stretched over eight years.<ref name="bipartisan10">{{Cite news |last1=Romm |first1=Tony |last2=Kim |first2=Seung Min |date=2021-06-10 |title=Ten Senate Democrats and Republicans say they reached five-year, nearly $1&nbsp;trillion infrastructure deal |language=en-US |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2021/06/10/senate-democrats-republicans-infrastructure/ |access-date=2021-06-10 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=October 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009193630/https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2021/06/10/senate-democrats-republicans-infrastructure/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On June 16, the plan was endorsed by a bipartisan group of 21 senators.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pramuk |first=Jacob |date=2021-06-16 |title=11 GOP senators back bipartisan infrastructure plan, boosting its chances of moving forward |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/16/infrastructure-republican-senators-support-bipartisan-plan.html |access-date=2021-06-17 |publisher=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=October 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024192351/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/16/infrastructure-republican-senators-support-bipartisan-plan.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On June 24, the bipartisan group met with the president and reached a compromise deal costing $1.2&nbsp;trillion over eight years, which focuses on physical infrastructure (notably roads, bridges, railways, water, sewage, broadband, electric vehicles). This was planned to be paid for through reinforced [[Internal Revenue Service]] (IRS) collection, unspent COVID-19 relief funds, and other sources.<ref name=":7" /> By July 2021, the IRS portion of the funding had reportedly been scrapped.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Foran |first1=Clare |last2=Fox |first2=Lauren |date=July 19, 2021 |title=Infrastructure push on rocky ground as key Senate test vote looms |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/19/politics/infrastructure-agenda-senate-test-vote/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=2021-07-19 |publisher=CNN |archive-date=October 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024192352/https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/19/politics/infrastructure-agenda-senate-test-vote/index.html }}</ref> Biden stipulated that a separate "human infrastructure" bill (notably [[child care]], [[Home care in the United States|home care]], and [[climate change]]){{Snd}}later known as the [[Build Back Better Act]]{{Snd}}must also pass, whether through bipartisanship or [[Reconciliation (United States Congress)|reconciliation]],<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last1=Garrison |first1=Joey |last2=King |first2=Ledyard |date=June 24, 2021 |title='We have a deal': Biden reaches $1.2&nbsp;trillion infrastructure compromise with bipartisan group of senators |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/06/24/biden-senators-agree-1-2-trillion-infrastructure-deal/5333841001/ |url-status=live |access-date=June 24, 2021 |website=USA Today |language=en-US |archive-date=June 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624170200/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/06/24/biden-senators-agree-1-2-trillion-infrastructure-deal/5333841001/ }}</ref> but later walked back this position.<ref name=":92">{{Cite web |last=Newburger |first=Emma |date=June 27, 2021 |title=Republican senators say bipartisan infrastructure deal can move forward after Biden clarifies position |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/27/infrastructure-gop-senators-say-deal-can-go-forward-after-biden-walkback-.html |access-date=June 28, 2021 |publisher=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=December 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201111207/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/27/infrastructure-gop-senators-say-deal-can-go-forward-after-biden-walkback-.html |url-status=live }}</ref> House Speaker [[Nancy Pelosi]] similarly stated that the House would not vote on the physical infrastructure bill until the larger bill passes in the Senate,<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Marcos |first=Cristina |date=June 24, 2021 |title=Pelosi vows no vote on bipartisan deal without Senate action on reconciliation |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/560051-pelosi-vows-no-vote-on-bipartisan-deal-without-senate-action-on-reconciliation |url-status=live |access-date=June 24, 2021 |website=The Hill |language=en |archive-date=June 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624160234/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/560051-pelosi-vows-no-vote-on-bipartisan-deal-without-senate-action-on-reconciliation }}</ref> despite the fact that reconciliation overrides much of the obstructive power of the [[Filibuster in the United States Senate|filibuster]].<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last1=Wong |first1=Scott |last2=Lillis |first2=Mike |date=August 11, 2021 |title=Pelosi breaks bad news to moderates: No vote on infrastructure this month |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/567404-pelosi-breaks-bad-news-to-moderates-no-infrastructure-vote-this-month |url-status=live |access-date=August 12, 2021 |website=The Hill |language=en |archive-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811182221/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/567404-pelosi-breaks-bad-news-to-moderates-no-infrastructure-vote-this-month }}</ref>

White House officials stated on July 7 that legislative text was nearing completion.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Barrón-López |first1=Laura |last2=Everett |first2=Burgess |date=July 7, 2021 |title=Democrats race to push bipartisan infrastructure bill through Senate |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/07/07/democrats-bipartisan-infrastrcture-bill-senate-498614 |url-status=live |access-date=July 8, 2021 |website=Politico |language=en |archive-date=October 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027193745/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/07/07/democrats-bipartisan-infrastrcture-bill-senate-498614 }}</ref> On July 14, the [[Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee]] advanced an energy bill expected to be included in the bipartisan package.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frazin |first=Rachel |date=July 14, 2021 |title=Senate committee advances bipartisan energy infrastructure bill |url=https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/563062-senate-committee-advances-bipartisan-energy-infrastructure-bill |url-status=live |access-date=July 16, 2021 |website=The Hill |language=en |archive-date=July 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714210146/https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/563062-senate-committee-advances-bipartisan-energy-infrastructure-bill }}</ref> On July 21, Senate Majority Leader [[Charles Schumer]] put forward a "shell bill" for a vote to kick off debate in the Senate, intending to add the bipartisan text via an amendment.<ref name="shell">{{Cite web |last1=Kapur |first1=Sahil |last2=Thorp V |first2=Frank |last3=Caldwell |first3=Leigh Ann |date=July 19, 2021 |title=Schumer sets Wednesday vote to begin Senate debate on infrastructure deal |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/schumer-sets-wednesday-vote-begin-senate-debate-infrastructure-deal-n1274397 |url-status=live |access-date=July 20, 2021 |publisher=NBC News |language=en |archive-date=July 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720001007/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/schumer-sets-wednesday-vote-begin-senate-debate-infrastructure-deal-n1274397 }}</ref>{{efn|McConnell and some other Republicans indicated that they wished to see the text prior to voting on debating it.<ref name=shell /> The measure initially failed to pass along party lines, with Schumer switching his vote to 'no' so he could recall the vote on another day.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kapur |first1=Sahil |last2=Tsirkin |first2=Julie |last3=Thorp V |first3=Frank |date=July 21, 2021 |title=Senate Republicans rebuff consideration of bipartisan infrastructure bill |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/senate-republicans-rebuff-consideration-bipartisan-infrastructure-bill-n1274658 |url-status=live |access-date=July 22, 2021 |publisher=NBC News |language=en |archive-date=July 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721232119/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/senate-republicans-rebuff-consideration-bipartisan-infrastructure-bill-n1274658 }}</ref>}} On July 25, Republican senator [[Rob Portman]] stated that an agreement was "about 90%" complete, with mass transit being one remaining point of contention.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 25, 2021 |title=Senators race to overcome final snags in infrastructure deal |url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-government-and-politics-business-30c79a6a3b908924a059644d3d3e3c57 |url-status=live |access-date=July 26, 2021 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en |archive-date=July 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725225850/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-government-and-politics-business-30c79a6a3b908924a059644d3d3e3c57 }}</ref> On July 30, Portman stated that this had been resolved.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carney |first=Jordain |date=July 31, 2021 |title=Biden's bipartisan deal faces Senate gauntlet |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/565746-bidens-bipartisan-deal-faces-senate-gauntlet |url-status=live |access-date=July 31, 2021 |website=The Hill |language=en |archive-date=July 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731101350/https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/565746-bidens-bipartisan-deal-faces-senate-gauntlet }}</ref> On July 28, Senator [[Kyrsten Sinema]] stated that she did not support a reconciliation bill costing $3.5&nbsp;trillion, breaking the stalemate and allowing the bipartisan bill to move forward.<ref name="Walsh">{{Cite web |last=Walsh |first=Deirdre |date=July 28, 2021 |title=Bipartisan Senate Negotiators Say They Reach A Deal On Infrastructure After Hiccups |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/07/28/1021768174/bipartisan-senate-negotiators-say-they-reach-a-deal-on-infrastructure-after-hicc |url-status=live |access-date=July 28, 2021 |publisher=NPR |language=en |archive-date=July 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728175342/https://www.npr.org/2021/07/28/1021768174/bipartisan-senate-negotiators-say-they-reach-a-deal-on-infrastructure-after-hicc }}</ref> That day, the Senate voted 67–32 to advance the bill,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pramuk |first=Jacob |date=July 28, 2021 |title=Senate votes to advance bipartisan infrastructure bill as Democrats forge ahead with ambitious economic agenda |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/28/infrastructure-vote-senate-advances-bipartisan-bill.html |access-date=July 29, 2021 |publisher=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=October 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027091440/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/28/infrastructure-vote-senate-advances-bipartisan-bill.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and on July 30, voted 66–28 to proceed to its consideration.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Freking |first1=Kevin |last2=Mascaro |first2=Lisa |date=July 30, 2021 |title=Senate advances nearly $1&nbsp;trillion infrastructure plan |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/senate-advances-trillion-infrastructure-plan-79173472 |url-status=live |access-date=July 31, 2021 |website=ABC News |language=en |archive-date=October 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027091417/https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/senate-advances-trillion-infrastructure-plan-79173472 }}</ref> The legislation text was completed and substituted into the bill on August 1.<ref name=":112">{{Cite web |last1=Zaslav |first1=Ali |last2=Diaz |first2=Daniella |date=August 1, 2021 |title=Schumer announces bipartisan group has finalized legislative text on infrastructure bill |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/01/politics/infrastructure-bill-senate-bipartisan/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=August 1, 2021 |publisher=CNN |archive-date=August 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802023137/https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/01/politics/infrastructure-bill-senate-bipartisan/index.html }}</ref> On August 5, Schumer moved to truncate debate on the legislation, setting up a procedural vote on August 7,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Zaslav |first1=Ali |last2=Foran |first2=Clare |last3=Raju |first3=Manu |date=August 6, 2021 |title=Schumer moves to shut down debate on infrastructure bill in key step toward final vote |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/05/politics/infrastructure-bill-schumer-shut-down-debate/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=August 6, 2021 |publisher=CNN |language=en |archive-date=August 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806012647/https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/05/politics/infrastructure-bill-schumer-shut-down-debate/index.html }}</ref> which passed 67–27.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Zeballos-Roig |first=Joseph |date=August 7, 2021 |title=Senate advances $1.2&nbsp;trillion infrastructure bill, bringing it closer to final passage with McConnell's support |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/senate-biden-infrastructure-bill-closer-to-final-passage-2021-8 |url-status=live |access-date=August 7, 2021 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US |archive-date=August 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807190327/https://www.businessinsider.com/senate-biden-infrastructure-bill-closer-to-final-passage-2021-8 }}</ref> Fifteen or more amendments were expected to receive votes through the weekend.<ref name=":14" /> On August 10, the bill was passed by the Senate 69–30.<ref name=":942">{{Cite news |last=Romm |first=Tony |date=August 10, 2021 |title=Senate approves bipartisan, $1&nbsp;trillion infrastructure bill, bringing major Biden goal one step closer |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2021/08/10/senate-infrastructure-bill-vote-biden |url-status=live |access-date=August 10, 2021 |newspaper=The Washington Post |archive-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810125725/https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2021/08/10/senate-infrastructure-bill-vote-biden/ }}</ref> It sets aside $550&nbsp;billion in new spending.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Donovan-Smith|first=Orion|date=August 5, 2021|title=Senate nears vote on $550&nbsp;billion bipartisan infrastructure package {{!}} The Spokesman-Review|url=https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2021/aug/05/senate-nears-vote-on-550-billion-bipartisan-infras/|url-status=live|access-date=October 28, 2021|website=[[The Spokesman-Review]]|archive-date=October 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028091747/https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2021/aug/05/senate-nears-vote-on-550-billion-bipartisan-infras/}}</ref>
A procedural vote on a House rule concerning passing both bills passed along party lines on August 24.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pramuk |first=Jacob |date=August 24, 2021 |title=House Democrats clear path toward passing $3.5&nbsp;trillion budget bill and infrastructure plan after breaking stalemate |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/24/house-passes-budget-resolution-advances-infrastructure-bill.html |access-date=August 24, 2021 |publisher=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=October 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026230506/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/24/house-passes-budget-resolution-advances-infrastructure-bill.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== House passage ===
[[File:President Biden after signing the Infrastructure Investment and Job Act into law.jpg|thumb|300px|President Biden signing the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act into law on November 15, 2021]]
[[File:117th Congress roll call 369.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|'''House vote by congressional district November 5'''
{{legend|#92c5deff|Democratic yea (215)}}
{{legend|#ff7f2aff|Republican yea (13)}}
{{legend|#000080ff|Democratic nay (6)}}
{{legend|#f48882ff|Republican nay (200)}}]]
In early August, nine [[New Democrats (United States)|moderate Democrats]] called for an immediate House vote on the bill, citing a desire not to lose the momentum from the Senate passage of the bill. They committed to voting against taking up the reconciliation resolution until there was a vote on the bipartisan infrastructure bill.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moderate House Dems say they won't support budget vote until infrastructure bill passes |date=August 13, 2021 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/moderate-house-dems-say-they-won-t-support-budget-vote-n1276738 |access-date=August 16, 2021 |archive-date=August 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816061835/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/moderate-house-dems-say-they-won-t-support-budget-vote-n1276738 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Weisman |first1=Jonathan |date=August 13, 2021 |title=House Moderates Say They Won't Back Budget Vote Until Infrastructure Bill Passes |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/13/us/politics/house-democrats-budget-infrastructure.html |access-date=August 16, 2021 |archive-date=August 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816203209/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/13/us/politics/house-democrats-budget-infrastructure.html |url-status=live }}</ref> While both Biden and House Speaker [[Nancy Pelosi]] had reversed earlier positions to support passing the bipartisan bill separately,<ref name=":92" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kapur |first=Sahil |date=September 27, 2021 |title=Pelosi says Biden's infrastructure bill can't wait for social safety net bill |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/pelosi-says-biden-s-infrastructure-bill-cannot-wait-social-safety-n1280215 |url-status=live |access-date=September 28, 2021 |publisher=NBC News |language=en |archive-date=September 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928040307/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/pelosi-says-biden-s-infrastructure-bill-cannot-wait-social-safety-n1280215 }}</ref> [[Congressional Progressive Caucus|progressives]] including [[Congressional Progressive Caucus]] chairwoman [[Pramila Jayapal]] and Senator [[Bernie Sanders]] maintained that it be utilized as leverage to pass the most expensive reconciliation bill possible.<ref name=":212">{{Cite web |last1=Ferris |first1=Sarah |last2=Wu |first2=Nicholas |last3=Caygle |first3=Heather |date=September 30, 2021 |title=Pelosi mounts eleventh-hour push for infrastructure vote |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/09/30/pelosi-push-infrastructure-vote-514805 |url-status=live |access-date=September 30, 2021 |website=Politico |language=en |archive-date=September 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930163403/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/09/30/pelosi-push-infrastructure-vote-514805 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schnell |first=Mychael |date=September 28, 2021 |title=Sanders urges House Democrats to vote against infrastructure bill before reconciliation |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/574347-sanders-urges-house-democrats-to-vote-against-infrastructure-bill-before |url-status=live |access-date=September 30, 2021 |website=The Hill |language=en |archive-date=September 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929232512/https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/574347-sanders-urges-house-democrats-to-vote-against-infrastructure-bill-before }}</ref><ref name=":222">{{Cite web |last=Pamuk |first=Humeyra |date=September 26, 2021 |title=Pelosi sets Thursday vote on infrastructure, eyes smaller social spending bill |url=https://news.yahoo.com/pelosi-says-1-trillion-u-133026735.html |url-status=live |access-date=September 27, 2021 |publisher=Yahoo! News |language=en-US |archive-date=September 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927012719/https://news.yahoo.com/pelosi-says-1-trillion-u-133026735.html }}</ref> The lack of a deal caused a late September House vote to be postponed.<ref name=":222" /> On October&nbsp;2, Pelosi set a new deadline of October 31.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aratani |first=Lauren |date=October 2, 2021 |title=Pelosi shifts infrastructure bill deadline to 31 October amid Biden frustration |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/oct/02/pelosi-new-infrastructure-bill-deadline-31-october-biden-frustration |url-status=live |access-date=October 3, 2021 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=October 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002193757/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/oct/02/pelosi-new-infrastructure-bill-deadline-31-october-biden-frustration }}</ref> By October 28, Jayapal and other progressive leaders indicated that they were willing to vote on the bill separately,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mucha |first=Sarah |date=October 27, 2021 |title=Progressives now open to bipartisan infrastructure for social spending promise |url=https://news.yahoo.com/progressives-now-open-bipartisan-infrastructure-002954083.html |url-status=live |access-date=October 28, 2021 |publisher=Yahoo! News |language=en-US |archive-date=October 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028012109/https://news.yahoo.com/progressives-now-open-bipartisan-infrastructure-002954083.html }}</ref> but Sanders and others opposed this.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bolton |first=Alexander |date=October 28, 2021 |title=Sanders signals House should hold off on infrastructure vote |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/578919-sanders-says-white-house-framework-has-major-gaps |url-status=live |access-date=October 29, 2021 |website=The Hill |language=en |archive-date=October 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029002540/https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/578919-sanders-says-white-house-framework-has-major-gaps }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lillis |first1=Mike |last2=Wong |first2=Scott |date=October 28, 2021 |title=Liberals defy Pelosi, say they'll block infrastructure bill |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/578962-liberals-defy-pelosi-say-theyll-block-infrastructure-bill |url-status=live |access-date=October 29, 2021 |website=The Hill |language=en |archive-date=October 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028235142/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/578962-liberals-defy-pelosi-say-theyll-block-infrastructure-bill }}</ref> On October 31, a majority of progressives signaled that they would support both bills.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Diaz |first1=Daniella |last2=Grayer |first2=Annie |last3=Raju |first3=Manu |date=October 31, 2021 |title=Progressives signal they'll back both economic bills ahead of likely vote later this week |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/31/politics/house-biden-economic-agenda/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=November 1, 2021 |publisher=CNN |archive-date=November 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101001423/https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/31/politics/house-biden-economic-agenda/index.html }}</ref>

Votes on both bills were considered on November 5, but the hesitation of several moderates to pass the reconciliation bill before it could be scored by the [[Congressional Budget Office]] made passing the bipartisan bill unlikely.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Shabad |first1=Rebecca |last2=Caldwell |first2=Leigh Ann |last3=Kapur |first3=Sahil |date=November 5, 2021 |title=Democrats set Friday vote on infrastructure bill, further delay massive spending bill |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/democrats-eye-friday-vote-biden-s-spending-bills-still-wrangling-n1283353 |url-status=live |access-date=November 5, 2021 |publisher=NBC News |language=en |archive-date=November 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105170722/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/democrats-eye-friday-vote-biden-s-spending-bills-still-wrangling-n1283353 }}</ref>  Negotiations between centrist and progressive Democrats concluded with the centrists committing to passing the Build Back Better Act.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kapur |first=Sahil |date=November 8, 2021 |title=Centrist Democrats gain upper hand on progressives as infrastructure bill heads to Biden's desk |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/centrist-democrats-now-hold-cards-infrastructure-bill-heads-biden-s-n1283485 |url-status=live |access-date=November 14, 2021 |publisher=NBC News |language=en |archive-date=November 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113201934/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/centrist-democrats-now-hold-cards-infrastructure-bill-heads-biden-s-n1283485 }}</ref> The bill ultimately went to a vote, as did a rule to vote on the larger bill once it was scored, passing 228–206; 13 Republicans joined all but six Democrats (members of "[[The Squad (United States Congress)|the Squad]]") in supporting the legislation.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lillis |first1=Mike |last2=Folley |first2=Aris |last3=Marcos |first3=Cristina |last4=Wong |first4=Scott |date=November 5, 2021 |title=Liberals, moderates strike deal on Biden agenda, clearing way for votes |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/580365-liberals-moderates-strike-deal-on-biden-agenda-clearing-way-for-votes |url-status=live |access-date=November 5, 2021 |website=The Hill |language=en |archive-date=November 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106012029/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/580365-liberals-moderates-strike-deal-on-biden-agenda-clearing-way-for-votes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pramuk |first=Jacob |date=November 5, 2021 |title=House passes $1&nbsp;trillion bipartisan infrastructure bill that includes transport, broadband and utility funding, sends it to Biden |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/05/house-passes-bipartisan-infrastructure-bill-sends-it-to-biden.html |url-status=live |access-date=November 5, 2021 |publisher=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=November 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106033041/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/05/house-passes-bipartisan-infrastructure-bill-sends-it-to-biden.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=November 10, 2021 |title=Roll Call 369, Bill Number: H. R. 3684, 117th Congress, 1st Session |url=https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2021369 |date=November 5, 2021 |website=Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives |archive-date=November 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106052611/https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2021369 |url-status=live }}</ref> The six Democrats who voted 'No' stated that their opposition was because the legislation had been decoupled from the social-safety net provisions of the Build Back Better bill.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nakamura |first=Rachel Looker and Amy |title=Who are the 6 House Democrats who voted against the infrastructure bill? |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/11/08/aoc-ilhan-omar-democrats-who-voted-no-infrastructure-bill/6339739001/ |access-date=November 16, 2021 |website=USA Today |language=en-US |archive-date=November 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113083431/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/11/08/aoc-ilhan-omar-democrats-who-voted-no-infrastructure-bill/6339739001/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Annie Grayer |title=These 6 House Democrats voted against the infrastructure bill. These 13 Republicans voted for it. |date=November 6, 2021 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/05/politics/infrastructure-bill-house-democrats-voted-no-republicans-voted-yes/index.html |access-date=November 16, 2021 |publisher=CNN |archive-date=November 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110030630/https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/05/politics/infrastructure-bill-house-democrats-voted-no-republicans-voted-yes/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Biden signed the bill into law at a signing ceremony on November&nbsp;15.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pettypiece |first=Shannon |date=November 15, 2021 |title=Biden signs infrastructure bill marking victory in hard-fought legislative battle |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-sign-infrastructure-bill-marking-victory-hard-fought-legislative-battle-n1283910 |url-status=live |access-date=November 15, 2021 |publisher=NBC News |language=en |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115200818/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-sign-infrastructure-bill-marking-victory-hard-fought-legislative-battle-n1283910 }}</ref>

== Original version of the IIJA ==
The following is the bill summary authorized by the [[Congressional Research Service]] (CRS) for the INVEST in America Act, the original version which passed the House on July 1, 2021:
* "extends FY2021 enacted levels through FY2022 for federal-aid highway, transit, and safety programs;
* reauthorizes for FY2023-FY2026 several surface transportation programs, including the federal-aid highway program, transit programs, highway safety, motor carrier safety, and rail programs;
* addresses climate change, including strategies to reduce the climate change impacts of the surface transportation system and a vulnerability assessment to identify opportunities to enhance the resilience of the surface transportation system and ensure the efficient use of federal resources;
* revises [[Buy America Act]] procurement requirements for highways, mass transit, and rail;
* establishes a rural bridge rebuilding program to improve the safety and state of good repair of bridges in rural communities;
* implements new safety requirements across all transportation modes; and
* directs the [[United States Department of Transportation|Department of Transportation]] to establish a pilot program to demonstrate a national motor vehicle per-mile user fee to restore and maintain the long-term solvency of the [[Highway Trust Fund]] and achieve and maintain a state of good repair in the surface transportation system."<ref>{{USBill|117|HR|3684|site=yes}}</ref>

The specific amounts in surface transportation spending were $343 billion for roads, highways, bridges and motor safety, $109 billion for transit, and $95 billion for rail.<ref name="Segers" /> Provisions of the bill incentivized prioritizing maintenance and repair spending over spending on new infrastructure, holistically planning for all modes of transport when considering how to connect job centers to housing (including collecting data on reductions in [[vehicle miles traveled]] through [[transit-oriented development]]), and lowering speed limits to increase road safety and encourage building [[complete streets]]. The Senate version, and the final bill, de-emphasized these incentives.<ref name="DeFazio June press release" /><ref name="Davis 2021" /><ref name="T4A Senate BIL review" /><ref name="Osborne press release 2021" /><ref name="Grimminger 2021" /><ref name="T4A December review" />

== Provisions ==

The final version restores the [[Superfund]] excise tax on certain chemicals<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/irs-issues-superfund-chemical-excise-taxes-faqs |title=IRS issues Superfund Chemical Excise Taxes FAQs |access-date=March 4, 2023 |archive-date=March 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304021005/https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/irs-issues-superfund-chemical-excise-taxes-faqs |url-status=live }}</ref> which expired in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.marketplace.org/2021/07/02/chemical-tax-to-clean-up-toxic-sites-gets-new-life-as-part-of-infrastructure-deal/ |title=Chemical tax to clean up toxic sites gets new life as part of infrastructure deal |date=July 2, 2021 |access-date=March 4, 2023 |archive-date=March 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304021006/https://www.marketplace.org/2021/07/02/chemical-tax-to-clean-up-toxic-sites-gets-new-life-as-part-of-infrastructure-deal/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Overview ===
[[File:Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act Summary.png|thumb|right|400px|Investment categories ($ billion) in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act of 2021, adding to about $550&nbsp;billion over a decade<ref name="NPR_Infra1">{{Cite news |date=November 6, 2021 |title=Biden says final passage of $1&nbsp;trillion infrastructure plan is a big step forward |language=en-US |publisher=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/11/05/1050012853/the-house-has-passed-the-1-trillion-infrastructure-plan-sending-it-to-bidens-des |access-date=November 7, 2021 |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121111856/https://www.npr.org/2021/11/05/1050012853/the-house-has-passed-the-1-trillion-infrastructure-plan-sending-it-to-bidens-des |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
According to [[NPR]], the version which passed the Senate on July 28 was set to include:

* $110 billion for roads, bridges and other major projects;
* $11 billion for transportation safety programs;
* $39 billion to modernize transit and improve accessibility;
* $66 billion for passenger and freight rail;
* $7.5 billion to build a national network of electric vehicle chargers;
* $73 billion to overhaul the nation's power infrastructure, clean energy transmission, and overall energy policy;
* $65 billion for broadband development.<ref name="Walsh" />

The law would also make the [[Minority Business Development Agency]] a permanent agency.<ref name=":18" /> It authorizes the DOT to create an organization called the Advanced Research Projects Agency–Infrastructure (ARPA–I), with a broad remit over transportation research akin to [[DARPA]], [[HSARPA]], [[IARPA]], [[ARPA-E]], and [[ARPA-H]],<ref>{{cite act |type=Section|index=25012|date=November 15, 2021|access-date=June 7, 2023|article=V |article-type=Title |legislature=United States Congress|title=Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act|url=https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title49-section119&num=0&edition=prelim#sourcecredit|language=en}}</ref> with the first appropriations of $3.22 million being made in the [[Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023]].<ref>Page 636. {{cite act |type=Title|index=II|date=December 29, 2022|access-date=July 1, 2023|article=L |article-type=Division |legislature=United States Congress|title=Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023|url=https://www.congress.gov/117/bills/hr2617/BILLS-117hr2617enr.pdf|language=en}}</ref><ref name="FAS ARPA-I 2023">{{cite web | title=Applying ARPA-I: A Proven Model for Transportation Infrastructure | website=Federation of American Scientists | date=June 7, 2023 | url=https://fas.org/publication/applying-arpa-i-a-proven-model-for-transportation-infrastructure/ | access-date=June 7, 2023}}</ref><ref name="USDOT ARPA-I homepage 2022">{{cite web | title=Advanced Research Projects Agency – Infrastructure (ARPA-I) | website=US Department of Transportation | date=December 7, 2022 | url=https://www.transportation.gov/arpa-i | access-date=June 7, 2023}}</ref> Lastly, it broadens the powers of the Federal Permitting Improvement Steering Council, to provide faster conflict resolution among agencies, in speeding up infrastructure design approvals.<ref name="The White House guidebook 2023">{{cite web | title=Inflation Reduction Act Guidebook | website=The White House |pages=182–183 |date=January 2023 | url= https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Inflation-Reduction-Act-Guidebook.pdf | access-date=May 2, 2024}}</ref>

=== Impact on environment and climate ===
An October 2021 report written by the REPEAT Project, a partnership between the Evolved Energy Research firm and [[Princeton University]]'s ZERO Lab, said the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act alone will make only a small reduction in emissions, but as they say:<ref>{{cite report |url=https://repeatproject.org/docs/REPEAT_Preliminary_Report_102021.pdf |title=Preliminary Report: The Climate Impact of Congressional Infrastructure and Budget Bills |date=20 October 2021 |publisher=Rapid Energy Policy Evaluation and Analysis Toolkit |page=9 |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020161736/https://repeatproject.org/docs/REPEAT_Preliminary_Report_102021.pdf |archive-date=October 20, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><blockquote>We lack modeling capabilities to reflect the net effect of surface transportation investments in highways (which tend to increase on-road vehicle and freight miles traveled) and rail and public transit (which tend to reduce on-road vehicle and freight miles traveled). These significant programs are therefore not modeled in this analysis, an important limitation of our assessment of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act.</blockquote>The Georgetown Climate Center tried to estimate how the $599 billion investment for surface transportation in the law can impact emissions from transportation. It created two scenarios: "high emissions" and "low emissions". In the first scenario, from the money dedicated to highways, more money will go to building new highways, while in the second, more will go to repairing existing highways. The other spending areas characteristics are not so different. The first scenario sees increased cumulative emissions over the years 2022–2040 by more than 200 million tons, while the second decreases them by around 250 million tons.<ref>{{cite web |title=Issue Brief: Estimating the Greenhouse Gas Impact of Federal Infrastructure Investments in the IIJA |url=https://www.georgetownclimate.org/articles/federal-infrastructure-investment-analysis.html |website=Georgetown climate center |date=16 October 2021|access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref>

In August 2022, the [[Boston Consulting Group]] analyzed the Act and found $41 billion of it would be spent on energy projects germane to climate action, $18 billion on similarly germane transportation projects, $18 billion on "clean tech" intended to cut hard-to-abate emissions, $0 on manufacturing, and $34 billion on other climate action provisions.<ref name="BCG 2022-08-16" />

The law includes the largest federal investment in [[public transit]] in history.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fact Sheet: The Bipartisan Infrastructure Deal |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/11/06/fact-sheet-the-bipartisan-infrastructure-deal/ |website=The White House |date=November 6, 2021 |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=January 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126170901/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/11/06/fact-sheet-the-bipartisan-infrastructure-deal/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The law includes spending figures of $105 billion in public transport. It also spends $110 billion on fixing roads and bridges and includes measures for climate change mitigation and improving access for [[Cycling|cyclists]] and [[Walking|pedestrians]].<ref name="npr.org">{{cite news |last1=Sprunt |first1=Barbara |title=Here's What's Included In The Bipartisan Infrastructure Bill |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/06/24/1009923468/heres-whats-included-in-the-infrastructure-deal-that-biden-struck-with-senators |access-date=11 August 2021 |agency=NPR |date=10 August 2021 |archive-date=August 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812045357/https://www.npr.org/2021/06/24/1009923468/heres-whats-included-in-the-infrastructure-deal-that-biden-struck-with-senators |url-status=live }}</ref> Increasing use of [[public transport]] and related [[transit-oriented development]] can reduce transportation emissions in human settlements by 78% and overall US emissions by 15%.<ref>{{cite book |title=Public Transportation's Role in Responding to Climate Change |date=2010 |publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Transit Administration |page=5 |url=https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/PublicTransportationsRoleInRespondingToClimateChange2010.pdf |access-date=1 April 2022 |archive-date=September 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901033105/https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/PublicTransportationsRoleInRespondingToClimateChange2010.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The law includes spending:<ref>{{cite news |last1=Snell |first1=Kelsey |title=The Senate Approves The $1 Trillion Bipartisan Infrastructure Bill In A Historic Vote |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/10/1026081880/senate-passes-bipartisan-infrastructure-bill |access-date=11 August 2021 |agency=NPR |date=10 August 2021 |archive-date=August 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812034042/https://www.npr.org/2021/08/10/1026081880/senate-passes-bipartisan-infrastructure-bill |url-status=live }}</ref>

* $21 billion for environmental projects
* $50 billion for [[water storage]]
* $15 billion for [[electric vehicles]]
* $73 billion to overhaul the [[energy policy of the United States]].<ref name="npr.org" /><ref name="Higman 2021" />  
* $4.7 billion to cap [[orphan well]]s abandoned by oil and gas companies<ref name="Interior Department press release 2021">{{cite web | title=Interior Department Releases Implementation Guidance to States on Infrastructure Law Efforts to Address Legacy Pollution | website=U.S. Department of the Interior | date=December 17, 2021 | url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/interior-department-releases-implementation-guidance-states-infrastructure-law-efforts | access-date=December 30, 2022 | archive-date=December 30, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230095138/https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/interior-department-releases-implementation-guidance-states-infrastructure-law-efforts | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="EESI 2021">{{cite web | last=Bertrand | first=Savannah | title=Plugging Orphaned Oil and Gas Wells Provides Climate and Jobs Benefits – Article | website=EESI | date=August 12, 2021 | url=https://www.eesi.org/articles/view/plugging-orphaned-oil-and-gas-wells-provides-climate-and-jobs-benefits | access-date=December 30, 2022 | archive-date=December 30, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230095139/https://www.eesi.org/articles/view/plugging-orphaned-oil-and-gas-wells-provides-climate-and-jobs-benefits | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Center for American Progress 2022">{{cite web|last1=Hoffman|first1=Elisia|last2=Jurich|first2=Kirsten|last3=Argento-McCurdy|first3=Hannah|last4=Chyung|first4=Chris|last5=Ricketts|first5=Sam|title=How States Can Lead on Reducing Harms From Methane|website=Center for American Progress|date=November 18, 2022|url=https://www.americanprogress.org/article/how-states-can-lead-on-reducing-harms-from-methane/|access-date=December 30, 2022|archive-date=December 30, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230095135/https://www.americanprogress.org/article/how-states-can-lead-on-reducing-harms-from-methane/|url-status=live}}</ref> 
* $1 billion to better connect neighborhoods separated by transport infrastructure as part of [[environmental justice]] efforts.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Breuninger |first1=Kevin |last2=Newburger |first2=Emma |title=Here's what's in the $550 billion bipartisan infrastructure deal |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/28/heres-whats-in-the-550-billion-bipartisan-infrastructure-deal.html |access-date=11 August 2021 |agency=CNBC |date=28 July 2021 |archive-date=May 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511032515/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/28/heres-whats-in-the-550-billion-bipartisan-infrastructure-deal.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This $1 billion will be spent through the Reconnecting Communities Pilot (RCP) discretionary grant program<ref>{{cite web |title=Reconnecting Communities Pilot Program – Planning Grants and Capital Construction Grants |url=https://www.transportation.gov/grants/reconnecting-communities |publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation |access-date=29 September 2022 |archive-date=September 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929141158/https://www.transportation.gov/grants/reconnecting-communities |url-status=live }}</ref> that, among other priorities, promotes: 

<blockquote>New or improved, affordable transportation options to increase safe mobility and connectivity for all, including for people with disabilities, through lower-carbon travel like walking, cycling, rolling, and transit that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote active travel.<ref>{{cite book |title=Notice of Funding Opportunity for the Reconnecting Communities Pilot (RCP) Discretionary Grant Program |publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation |url=https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/2022-06/RCP_NOFO_FY22.pdf |access-date=29 September 2022 |archive-date=September 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926224138/https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/2022-06/RCP_NOFO_FY22.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>

=== Energy ===

$73 billion will be spent on overhauling the energy policy of the United States. The [[Boston Consulting Group]] projects $41 billion of the Act will be germane to climate action in energy.<ref name="BCG 2022-08-16">{{Cite web|url=https://media-publications.bcg.com/BCG-Executive-Perspectives-US-Inflation-Reduction-Act-16August2022.pdf|date=August 16, 2022|access-date=March 29, 2024|title=BCG Executive Perspectives: US Inflation Reduction Act: Climate & Energy Features and Potential Implications |website=Boston Consulting Group|last1=Baker|first1=Tom|last2=Dewar|first2=Alex|last3=Phillips|first3=Katherine|last4=Pieper|first4=Cornelius|last5=Seshadri|first5=Pattabi}}</ref> $11 billion of the $73 billion amount will be invested in the [[electrical grid]]'s adjustment to [[renewable energy]], with some of the money going to new loans for [[electric power transmission]] lines and required studies for future transmission needs.<ref name="Canary Media transmission loans 2023">{{cite web | title=Three big transmission projects win $1.3B in DOE loans | website=Canary Media | date=October 30, 2023 | url=https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/transmission/three-big-transmission-projects-win-1-3b-in-doe-loans| access-date=October 31, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Energy.gov GDO 2023">{{cite web | title=National Transmission Needs Study |date=October 30, 2023| website=Energy.gov | url=https://www.energy.gov/gdo/national-transmission-needs-study | access-date=October 31, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Energy.gov TFP announcement 2023">{{cite web | title=Transmission Facilitation Program | website=Energy.gov | date=October 30, 2023 | url=https://www.energy.gov/gdo/transmission-facilitation-program | access-date=October 31, 2023}}</ref> $6 billion of that $73 billion will go to [[nuclear power in the United States|domestic nuclear power]]. Also of that $73 billion, the IIJA invests $45 billion in [[innovation]] and [[industrial policy]] for key emerging technologies in energy; $430 million<ref name="Energy.gov IDP announcement 2023">{{cite web | title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces $6 Billion To Drastically Reduce Industrial Emissions and Create Healthier Communities | website=Energy.gov | date=March 8, 2023 | url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/biden-harris-administration-announces-6-billion-drastically-reduce-industrial-emissions | access-date=May 26, 2023}}</ref>–$21 billion in new demonstration projects at the DOE; and nearly $24 billion in onshoring, [[supply chain resilience]], and bolstering U.S.-held competitive advantages in energy; the latter amount will be divided into an $8.6 billion investment in [[carbon capture and storage]], $3 billion in battery material reprocessing, $3 billion in [[battery recycling]], $1 billion in [[rare-earth mineral]]s stockpiling, and $8 billion in new research hubs for [[green hydrogen]].<ref name="Higman 2021">{{cite journal | last=Higman | first=Morgan | title=The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act Will Do More to Reach 2050 Climate Targets than Those of 2030 | website=Center for Strategic and International Studies | date=August 18, 2021 | url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/infrastructure-investment-and-jobs-act-will-do-more-reach-2050-climate-targets-those-2030 | access-date=March 30, 2023 | archive-date=January 29, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129232944/https://www.csis.org/analysis/infrastructure-investment-and-jobs-act-will-do-more-reach-2050-climate-targets-those-2030 | url-status=live }}</ref> The DOE has imposed grant requirements on $7 billion of the IIJA's battery and transportation spending, which are meant to promote [[community benefits agreement]]s, [[social justice]], and formation of [[trade union]]s.<ref name="Kuttner 2023">{{cite web | last=Kuttner | first=Robert | title=Using Industrial Policy to Promote Social Justice | website=The American Prospect | date=27 March 2023 | url=https://prospect.org/blogs-and-newsletters/tap/2023-03-27-industrial-policy-social-justice/ | access-date=29 March 2023 | archive-date=March 29, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329192046/https://prospect.org/blogs-and-newsletters/tap/2023-03-27-industrial-policy-social-justice/ | url-status=live }}</ref> It created the $225 million Resilient and Efficient Codes Implementation program for cities, tribes and counties to revise building codes for electrical and heating work.<ref name="Section 40511"/> Finally, the law gives $4.7 billion to cap [[orphan well]]s abandoned by oil and gas companies.<ref name="Interior Department press release 2021" /><ref name="EESI 2021" /><ref name="Center for American Progress 2022" />

=== Broadband ===
The law invests a total of $65 billion in advancing the U.S. quest for [[broadband universal service]]. Of this $65 billion, the law invests $42.45 billion in a new infrastructure grant program by the [[National Telecommunications and Information Administration]] called the  '''Broadband Equity, Access, and Deployment Program''', with highest priority going to communities with Internet speeds below 25 downstream and 3 upstream [[Data-rate units|Mbps]]. $2 billion will go to the NTIA's Tribal Broadband Connectivity Program, $1 billion to a new [[middle mile]] infrastructure program,<ref name="Taglang 2021A">{{cite web | last=Taglang | first=Kevin | title=Investing in Middle Mile Infrastructure | website=Benton Foundation | date=November 6, 2021 | url=https://www.benton.org/blog/investing-middle-mile-infrastructure | access-date=April 30, 2024}}</ref> $1.44 billion in formula grants to state and territorial digital equity plan implementation, $60 million in formula grants to new digital equity plan development, and $1.25 billion in discretionary grants to "specific types of political subdivisions to implement digital equity projects".<ref name="BroadbandUSA 2021">{{cite web |date=November 16, 2021 |title=NTIA's Role in Implementing the Broadband Provisions of the 2021 Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act |url=https://broadbandusa.ntia.doc.gov/news/latest-news/ntias-role-implementing-broadband-provisions-2021-infrastructure-investment-and |access-date=April 30, 2024 |website=BroadbandUSA}}</ref><ref name="Broadband.money 2021">{{cite web | title=Annotated Guide to IIJA Broadband Programs | website=Broadband.money | date=November 15, 2021 | url=https://broadband.money/annotated-resources/annotated-guide-to-iija-broadband-programs | access-date=April 30, 2024}}</ref>

The law gives the [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] $5.5 billion of the $65 billion total to deliver broadband to rural communities smaller than 20,000 people, $5 million of which is obligated to [[utility cooperative]]s.<ref>{{CodeFedReg|7|1734}}</ref><ref name="Rural Development 2024">{{cite web | title=Distance Learning & Telemedicine Grants | website=Rural Development | date=February 29, 2024 | url=https://www.rd.usda.gov/programs-services/telecommunications-programs/distance-learning-telemedicine-grants | access-date=April 30, 2024}}</ref>

The law invests $14.2 billion of the total in the [[Federal Communications Commission]]'s [[Affordable Connectivity Program]], the successor to the American Rescue Plan's broadband subsidies. It gives a $30 monthly discount on internet services to qualifying low-income families ($75 on tribal lands), and provides a $100 discount on tablets, laptops and desktops for them.<ref>{{cite press release |author=Paloma Perez |title=FCC Launches Affordable Connectivity Program|url=https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DOC-378908A1.pdf |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Office of Media Relations |agency=Federal Communications Commission|date=2021-12-31 |access-date=2024-04-29}}</ref><ref name="FORBES:Author1:2023">{{Citation |last=Simon |first=Shelby |date=April 20, 2023 |title=Emergency Broadband Benefit Program: Learn About Providers And Why It's Now The ACP Program |newspaper=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/home-improvement/internet/what-is-the-acp-program/ |access-date=August 3, 2023}}</ref> The program ran out of funds on April 30, 2024.<ref name="April 2 2024 FCC release">{{cite press release |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=FCC Chairwoman Updates Congress on Impact of Imminent End of Affordable Connectivity Program Due to Lack of Additional Congressional Appropriations |url=https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DOC-401589A1.pdf |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Office of Media Relations |agency=Federal Communications Commission |date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2024-04-29}}</ref> The law also requires the FCC to return consumer broadband labels it developed in 2016 to statute, to revise its public comment process and to issue rules and model policies for combating digital deployment discrimination, with the [[United States Attorney General]]'s cooperation, and the [[Government Accountability Office]] to deliver a report on updating broadband thresholds by November 2022.<ref name="Taglang 2021B">{{cite web | last=Taglang | first=Kevin | title=How the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act will Make Broadband More Affordable | website=Benton Foundation | date=November 6, 2021 | url=https://www.benton.org/blog/how-infrastructure-investment-and-jobs-act-will-make-broadband-more-affordable | access-date=April 30, 2024}}</ref>

=== Water ===

To support safe drinking water programs, the law provides:
* $11.7 billion for the [[Safe Drinking Water Act#1996 SDWA amendments|Drinking Water State Revolving Fund]] (SRF)
* $15 billion to local water systems for [[lead service line]] replacement
* $9 billion to address emerging contaminants such as [[PFAS]] ($4 billion through the SRF and $5 billion through grants to water utilities)
* $3.5 billion to build water and sewer systems for the [[Indian Health Service]].<ref name="HHS Deputy Inspector General report 2022">{{cite web |last=Murrin|first=Suzanne| title=Initial Observations of IHS Capacity to Manage Supplemental $3.5 Billion Appropriated to Sanitation Facilities Construction Projects | website=Office of Inspector General, Government Oversight division, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services | date=September 30, 2022 | url=https://oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/OEI-06-22-00320.asp | access-date=May 24, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Zentouro 2023">{{cite AV media|publisher=Zentouro|people=Tanana, Heather and Nielsen, Miriam| title=What's going on with the Inflation Reduction Act? | type=YouTube video| time=11 minutes, 19 seconds|location=New York, NY|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g9x3UeYOJn4 |date=May 24, 2023| access-date=May 24, 2023}}</ref>
For surface water programs, such as [[watershed management]] and [[Water pollution#Control and reduction|pollution control]], the law provides:
* $12.7 billion for the [[Clean Water State Revolving Fund]] to support state and local government water quality programs
* $1.7 billion for geographic-based programs including the [[National Estuary Program]], the [[Great Lakes]] program and the [[Chesapeake Bay Program]].<ref>{{cite web |title=EPA & The Bipartisan Infrastructure Law; Fact Sheet |url=https://www.epa.gov/infrastructure/fact-sheet-epa-bipartisan-infrastructure-law |date=2022-11-16 |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=April 15, 2023 |archive-date=April 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415021235/https://www.epa.gov/infrastructure/fact-sheet-epa-bipartisan-infrastructure-law |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Addressing drought in Western states ====
The Act provides $8 billion for helping Western states deal with the [[Southwestern North American megadrought]]. Spending for many related projects is included under the category "Western Water Infrastructure".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Long |first1=Heather |title=What's in the $1.2 trillion infrastructure law |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/08/10/senate-infrastructure-bill-what-is-in-it/ |access-date=3 January 2024 |agency=Washington Post |date=16 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kanzig |first1=Erin |title=What's Inside the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act for Water? |url=https://www.rivernetwork.org/whats-inside-the-infrastructure-investment-and-jobs-act-for-water/ |website=River Network |date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=3 January 2024}}</ref>

=== Bridges ===

Prior to the enactment of the infrastructure law in 2021, no dedicated federal bridge funding had existed since fiscal year 2013. The law created two new programs specifically to fund bridge projects:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/2022-05-06_IF12099_d188dd74f213ca1835e163da3f9c67b62305af79.pdf |title=Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act: Highway Bridges |date=May 6, 2022 |publisher=Congressional Research Service |access-date=April 16, 2023 |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416044013/https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/2022-05-06_IF12099_d188dd74f213ca1835e163da3f9c67b62305af79.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Bridge Formula Program (BFP) ====

With $27.5 billion over five years, the BFP distributes funds to every state, the [[District of Columbia]], and [[Puerto Rico]] based on a formula that accounts for each state's cost to replace or rehabilitate its poor or fair condition bridges. Each state is guaranteed a minimum of $45 million per year from this program. At least 15% of each state's funds must be spent on off-system bridges (i.e., public bridges that are not on federal-aid highways), and 3% is set aside each year for bridges on tribal lands. Off-system and tribal bridge projects may be funded with a 100% federal share (as opposed to the standard 80% federal share).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bipartisan-infrastructure-law/bfp.cfm |title=Bridge Formula Program (BFP) |publisher=Federal Highway Administration |access-date=April 16, 2023 |archive-date=April 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413120857/https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bipartisan-infrastructure-law/bfp.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Bridge Investment Program (BIP) ====

With $12.5 billion over five years, the BIP is a competitive grant program to replace, rehabilitate, preserve, or make resiliency improvements to bridges. Half of the funding is reserved for large bridge projects, which are defined as projects that cost over $100 million. Large projects are funded at a maximum 50% federal share, while other projects are funded at a maximum 80% federal share.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bipartisan-infrastructure-law/bip_factsheet.cfm |publisher=Federal Highway Administration |title=Bridge Investment Program (BIP) |access-date=April 16, 2023 |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416053253/https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bipartisan-infrastructure-law/bip_factsheet.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Passenger rail ===

The infrastructure law is the largest investment in passenger rail since the 1971 creation of [[Amtrak]] (which under the law will receive $22 billion in advance appropriations and $19 billion in fully authorized funds).<ref>{{cite web |title=Fact Sheet: The Bipartisan Infrastructure Deal |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/11/06/fact-sheet-the-bipartisan-infrastructure-deal/ |date=November 6, 2021 |publisher=The White House |access-date=April 14, 2023 |archive-date=January 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126170901/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/11/06/fact-sheet-the-bipartisan-infrastructure-deal/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="FRA 2021">Refer to infographic PNG. {{cite web | title=FRA | website=Bipartisan Infrastructure Law Information from FRA | date=November 15, 2021 | url=https://railroads.dot.gov/BIL | access-date=July 11, 2023}}</ref> It directly appropriated $66 billion for rail over a five-year period (including the Amtrak appropriations), of which at least $18 billion is designated for expanding passenger rail service to new corridors, and it authorized an additional $36 billion.<ref name="FRA 2021" /> Most of this funding for new passenger rail lines is implemented through the Federal-State Partnership for Intercity Passenger Rail program, which will receive $36 billion in advance appropriations and $7.5 billion in fully authorized funds.<ref name="FRA 2021" /> The Consolidated Rail Infrastructure and Safety Improvements program will receive $5 billion in advance appropriations and $5 billion in fully authorized funds, while programs for [[grade separation#railways|grade separation]] replacing [[level crossing]]s will receive $3 billion in advance appropriations and $2.5 billion in fully authorized funds, and the Restoration and Enhancement Grant program intended to revive discontinued passenger rail services will receive $250 million in advance appropriations and $250 million in fully authorized funds.<ref name="FRA 2021" /> Per the law's requirements, at least $12 billion is available and $3.4–4.1 billion authorized for expanding service outside of the [[Northeast Corridor]], and $24 billion is available and $3.4–4.1 billion authorized to partially rebuild the Corridor.<ref>{{cite web |title=Passenger Rail Expansion in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11920 |date=February 10, 2022 |publisher=Congressional Research Service |access-date=April 14, 2023 |archive-date=April 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414232322/https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11920 |url-status=live }}</ref>

To help plan and guide the expansion of passenger rail service beyond the [[Northeast Corridor]], the infrastructure law also created a $1.8 billion [[Corridor Identification and Development Program]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.transportation.gov/briefing-room/fra-announces-new-bipartisan-infrastructure-law-program-guide-nationwide-expansion |title=FRA Announces New Bipartisan Infrastructure Law Program to Guide Nationwide Expansion and Enhancement of Intercity Passenger Rail Service |publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation |date=May 13, 2022 |access-date=April 14, 2023 |archive-date=April 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415014101/https://www.transportation.gov/briefing-room/fra-announces-new-bipartisan-infrastructure-law-program-guide-nationwide-expansion |url-status=live }}</ref> The law also expands eligibility for a potential $23 billion in transit funding to these corridors and changes the allocation methods for state government-supported passenger rail shorter than 750 miles, to encourage states to implement more such service.

=== Transit station accessibility ===

The law established and authorized $1.75 billion over five years for a new All Stations Accessibility Program (ASAP).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.transit.dot.gov/funding/grants/fact-sheet-all-stations-accessibility-program |title=Fact Sheet: All Stations Accessibility Program |publisher=Federal Transit Administration |access-date=April 14, 2023 |archive-date=April 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414162610/https://www.transit.dot.gov/funding/grants/fact-sheet-all-stations-accessibility-program |url-status=live }}</ref> This program is designed to improve the accessibility of rail system stations that were built before the [[Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990]] (ADA). At the time of the infrastructure law's passage, over 900 transit stations were not fully ADA-compliant.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.transit.dot.gov/about/news/biden-administration-announces-bipartisan-infrastructure-law-funding-make-public |title=Biden Administration Announces Bipartisan Infrastructure Law Funding to Make Public Transportation Rail Stations Accessible for All |date=July 26, 2022 |publisher=Federal Transit Administration |access-date=April 14, 2023 |archive-date=April 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414180438/https://www.transit.dot.gov/about/news/biden-administration-announces-bipartisan-infrastructure-law-funding-make-public |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Highway removal and complete streets ===

The law includes $1 billion over five years for Reconnecting Communities planning and construction grants intended to build marginalized community-recommended projects removing or capping highways and railroads, the first $185 million of which were awarded to 45 projects on February 28, 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.transportation.gov/briefing-room/biden-harris-administration-announces-first-ever-awards-program-reconnect-communities |title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces First-Ever Awards from Program to Reconnect Communities |date=28 February 2023 |access-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228183257/https://www.transportation.gov/briefing-room/biden-harris-administration-announces-first-ever-awards-program-reconnect-communities |url-status=live }}</ref> The program was later combined with the Neighborhood Equity and Access program from the [[Inflation Reduction Act]] for efficiency reasons, before the next 132 projects were given $3.3 billion in awards on March 13, 2024.<ref name="DOT announcement March 13 2024">{{cite web | title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces History-Making $3.3 Billion for Locally-Led Projects That Reconnect Communities as Part of President Biden's Investing in America Agenda | website=US Department of Transportation | date=March 13, 2024 | url=https://www.transportation.gov/briefing-room/biden-harris-administration-announces-history-making-33-billion-locally-led-projects | access-date=May 9, 2024}}</ref>

=== {{anchor|NEVI|National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure}} Charging stations ===
The Act creates the National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure (NEVI) program within the Department of Energy. It provides funding of up to $4.155 billion<ref name="FHWA 5-year NEVI estimate">{{cite web | title=Bipartisan Infrastructure Law – 5-year National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Funding by State | website=[[Federal Highway Administration|Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)]] | url=https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bipartisan-infrastructure-law/evs_5year_nevi_funding_by_state.cfm | access-date=May 15, 2024}}</ref> to state governments for up to 80 percent of eligible project costs, to add substantial open-access [[electric vehicle]] (EV) [[Charging station|charging infrastructure]] along major highway corridors.<ref name=NEVI>[https://afdc.energy.gov/laws/12744 National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure (NEVI) Formula Program], U.S. Department of Energy, retrieved 30 April 2024.</ref><ref>{{USStat|135|429}}, {{USStat|135|1424}}, and {{USC|23|165}}</ref>

=== Vehicle safety ===
The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act requires the [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]] (NHTSA) to develop a safety mechanism to prevent [[drunk driving]], which causes about 10,000 deaths each year in the United States as of 2021, which will be rolled out in phases for retroactive fitting,<ref name="ars technica">{{cite news |last1=Gitlin |first1=Jonathan M. |title=Here's what the infrastructure bill means for road safety and EVs |url=https://arstechnica.com/cars/2021/11/heres-what-the-infrastructure-bill-means-for-road-safety-and-evs/ |work=Ars Technica |date=8 November 2021 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='It's helping save lives' {{!}} Vehicles will soon have built-in sensors to prevent drunk driving |url=https://www.wthr.com/article/news/investigations/13-investigates/vehicles-will-soon-have-built-in-sensors-to-prevent-drunk-driving-ignition-interlock-test-alcohol-detection/531-866571a8-37f2-48bf-8aae-a13f9fbea8df |work=wthr.com |date=July 26, 2021}}</ref> and will become mandatory for all new vehicles in 2027.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gordon |first1=Aaron |title=Every Car Made After 2027 May Have Drunk Driving Monitoring System |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/dyvk9z/every-car-made-after-2027-may-have-drunk-driving-monitoring-system |work=Vice |date=3 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The technology, which is being developed by NHTSA in cooperation with the [[Automotive Coalition for Traffic Safety]] and Swedish automobile safety company [[Autoliv]], consists of a breath-based and a touch-based sensor that stops the car if the driver is above the legal [[blood alcohol content]], and will be [[open-source]]d to automobile manufacturers.<ref name="cosse2022">{{cite web |last1=Cossé |first1=Clay |title=Products Liability and Regulatory Implications of the NTSB's Recent Recommendations on Blood Alcohol Monitoring and Intelligent Speed Assistance [Part I] |url=https://www.openroadlawblog.com/2022/09/whose-fault-is-it-anyway-products-liability-and-regulatory-implications-of-the-ntsbs-recommendation-to-equip-new-vehicles-with-blood-alcohol-monitoring-and-intelligent-speed-assistance-techn/ |website=The Open Road Automotive Law Blog |date=28 September 2022}}</ref>

Under the law, the [[United States Department of Transportation]] (DOT) will be required to develop regulations for a system that can detect distracted, fatigued, or impaired drivers.<ref name="ars technica" /> The NHTSA has recommended implementing a camera-based warning system for the former, similar to a technology mandated by the [[European Union]] in July 2022.<ref name="cosse2022" />

The law also requires the NHTSA's [[New Car Assessment Program]] to test [[collision avoidance system]]s in preparation for new federal regulations; new DOT reporting requirements for statistical data on crashes involving [[motorized scooter]]s and [[electric bicycle]]s; new federal regulations on headlamps; research directives on technology to protect pedestrians and cyclists, [[advanced driver-assistance system]]s, federal hood and bumper regulations, [[smart city]] infrastructure, and [[self-driving car]]s; and a new [[Federal Highway Administration]] (FHWA) office specializing in [[cybersecurity]].<ref name="ars technica" />

=== Wildlife crossings and conservation ===

The infrastructure law created the [[Wildlife crossing|Wildlife Crossings]] Pilot Program with $350 million in funding over five years. This is a competitive grant program that funds planning and construction projects that prevent wildlife-vehicle collisions and improve the connectivity of animal habitats.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://highways.dot.gov/federal-lands/programs/wildlife-crossings |title=Wildlife Crossings Program |publisher=Federal Highway Administration |access-date=April 14, 2023 |archive-date=April 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414172422/https://highways.dot.gov/federal-lands/programs/wildlife-crossings |url-status=live }}</ref>

The law also allocated $1 billion to create the National [[Culvert]] Removal, Replacement, and Restoration Grant program to improve the passage of [[Fish migration|anadromous]] fish such as [[salmon]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bipartisan-infrastructure-law/culverts_fact_sheet.cfm |title=National Culvert Removal, Replacement, and Restoration Grants (Culvert AOP Program) |publisher=Federal Highway Administration |access-date=April 14, 2023 |archive-date=April 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415015455/https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bipartisan-infrastructure-law/culverts_fact_sheet.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Implementation and results ==
[[File:Bipartisan Infrastructure Law Sign in Avon, CT.jpg|thumb|A sign for a road project funded by the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act in [[Avon, Connecticut]]]]
Biden's infrastructure advisor and the staffer in charge of implementing the law has been identified as [[Mitch Landrieu]]. Biden's National Security Advisor [[Jake Sullivan]] has been identified as the staffer in charge of ensuring the law does not conflict with American foreign policy interests.<ref name="Kuttner">{{cite web | last=Kuttner | first=Robert | title=Reclaiming U.S. Industry | website=The American Prospect | date=January 24, 2023 | url= https://prospect.org/economy/2023-01-24-biden-american-industrial-policy/| access-date=February 22, 2023}}</ref> To support the implementation of the Act, Biden issued Executive Order 14052, which establishes a task force comprising most of his Cabinet. Biden appointed Landrieu and then-[[United States National Economic Council]] chief [[Brian Deese]] as the task force co-chairs.<ref>{{cite executive order|number=14052|post=President of the United States|date=2021-11-18|access-date=2024-10-10|url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/11/18/2021-25286/implementation-of-the-infrastructure-investment-and-jobs-act}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=President Biden Announces Former New Orleans Mayor Mitch Landrieu as Senior Advisor and Infrastructure Coordinator|website=The White House|access-date=October 10, 2024|date=November 14, 2021|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/11/14/president-biden-announces-former-new-orleans-mayor-mitch-landrieu-as-senior-advisor-and-infrastructure-coordinator/}}</ref> <ref name="Libman 2021">{{cite web | last=Wanek-Libman | first=Mischa | title=President Biden launches task force to implement infrastructure investment, names Landrieu as infrastructure coordinator | website=Mass Transit | date=November 16, 2021 | url=https://www.masstransitmag.com/management/article/21246701/president-biden-launches-task-force-to-implement-infrastructure-investment-names-landrieu-as-infrastructure-coordinator | access-date=October 10, 2024}}</ref>

In May 2022, the Biden administration published a manual on the use of the law, aimed mainly at local authorities. The manual briefly describes the over 350 programs included in the law. Each description includes the aim of the program, its funding and possible recipients, its period of availability, and more. The programs are grouped into four categories: "Transportation", "Climate, Energy and the Environment", "Broadband", and "Other Programs".<ref>{{cite book |title=A GUIDEBOOK TO THE BIPARTISAN INFRASTRUCTURE LAW FOR STATE, LOCAL, TRIBAL, AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS, AND OTHER PARTNERS |date=May 2022 |publisher=The White House |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/BUILDING-A-BETTER-AMERICA-V2.pdf |access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref>

By the law's second anniversary in November 2023, around $400 billion from the law, about a third of all IIJA funding, was allocated to more than 40,000 projects related to [[infrastructure]], [[transport]], and [[sustainability]]. By May 2024, the law's halfway mark, the numbers had increased to $454 billion (38 percent of the Act's funds) for more than 56,000 projects,<ref name="Strupp 2024a">{{cite web | last=Strupp | first=Julie |title=At halfway mark, majority of infrastructure law funds yet to be spent |website=Construction Dive | date=May 28, 2024 | url=https://www.constructiondive.com/news/infrastructure-law-halfway-project-funding/717254/ | access-date=November 20, 2024}}</ref> and by the third anniversary in November 2024, they had increased to $568 billion (47 percent) to 68,000 projects, leaving 53 percent of IIJA funds unallocated but showing the administration had been accelerating funding approvals.<ref name="Strupp 2024b">{{cite web | last=Strupp | first=Julie | title=Half of IIJA funds unspent with Trump set to take office |website=Construction Dive | date=November 19, 2024 | url=https://www.constructiondive.com/news/iija-progress-year-three-trump/733228/ | access-date=November 20, 2024}}</ref> Public attention has remained relatively low, due in part to slow implementation of projects.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lobosco |first1=Katie |title=A futuristic airport terminal, a fish passage and ski town bus lanes: Infrastructure projects funded by the bipartisan law |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/22/politics/bipartisan-infrastructure-law-projects/index.html |access-date=16 February 2024 |agency=CNN |date=22 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tomer |first1=Adie |title=At its two-year anniversary, the bipartisan infrastructure law continues to rebuild all of America |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/at-its-two-year-anniversary-the-bipartisan-infrastructure-law-continues-to-rebuild-all-of-america/ |website=Brookings |access-date=16 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Buttle |first1=Rhett |title=The Bipartisan Infrastructure Law Two Years In: How Long Term Investments Are Preparing America For The Future |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rhettbuttle/2023/11/15/the-bipartisan-infrastructure-law-two-years-in-how-long-term-investments-are-preparing-america-for-the-future/?sh=23b1b23523e5 |website=Forbes |access-date=16 February 2024}}</ref>

The White House offers a "Map of Progress" which tracks all spending that resulted from the act.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/build/maps-of-progress/|title=Maps of Progress|access-date=April 2, 2024}}</ref>

=== Macroeconomic impact ===
According to the [[New Democrats (United States)|New Democrat]]-linked think tank [[Center for American Progress]], the IIJA, the [[CHIPS and Science Act]], and the [[Inflation Reduction Act]] have together catalyzed over 35,000 public and private investments.<ref name="CAP 2023">{{cite web | last1=Ragland|first1=Will|last2=Koronowski|first2=Ryan|last3=Simhoni | first3=Shanee | title=Biden Administration Investment Tracker | website=Center for American Progress | date=June 20, 2023 | url=https://www.americanprogress.org/article/investment-tracker/ | access-date=June 29, 2023}}</ref>  Economists [[Noah Smith (writer)|Noah Smith]] and Joseph Politano credited the three acts together for spurring booms in factory construction and utility jobs, as well as limiting geographic concentrations of key industries to ensure more dispersed job creation nationwide, though they raised issues of whether the three would serve to limit project delays and significantly increase labor productivity in the long term.<ref name="Smith 2024">{{cite web | last=Smith | first=Noah | title=Biden did stuff, and it looks like it's working so far | website=Noahpinion | date=September 2, 2024 | url=https://www.noahpinion.blog/p/biden-did-stuff-and-it-looks-like | access-date=September 5, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Politano 2024">{{cite web | last=Politano | first=Joseph | title=The Regional Impacts of America's Investment Boom | website=Apricitas Economics | date=September 4, 2024 | url=https://www.apricitas.io/p/the-regional-impacts-of-americas | access-date=September 5, 2024}}</ref> The Biden administration itself claimed that {{as of|2024|11|15|lc=y|df=US}}, the IIJA, CaSA, and IRA together catalyzed over $988 billion in private investment (including $446 billion in electronics and semiconductors, $180 billion in electric vehicles and batteries, $184 billion in clean power, $84 billion in clean energy tech manufacturing and infrastructure, and $48 billion in heavy industry) and over $696.3 billion in public infrastructure spending (including $96.8 billion in energy aside from tax credits in the IRA).<ref name="Invest.gov 2024">{{cite web | title=Investing In America | website=The White House | date=November 15, 2024 | url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/invest/?utm_source=invest.gov | access-date=November 20, 2024}}</ref>{{update after|2024|11|30}} 

=== Energy and industry ===
In September 2023, White House data revealed that 60 percent of the Act's energy and transmission funding (up to that point, totaling $12.31 billion) had been awarded to states that voted majority Republican in the 2020 election cycle. Of the Act's top ten recipients, seven states had voted majority Republican, with Wyoming ($1.95 billion) and Texas ($1.71 billion) in the lead. The largest single energy project to receive Act funds was a [[Generation IV reactor]] in [[Kemmerer, Wyoming]] by the nuclear fission startup [[TerraPower]].<ref name="Bindman 2023">{{cite web | last=Bindman | first=Polly | title=Republican states lap up IIJA funds for clean energy and power | website=Energy Monitor | date=November 2, 2023 | url=https://www.energymonitor.ai/policy/green-deals/weekly-data-republican-states-are-hoovering-up-most-of-bidens-iija-clean-energy-and-power-funds/ | access-date=October 20, 2024}}</ref>

In November 2022, the Biden administration announced it would furnish $550 million for the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant program for clean energy generators for low-income and minority communities, the first such appropriation since the [[Recovery Act]] in 2009.<ref name="National League of Cities 2021">{{cite web | title=What You Need to Know About the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant | website=National League of Cities | date=December 3, 2021 | url=https://www.nlc.org/article/2021/12/03/what-you-need-to-know-the-energy-efficiency-and-conservation-block-grant/ | access-date=October 25, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Energy.gov IIJA EECBG announcement 2022">{{cite web | title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces $550 Million in Clean Energy Funding to Benefit and Lower Costs for More than 250 Million Americans | website=Energy.gov | date=November 22, 2022 | url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/biden-harris-administration-announces-550-million-clean-energy-funding-benefit-and-lower | access-date=November 24, 2022}}</ref> The administration announced the competitive portion would award $8.8 million to 12 communities on October 12, 2023, with the next award applications due in April (later changed to October) 2024.<ref name="EECBG Competitive awardees 2023">{{cite web | title=Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant (EECBG) Program Competitive Awards | website=Energy.gov | date=October 12, 2023 | url=https://www.energy.gov/scep/energy-efficiency-and-conservation-block-grant-eecbg-program-competitive-awards | access-date=October 25, 2023}}</ref><ref name="EECBG Application hub">{{cite web | title=EECBG Program Formula Grant Application Hub | website=Energy.gov | url=https://www.energy.gov/scep/eecbg-program-formula-grant-application-hub | access-date=October 25, 2023}}</ref> By June 28, 2024, the seventh tranche of funding had been awarded from the EECBG program, totaling about $150 million for 175 communities, with that date's instance seeing $18.5 million awarded to four states and 20 communities.<ref name="EECBG announcement June 2024">{{cite web | title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces More than $18 Million to Support Clean Energy Projects in 24 States and Local Governments | website=Energy.gov | date=June 28, 2024 | url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/biden-harris-administration-announces-more-18-million-support-clean-energy-projects-24 | access-date=July 24, 2024}}</ref>

In April 2023, the Biden administration announced it would award $450 million from the Act to projects that built solar farms on abandoned coal mines.<ref name="Energy.gov coal mines announcement">{{cite web | title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces $450 Million To Deploy Clean Energy Projects on Mine Lands | website=Energy.gov | date=April 4, 2023 | url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/biden-harris-administration-announces-450-million-deploy-clean-energy-projects-mine-lands | access-date=May 15, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-04 |title=Biden makes $450M available for clean energy projects at coal mines |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/biden-makes-450m-available-for-clean-energy-projects-at-coal-mines |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=PBS NewsHour |language=en-us}}</ref> Further support for coal communities followed. In November 2023 the IIJA's Office of Manufacturing and Energy Supply Chains announced $275 million in grants would go to seven projects in coal communities, creating 1,500 jobs and leveraging $600 million in private investment.<ref name="MESC announcement November 2023">{{cite web | title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces Actions to Strengthen Clean Energy Supply Chains and Accelerate Manufacturing in Energy and Industrial Communities | website=Energy.gov | date=November 27, 2023 | url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/biden-harris-administration-announces-actions-strengthen-clean-energy-supply-chains-and | access-date=November 14, 2024}}</ref> The next October it announced $428 million in grants for 14 projects in coal communities, creating 1,900 jobs and leveraging $500 million in private investments.<ref name="IIJA coal communities MESC October 2024">{{cite web | title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces Nearly $430 Million to Accelerate Domestic Clean Energy Manufacturing in Former Coal Communities | website=Energy.gov | date=October 22, 2024 | url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/biden-harris-administration-announces-nearly-430-million-accelerate-domestic-clean-energy | access-date=November 14, 2024}}</ref>

On July 12, 2023, the Biden administration announced it would award $90 million from the Act's Resilient and Efficient Codes Implementation program<ref name="Section 40511">{{USCode|42|6838}}</ref> to 27 cities and counties to update building energy codes.<ref name="DOE announcement July 2023">{{cite web | title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces $90 Million To Support Resilient and Efficient Building Energy Codes and Save American Families Money | website=Energy.gov | date=July 12, 2023 | url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/biden-harris-administration-announces-90-million-support-resilient-and-efficient-building | access-date=July 24, 2024}}</ref> On March 4, 2024 the DOE announced $90 million more would be awarded from the program later that October.<ref name="Kempe 2024">{{cite web | last=Kempe | first=Ysabelle | title=Building energy code revamps can get another $90M from DOE | website=Utility Dive | date=March 6, 2024 | url=https://www.utilitydive.com/news/push-building-energy-codes-doe-funding-energy-efficiency/709457/ | access-date=July 24, 2024}}</ref>

On October 24, 2023, the administration announced the first $3.46 billion in Grid Resilience and Innovation Partnerships grants from the Act's $11 billion grid rebuilding authorization, would go to 58 projects in 44 states. A majority are categorized for [[smart grid]] projects and eight are categorized as pursuing grid innovation. The investment is the largest in the American grid since the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009|Recovery Act]] 14 years earlier. According to Energy Secretary [[Jennifer Granholm]], the projects could enable 35 gigawatts of renewable energy to come online by 2030, $8 billion in investments to be catalyzed, and 400 [[microgrid]]s to be built.<ref name="St. John 2023">{{cite web |last=St. John|first=Jeff| title=The US just made its biggest-ever investment in the grid | website=Canary Media | date=October 18, 2023 | url=https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/transmission/the-us-just-made-its-biggest-ever-investment-in-the-grid | access-date=October 24, 2023}}</ref><ref name="GRIP announcement 2023">{{cite web | title=Grid Resilience and Innovation Partnerships (GRIP) Program | website=Energy.gov | date=October 24, 2023 | url=https://www.energy.gov/gdo/grid-resilience-and-innovation-partnerships-grip-program | access-date=October 24, 2023}}</ref> On August 6, 2024, the DOE announced the recipients of the next $2.2 billion in GRIP grants, eight grid innovation projects across 18 states adding a total of 13 gigawatts of capacity to the grid and catalyzing $10 billion in investments.<ref name="GRIP announcement August 2024">{{cite web | title=Biden-Harris Administration Invests $2.2 Billion in the Nation's Grid to Protect Against Extreme Weather, Lower Costs, and Prepare For Growing Demand | website=Energy.gov | date=August 6, 2024 | url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/biden-harris-administration-invests-22-billion-nations-grid-protect-against-extreme | access-date=August 6, 2024}}</ref> On October 18, 2024, the DOE announced nearly $2 billion more in GRIP grants would be awarded to 38 smaller projects in 42 states and the District of Columbia, altogether adding 7.5 gigawatts of capacity to the grid and catalyzing nearly $4.2 billion in investment.<ref name="GRIP announcement October 2024">{{cite web | last=St. John | first=Jeff | title=Biden admin awards $2B in new grid resilience grants | website=Canary Media | date=October 18, 2024 | url=https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/transmission/biden-admin-awards-2b-in-new-grid-resilience-grants | access-date=October 18, 2024}}</ref>

On October 30, 2023, the DOE announced the results of a mandated triennial study that, for the first time in its history, included anticipation of future grid transmission needs; the Act had explicitly required this inclusion. The study found fewer infrastructure investments since 2015 and consistently high prices in the Rust Belt and California since 2018, and projected a 20 to 128 percent increase in transmission would be needed within regions, while interregional transmission would need to increase by 25 to 412 percent. The DOE found the most potential was in better connecting Texas to the Southwest region, the Mississippi Delta and Midwest regions to the Great Plains region, and New York to New England.<ref name="Energy.gov GDO 2023" /><ref name="Boughton Kiger 2023">{{cite web | last1=Boughton | first1=Steven G. | last2=Kiger | first2=Miles | title=Department of Energy Releases Triennial National Transmission Needs Study | website=Washington Energy Report | date=November 16, 2023 | url=https://www.troutmanenergyreport.com/2023/11/department-of-energy-releases-triennial-national-transmission-needs-study/ | access-date=April 29, 2024}}</ref> The DOE also announced the first three recipients of a new $2.5 billion loan program called the Transmission Facilitation Program, created to provide funding to help build up the interstate power grid. They are a line between Quebec, New Hampshire and Vermont, a line between Utah and Nevada; and a line between Arizona and New Mexico.<ref name="Energy.gov TFP announcement 2023" /><ref name="Canary Media transmission loans 2023" /> The following April 25, the TFP announced the selection of an extension of the [[One Nevada Transmission Line]] northward to Idaho.<ref name="Energy.gov April 25 2024">{{cite web | title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces Final Transmission Permitting Rule and Latest Investments To Accelerate the Build Out of a Resilient, Reliable, Modernized Electric Grid | website=Energy.gov | date=April 25, 2024 | url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/biden-harris-administration-announces-final-transmission-permitting-rule-and-latest | access-date=April 25, 2024}}</ref> The next October, the DOE announced that four projects in Maine, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and between Texas and Mississippi, were being awarded a total of $1.5 billion under the TFP; the DOE also released its first ever National Transmission Planning Study to follow up on the Needs Study, forecasting a needed national transmission capacity increase of 2.4 to 3.5 times the 2020 level by 2050 to keep costs low and facilitate the energy transmission, with estimated cost savings ranging from $270 billion to $490 billion.<ref name="TFP announcement October 2024">{{cite web | title=Biden-Harris Administration Invests $1.5 Billion to Bolster the Nation's Electricity Grid and Deliver Affordable Electricity to Meet New Demands | website=Energy.gov | date=October 3, 2024 | url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/biden-harris-administration-invests-15-billion-bolster-nations-electricity-grid-and-0 | access-date=October 4, 2024}}</ref>

On November 16, 2023, the Biden administration announced the first recipients of $40.8 million in grants from a workforce training program the Act created, which will provide skills for industrial technology, the building trades and [[energy audit]]ing.<ref name="Takemura 2023">{{cite web | last=Takemura | first=Alison F. | title=US government deploys $41M to train clean energy workforce | website=Canary Media | date=November 21, 2023 | url= https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/clean-energy-jobs/us-government-deploys-41m-to-train-clean-energy-workforce| access-date=November 21, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Energy.gov IAC BTAC Announcement 2023">{{cite web | title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces $40 Million to Expand Clean Energy Workforce Training and Enhance U.S. Building and Manufacturing Efficiency | website=Energy.gov | date=November 16, 2023 | url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/biden-harris-administration-announces-40-million-expand-clean-energy-workforce-training | access-date=November 21, 2023}}</ref> In December 2023 the DOE fulfilled the IIJA's requirement that the designation process for [[National Interest Electric Transmission Corridor]]s be revised.<ref name="Foley Hoag 2023">{{cite web | last=Chen | first=Kevin Y. | title=Department of Energy Releases Final Guidance on Designation of National Interest Electric Transmission Corridors | website=Foley Hoag LLP | date=December 19, 2023 | url=https://foleyhoag.com/news-and-insights/blogs/law-and-the-environment/2023/december/department-of-energy-releases-final-guidance-on-designation-of-national-interest-electric-transmissi/ | access-date=December 20, 2024}}</ref>

On January 17, 2024, more than $104 million were allocated to 31 projects which are expected to increase [[energy conservation]] and [[clean energy]] use in federal facilities and save $29 million in their first years. The projects advance, among other technologies, [[heat recovery ventilation]], [[heat pump]]s, [[building insulation]], and [[solar thermal panel]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces More Than $104 Million to Advance Net-Zero Projects at Federal Facilities |url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/biden-harris-administration-announces-more-104-million-advance-net-zero-projects-federal |website=Energy.gov |publisher=United States Government |access-date=19 January 2024}}</ref> On February 13, the Biden administration announced that [[Chevron Corporation]] and [[Fervo Energy]] would receive $74 million under the law to begin demonstrating the efficacy of [[enhanced geothermal system]]s, at a site near [[The Geysers]], California for Chevron, and a site near [[Milford, Utah]] for Fervo.<ref name="Energy.gov EGS pilot announcement 2024">{{cite web | title=Funding Notice: Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) Pilot Demonstrations | website=Energy.gov | date=February 13, 2024 | url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/funding-notice-enhanced-geothermal-systems-egs-pilot-demonstrations | access-date=April 30, 2024}}</ref> On February 27, the Department of Energy announced that under the Energy Improvements in Rural or Remote Areas program, 17 projects in rural areas across 20 states and 30 tribal communities had been approved to receive $366 million in grants to decarbonize and densify their grids. A majority of approved projects involved installation of solar panels, grid battery storage, and microgrids.<ref name="Energy.gov ERA announcement February 2024">{{cite web | title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces $366 Million to Lower Energy Costs and Enhance Energy Security in Rural and Remote Communities Across the Nation | website=Energy.gov | date=February 27, 2024 | url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/biden-harris-administration-announces-366-million-lower-energy-costs-and-enhance-energy | access-date=May 2, 2024}}</ref>

On March 21, the Biden administration announced that five projects in Arizona, Nevada, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania would receive $475 million from the Act, to build solar and geothermal power plants and energy storage on current and former mine lands.<ref name="Energy.gov Mining lands announcement 2024">{{cite web | title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces $475 Million Investment to Support Clean Energy Solutions on Current and Former Mine Land | website=Energy.gov | date=March 21, 2024 | url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/biden-harris-administration-announces-475-million-investment-support-clean-energy | access-date=April 30, 2024}}</ref> On March 25, 2024, the Biden administration announced the first 33 grant recipients of the Department of Energy's $6 billion Industrial Demonstrations Program to reduce embedded emissions in factories and materials processing, of which the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act funds $489 million. [[Cement]] and [[concrete]] industry projects received $1.5 billion in total, [[steelmaking]] projects received $1.5 billion, and [[chemical engineering]] and refinery projects $1.2 billion. The Biden administration expects these projected to drive 1.4 million tons in carbon emissions cuts;<ref name="Gallucci 2024">{{cite web | last=Gallucci | first=Maria | title=Biden admin invests $6B to cut carbon from steel, cement | website=Canary Media | date=March 25, 2024 | url=https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/clean-industry/biden-admin-invests-6b-to-cut-carbon-from-steel-cement-and-snacks | access-date=March 25, 2024}}</ref> however, most of the grants had yet to be finalized by November 11.<ref name="Gallucci 2024-11-11">{{cite web |last=Gallucci|first=Maria| title=Biden's $6B bid to clean up heavy industry at risk under Trump | website=Canary Media | date=November 11, 2024 | url=https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/clean-industry/bidens-6b-bid-to-clean-up-heavy-industry-at-risk-under-trump | access-date=November 11, 2024}}</ref> On April 30, the Department of Energy announced 19 more recipients across 12 states and 13 tribal communities, of $78 million in award grants from the Act's Energy Improvements in Remote or Rural Areas program, with a majority of projects involving solar power.<ref name="Energy.gov ERA announcement May 2024">{{cite web | title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces $78 Million to Further Drive Down Energy Costs and Enhance Energy Security in Rural and Remote Communities Across America | website=Energy.gov | date=April 30, 2024 | url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/biden-harris-administration-announces-78-million-further-drive-down-energy-costs-and | access-date=May 2, 2024}}</ref>

On May 13, 2024, the [[Federal Energy Regulatory Commission]] published Order No. 1977, clarifying a provision in the Act by stating that the Commission has 'backstop siting authority' in case a state agency neglects to hand out a construction permit for a new transmission project.<ref name="FERC Order 1977 presentation">{{cite web | title=Applications for Permits to Site Interstate Electric Transmission Facilities | website=Federal Energy Regulatory Commission | date=May 13, 2024 | url=https://ferc.gov/news-events/news/staff-presentation-applications-permits-site-interstate-electric-transmission | access-date=May 14, 2024}}</ref>

On September 5, 2024, the Energy Department announced the awarding of over $430 million in incentives to 293 existing hydroelectricity projects, under the Act's Section 40333.<ref>{{USStat|135|1023}}</ref><ref name="Section 247">{{cite web | title=Section 247: Maintaining and Enhancing Hydroelectricity Incentives Selections | website=Energy.gov | date=September 5, 2024 | url=https://www.energy.gov/gdo/section-247-maintaining-and-enhancing-hydroelectricity-incentives-selections | access-date=September 5, 2024}}</ref> On September 20, the DOE announced it would award $3 billion to, and leverage $13 billion in investments in, 25 battery manufacturing and supply chain projects, more than half of which had pledged [[Project Labor Agreement]]s. 12,000 new jobs across 14 states were projected for creation.<ref name="DOE 2024-09-20">{{cite web | title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces Over $3 Billion to Support America's Battery Manufacturing Sector, Create Over 12,000 Jobs, and Enhance National Security | website=Energy.gov | date=September 20, 2024 | url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/biden-harris-administration-announces-over-3-billion-support-americas-battery | access-date=October 8, 2024}}</ref>

In December 2024, the DOE announced that the first three new NIETCs under the IIJA's process would move closer toward full eligibility for TFP funds under the Act's new process, a corridor on the bed of Lake Erie between Ontario and Pennsylvania, a connector between Colorado, New Mexico and Oklahoma, and a connector between the Dakotas.<ref name="NIETCs December 2024">{{cite web | title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces Three High-Priority Areas Advancing in National Interest Electric Transmission Corridor Designation Process | website=Energy.gov | date=December 16, 2024 | url=https://www.energy.gov/gdo/articles/biden-harris-administration-announces-three-high-priority-areas-advancing-national | access-date=December 20, 2024}}</ref> Notably, the sponsor of the Kansas-Indiana Grain Belt Express requested that it be taken off the eligibility list because they had likely secured enough funding to do so.<ref name="Kite 2024">{{cite web | last=Kite | first=Allison | title=Grain Belt route removed from federal transmission program | website=Kansas Reflector | date=December 17, 2024 | url=https://kansasreflector.com/2024/12/17/grain-belt-route-removed-from-federal-transmission-program-but-project-will-go-forward/ | access-date=December 20, 2024}}</ref>

=== Hydrogen hubs ===
The Biden administration awarded $7 billion of the $8 billion appropriation to seven hydrogen research hubs, based in California, eastern Washington, southeastern Pennsylvania, southeastern Texas, Illinois, Minnesota, and West Virginia and affecting projects there and in eight more states, on October 13, 2023. The remaining $1 billion will be used for demand-side economic policies to drive growth in hydrogen use.<ref name="Daly 2023">{{cite web | last=Daly | first=Matthew | title=Biden awards $7 billion for clean hydrogen hubs across the country to help replace fossil fuels | website=AP News | date=October 13, 2023 | url=https://apnews.com/article/hydrogen-hubs-energy-biden-climate-pennsylvania-west-virginia-d609a455a6dd018fca5af785f245c6fd | access-date=October 24, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Energy.gov October 13, 2023">{{cite web | title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces $7 Billion For America's First Clean Hydrogen Hubs, Driving Clean Manufacturing and Delivering New Economic Opportunities Nationwide | website=Energy.gov | date=October 13, 2023 | url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/biden-harris-administration-announces-7-billion-americas-first-clean-hydrogen-hubs-driving | access-date=October 24, 2023}}</ref>

Several criticisms of the hubs emerged. Jeff St. John, editor in chief of [[RMI (energy organization)|Canary Media]], noted while it does mandate that the DOE create a clean hydrogen definitional standard (which {{as of|2023|10|lc=y}} the DOE had not published), and that the DOE selected applicants who pledged [[community benefits agreement]]s, the Act does not prescribe metrics or guidelines for measuring emissions from these hubs.<ref name="Canary Media hydrogen hubs 2023">{{cite web | title=Biden admin picks 7 'clean hydrogen hubs' for $7 billion federal boost | website=Canary Media | date=October 13, 2023 | url=https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/hydrogen/biden-admin-picks-7-clean-hydrogen-hubs-for-7-billion-federal-boost | access-date=November 1, 2023}}</ref> Researcher Hannah Story Brown of the watchdog group Revolving Door Project noted that the majority of hub projects announced are powered by fossil fuels, not renewable energy.<ref name="Story Brown and Marsano 2023">{{cite web | last1=Story Brown | first1=Hannah |last2=Marsano|first2=Emma | title=RELEASE: Energy Department's Embrace Of Fossil Fuel Powered Hydrogen Hubs A Win For Manchin, Loss For Climate | website=Revolving Door Project | date=October 16, 2023 | url=https://therevolvingdoorproject.org/release-energy-departments-embrace-of-fossil-fuel-powered-hydrogen-hubs-a-win-for-manchin-loss-for-climate/ | access-date=November 1, 2023}}</ref> Staffers for California Governor [[Gavin Newsom]] requested that the Treasury Department exempt the state's hub from emissions restrictions, citing poor alignment with the state's plans for [[100% renewable energy]].<ref name="Cantú 2024">{{cite web | last=Cantú | first=Aaron | title=California's Dream of a Green Hydrogen Future Could Backfire | website=The American Prospect | date=May 9, 2024 | url=https://prospect.org/environment/2024-05-09-californias-dream-green-hydrogen-future-could-backfire/ | access-date=May 11, 2024}}</ref>

On the first anniversary of the October 2023 announcement, St. John reported that the Californian, Washingtonian, and West Virginian hub collaboratives were the farthest along in working towards finalizing their funding, and the DOE's Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations was optimistic, but also that all projects were lagging behind in transparency and community outreach, with several projects seeing corporate partners withdraw.<ref name="St. John hydrogen hubs 2024">{{cite web | last=St. John | first=Jeff | title=One year in, US clean hydrogen hubs face questions — and have few answers | website=Canary Media | date=October 16, 2024 | url=https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/hydrogen/one-year-in-us-clean-hydrogen-hubs-face-questions-and-have-few-answers | access-date=October 16, 2024}}</ref> Jael Holzman of the outlet Heatmap News reported that soon after, experts in energy markets pointed at a lack of coordination between the Hub program and the IRA's hydrogen tax credits, price increases for electrolyzers, and the historically low cost of natural gas as additional reasons for the withdrawal of investment in Hub projects.<ref name="Holzman 2024">{{cite web | last=Holzman | first=Jael | title=Hydrogen Hubs Are Struggling. Why? | website=Heatmap News | date=October 30, 2024 | url=https://heatmap.news/plus/the-fight/spotlight/hydrogen-hubs-problems | access-date=October 31, 2024}}</ref>

Later in 2024, the DOE selected the hubs based in California, Washington, Illinois, Texas and West Virginia for near-final deals that together would cost a total $5.3 billion. The final two hubs based in Minnesota and Pennsylvania were not far behind in negotiations.<ref name="OCED November 2024">{{cite web | title=Regional Clean Hydrogen Hubs Selections for Award Negotiations | website=Energy.gov | date=November 26, 2024 | url=https://www.energy.gov/oced/regional-clean-hydrogen-hubs-selections-award-negotiations | access-date=December 21, 2024}}</ref>

=== Direct air capture hubs ===
The Act appropriates $3.5 billion to a new Regional [[Direct air capture|Direct Air Capture]] Hubs program as part of its $8.6 billion carbon capture and storage investment. In August 2023, the DOE selected two projects (leaving two more to be selected), together worth $1.2 billion: 

* The South Texas Hub in [[Kleberg County, Texas]], run by [[Carbon Engineering]], [[Occidental Petroleum]] and [[Worley (company)|Worley Group]].
* Project Cypress in [[Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana]], run by [[Battelle Memorial Institute]], [[Climeworks]] and Heirloom Carbon Technologies. 

The projects together will remove 2 million metric tons of carbon dioxide and create 4,800 jobs.<ref name="Bowman 2024">{{cite web | last=Bowman|first=Savita|title=DAC Hubs: The IIJA Authorization Driving the Industry | website=ClearPath | date=March 28, 2024 | url=https://clearpath.org/our-take/dac-hubs-the-iija-authorization-driving-the-industry/ | access-date=May 15, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Regional DAC Hubs announcement 2023">{{cite web | title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces Up To $1.2 Billion For Nation's First Direct Air Capture Demonstrations in Texas and Louisiana | website=Energy.gov | date=August 11, 2023 | url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/biden-harris-administration-announces-12-billion-nations-first-direct-air-capture | access-date=May 15, 2024}}</ref>

In September 2024, the DOE announced it intended to fund up to $1.8 billion more in direct air capture projects, with the full solicitation released on December 17.<ref name="OCED intent September 2024">{{cite web | title=OCED Issues Notice of Intent for up to $1.8 Billion to Fund Transformational Direct Air Capture Technologies and Remove Legacy Carbon Dioxide | website=Energy.gov | date=September 20, 2024 | url=https://www.energy.gov/oced/articles/oced-issues-notice-intent-18-billion-fund-transformational-direct-air-capture | access-date=October 20, 2024}}</ref><ref name="OCED December 2024">{{cite web | title=OCED Announces $1.3 Billion in New Funding to Bolster Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage Technologies | website=Energy.gov | date=December 17, 2024 | url=https://www.energy.gov/oced/articles/oced-announces-13-billion-new-funding-bolster-carbon-capture-utilization-and-storage | access-date=December 21, 2024}}</ref>

=== Broadband ===
{{expand section|date=May 2024}}
By April 2024, the Affordable Connectivity Program had seen 23 million households enroll in it.<ref name="April 2 2024 FCC release" /> As of June 2024, the program has ended.

=== Water ===
{{expand section|date=May 2024}}
In May 2024, the Biden administration announced $3 billion in funding from the law had been allotted to replace lead water pipes.<ref name="White House lead pipes May 2024">{{cite web | author=The White House | title=FACT SHEET: Biden-Harris Administration Announces $3 Billion to Replace Toxic Lead Pipes and Deliver Clean Drinking Water to Communities Across the Country | website=The White House | date=May 2, 2024 | url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/05/02/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-announces-3-billion-to-replace-toxic-lead-pipes-and-deliver-clean-drinking-water-to-communities-across-the-country/ | access-date=May 11, 2024}}</ref>

=== Transportation ===
The bill contains $27 billion in funding for specific, concrete programs within the [[Federal Highway Administration]] that are already implemented to reduce [[greenhouse gas emissions]] from the transportation sector, all of which was allotted in November 2023. For example, $7.2 billion is allocated to the "Transportation Alternatives Set-Aside Program" (creating more possibilities for [[biking]] and [[walking]]), $6.4 billion to the "Carbon Reduction Program" (reducing emissions from highways), $69 million to the "Transit-Oriented Development Program" (enhancing [[transit-oriented development]] and improving land use) and more.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biden-Harris Administration Finalizes Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Tool, Moves Climate Change Performance Measure Forward |url=https://highways.dot.gov/newsroom/biden-harris-administration-finalizes-greenhouse-gas-emissions-reduction-tool-moves |website=U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration |publisher=United States government |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref> However, because states have wide discretion over use of funds from other highway programs under the Act, which leads to states with fast population growth investing more in highway expansion, the Act has been projected by [[Transportation for America]] to increase carbon emissions by 77 million metric tonnes by 2040 compared to a no-Act baseline.<ref name="Zukowski 2024">{{cite web | last=Zukowski | first=Dan | title=How the IIJA is funding increased transportation carbon emissions | website=Smart Cities Dive | date=November 20, 2024 | url=https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/news/biden-iija-infrastructure-law-funding-more-carbon-emissions/733240/ | access-date=November 21, 2024}}</ref>

On December 4, the Department of Energy released a proposed rule clarifying the definition of "foreign entities of concern" under the Act's car battery materials provisions, in line with the [[Inflation Reduction Act]]'s Section 30D.<ref>{{Federal Register|88|84082}}</ref>

On December 8, the Biden administration announced it would award $8.2 billion from the Act's Federal-State Partnership for Intercity Passenger Rail Program to ten construction projects, including [[Brightline West]], the [[Southeast High Speed Rail Corridor]], the [[Keystone Corridor]], [[California High-Speed Rail]], the [[Downeaster (train)|''Downeaster'']] and ''[[Empire Builder]]'' services, a partial rebuilding of [[Chicago Union Station]], and a bridge replacement near [[Willow, Alaska|Willow]] on the [[Alaska Railroad]]. It also announced the first results of the Act's [[Corridor ID Program]], with $34.5 million being distributed to 15 existing rail upgrades, 47 extensions of rail corridors, and 7 new [[high-speed rail]] studies.<ref name="The White House December 8, 2023">{{cite web | author=The White House | title=FACT SHEET: President Biden Announces Billions to Deliver World-Class High-Speed Rail and Launch New Passenger Rail Corridors Across the Country | website=The White House | date=December 8, 2023 | url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/12/08/fact-sheet-president-biden-announces-billions-to-deliver-world-class-high-speed-rail-and-launch-new-passenger-rail-corridors-across-the-country/ | access-date=December 10, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Railway Age 2023">{{cite web | title=FRA Announces Fed-State National Program, Corridor ID Selections | website=Railway Age | date=December 8, 2023 | url=https://www.railwayage.com/regulatory/fra-announces-fed-state-national-program-corridor-id-selections/ | access-date=December 10, 2023}}</ref>

The bill included $7.5 billion for electric vehicle charging.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |last=Osaka |first=Shannon |date=28 March 2024 |title=Biden's $7.5 Billion Investment in EV Charging has Only Produced 7 Stations in Two Years |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-solutions/2024/03/28/ev-charging-stations-slow-rollout/ |access-date=5 May 2024 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> As of March 2024, seven charging stations with a total of 38 spots for charging vehicles had been built.<ref name=":02" />

On April 2, 2024, an award announcement was made for the transit-oriented development program, which was expanded under the Act.<ref name="DOT TOD announcement">{{cite web | title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces $17.6 Million to Help Communities Add Affordable Housing Near Transit | website=Federal Transit Administration | date=April 2, 2024 | url=https://www.transit.dot.gov/about/news/biden-harris-administration-announces-176-million-help-communities-add-affordable | access-date=May 15, 2024}}</ref>

=== Ecosystems ===
In 2023 an agreement between seven states was achieved, aiming to preserve the [[Colorado River]] water system from collapse due to poor management and climate change. The United States is heavily dependent on the river for power generation, drinking water, agriculture, wildlands restoration, and native cultural practices. Some states will reduce water use, receiving compensation for it (totaling $1.2 billion) from the federal government. Many other projects for preserving the river such as [[Water Recycling|water recycling]] and [[rainwater harvesting]], are advanced. The funding comes from the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act and the [[Inflation Reduction Act]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces Historic Consensus System Conservation Proposal to Protect the Colorado River Basin |url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/biden-harris-administration-announces-historic-consensus-system-conservation-proposal |website=U.S. Department of the Interior |date=May 22, 2023 |access-date=20 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Benji |title=Why the new Colorado River agreement is a big deal — even if you don't live out West |url=https://www.vox.com/climate/2023/5/23/23734404/colorado-river-cuts-lake-mead-deal |access-date=20 June 2023 |agency=Vox |date=23 May 2023}}</ref>

In February 2024, $157 million was allocated to 206 projects linked to [[ecosystem restoration]]. The projects are spread all over the territory of the United States and are advanced in cooperation with [[States' rights|states]], [[Tribes of the United States|tribes]], [[nonprofits]] and [[Territories of the United States|territories]]. More than half of them benefit underserved communities. The projects include cleaning up [[pollution]], restoring Central U.S. [[grassland]]s including [[bison]] populations, protecting birds in [[Hawaii]] from extinction, stopping [[invasive species]], restoring [[salmon]] populations in [[Alaska]], restoring [[sagebrush steppe]]s and more. On this occasion [[United States Secretary of the Interior]] [[Deb Haaland]] remarked, "Nature is our best ally in the fight against climate change."<ref>{{cite web |title=More Than $157 Million from Investing in America Agenda to Restore Our Nation's Lands & Waters |url=https://cleantechnica.com/2024/02/09/more-than-157-million-from-investing-in-america-agenda-to-restore-our-nations-lands-waters/ |website=Clean Technica |date=February 9, 2024 |publisher=US Department of the Interior |access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref>

=== Climate adaptation ===
The bill provides around $7 billion to the [[Federal Emergency Management Agency]] for helping communities adapt to different climate-related disasters such as [[hurricane]]s, [[drought]]s, and [[heat wave]]s. In August 2023, $3 billion was allocated to different related projects, including 124 projects related to resilient infrastructure and communities (located in "38 states, one tribe and the District of Columbia") and 149 projects related to protection from flooding (located in "28 states and the District of Columbia"). From the projects related to infrastructure, 64 use [[nature-based solutions]]. Some of the most vulnerable communities will receive help for free.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces Nearly $3 Billion in Project Selections to Help Communities Build Resilience to Climate Change and Extreme Weather Events|date=August 28, 2023|url=https://www.fema.gov/press-release/20230828/biden-harris-administration-announces-nearly-3-billion-project-selections |website=FEMA.gov |publisher=United States federal government |access-date=4 September 2023}}</ref>

In November 2023, the Biden administration announced that $300 million from FEMA's new Swift Current Initiative created by the Act would go to helping communities impacted by floods recover and grow their resiliency.<ref name="The White House NCA5 Announcement 2023">{{cite web | title=Fact Sheet: Biden-Harris Administration Releases Fifth National Climate Assessment and Announces More Than $6 Billion to Strengthen Climate Resilience Across the Country | website=The White House | date=November 14, 2023 | url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/11/14/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-releases-fifth-national-climate-assessment-and-announces-more-than-6-billion-to-strengthen-climate-resilience-across-the-country/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115042003/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/11/14/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-releases-fifth-national-climate-assessment-and-announces-more-than-6-billion-to-strengthen-climate-resilience-across-the-country/|archive-date=November 15, 2023|
 access-date=November 15, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Swift Current">{{cite web | title=Swift Current | website=FEMA.gov | date=November 15, 2023 | url=https://www.fema.gov/grants/mitigation/flood-mitigation-assistance/swift-current | access-date=November 15, 2023}}</ref> It also announced that it would award "$50 million in project awards to improve the reliability of water resources and support ecosystem health in Western states, along with an additional $50 million funding opportunity for water conservation projects and hydropower upgrades."<ref name="The White House NCA5 Announcement 2023" />

In March 2024, $120 million was delivered to help [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous peoples]] in the U.S. adapt to climate change. Of this number, $26 million was allocated from the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act. The efforts will include planning, ecosystem management and restoration, planned relocation, and promotion and use of indigenous knowledge.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Budryk |first1=Zack |title=Biden administration announces $120 million for tribal climate resilience |url=https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/4531461-biden-administration-announces-120-million-for-tribal-climate-resilience/ |access-date=19 March 2024 |agency=The Hill |date=14 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces $120 Million from President's Investing in America Agenda to Enhance Climate Resilience in Tribal Communities |url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/biden-harris-administration-announces-120-million-presidents-investing-america-agenda |website=U.S. Department of the Interior |date=March 14, 2024 |publisher=the United States government |access-date=19 March 2024}}</ref>

=== By state ===
==== Florida ====
Around $1.1 billion was allocated for restoration of the [[Everglades]] ecosystems.<ref>{{cite web |title=An Unprecedented Investment in Everglades Restoration and a Giant Step Forward in Climate Resiliency |url=https://fl.audubon.org/news/unprecedented-investment-everglades-restoration-and-giant-step-forward-climate-resiliency |website=Audubon Florida |date=January 19, 2022 |access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref> In March 2024, [[Marco Rubio]], supported by a bipartisan group of lawmakers, demanded $725 million more, as the rising levels of water in the [[Lake Okeechobee]] created additional problems.<ref>{{cite news |last1=NAZZARO |first1=MIRANDA |title=Rubio, Florida lawmakers ask Biden for $725 million for Everglades restoration |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/4514197-rubio-florida-lawmakers-ask-biden-for-725-million-for-everglades-restoration/ |access-date=26 March 2024 |agency=The Hill |date=6 March 2024}}</ref>

==== Wisconsin ====
In October 2023, $450 million (including $275 million from the bill) was delivered to clean the [[Milwaukee River]] estuary of [[Polychlorinated biphenyl]], heavy metals, and oil products. This pollution had negative effects on surrounding communities for a long time. This is the most funding ever distributed by a Great Lakes cleanup program.<ref>{{cite news |last1=KAEDING |first1=DANIELLE |title=EPA announces largest project ever funded under a Great Lakes cleanup program in Milwaukee |url=https://www.wpr.org/economy/epa-announces-largest-project-ever-funded-under-great-lakes-cleanup-program-milwaukee |access-date=26 March 2024 |agency=Wisconsin public radio |date=12 October 2023}}</ref>

== Reactions ==

=== Congress ===
Republican senators balked at Biden's tandem plan to pass both a bipartisan plan and a separate Democratic-supported reconciliation bill.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Mascaro |first=Lisa |date=June 26, 2021 |title=Key GOP senators balk at terms of Biden infrastructure bill |url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-business-government-and-politics-7f9226bb825fcf72f2fe5056d1e20ac4 |url-status=live |access-date=June 26, 2021 |work=Associated Press News |language=en |archive-date=June 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626044023/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-business-government-and-politics-7f9226bb825fcf72f2fe5056d1e20ac4 }}</ref> McConnell criticized Biden for "caving" to his own party by issuing an "ultimatum" that he would not sign the bipartisan bill without a separate reconciliation package.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bolton |first=Alexander |date=June 24, 2021 |title=McConnell slams Biden for already 'caving' to left on infrastructure deal |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/560145-mcconnell-slams-biden-for-already-caving-to-left-on-infrastructure-deal |url-status=live |access-date=June 26, 2021 |website=The Hill |language=en |archive-date=June 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625223515/https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/560145-mcconnell-slams-biden-for-already-caving-to-left-on-infrastructure-deal }}</ref> After Biden walked back his comments, Republican senators restated their confidence in the bipartisan bill.<ref name=":92" /> A ''[[Yahoo! News]]''/[[YouGov]] poll conducted in late June found that 60% of Republican voters favored the plan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romano |first=Andrew |date=June 28, 2021 |title=Poll: 6 in 10 GOP voters favor new $1.2 trillion infrastructure plan, boosting Biden's hopes of a big bipartisan win |url=https://news.yahoo.com/poll-6-in-10-gop-voters-favor-new-12-trillion-infrastructure-plan-boosting-bidens-hopes-of-a-big-bipartisan-win-201833741.html |url-status=live |access-date=June 29, 2021 |publisher=Yahoo! News |language=en-US |archive-date=June 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628203203/https://news.yahoo.com/poll-6-in-10-gop-voters-favor-new-12-trillion-infrastructure-plan-boosting-bidens-hopes-of-a-big-bipartisan-win-201833741.html }}</ref>

On June 20, 2021, Senator [[Bernie Sanders]] stated that he would not support paying for the bill via a proposed gas tax or a surcharge on electric vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carrasco |first=Maria |date=June 20, 2021 |title=Sanders won't back infrastructure deal with more gas taxes, electric vehicle fees |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/06/20/sanders-infrastructure-gas-taxes-electric-vehicle-fees-495284 |url-status=live |access-date=June 21, 2021 |website=Politico |language=en |archive-date=June 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620192106/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/06/20/sanders-infrastructure-gas-taxes-electric-vehicle-fees-495284 }}</ref>

On June 28, 2021, [[Sunrise Movement]] and several progressive representatives performed a protest at the White House in criticism of the size and scope of Biden's Civilian Climate Corps. Several protesters were arrested for blocking White House entrances.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mcauliff |first=Michael |date=June 28, 2021 |title=AOC, Bowman join protesters at White House demanding climate action in Biden infrastructure plan |work=Daily News |location=New York |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/us-elections-government/ny-biden-infrastructure-aoc-bowman-climate-action-20210628-q7jx7ji3jvfnln34444hx2gezq-story.html |access-date=July 4, 2021 |archive-date=July 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703200819/https://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/us-elections-government/ny-biden-infrastructure-aoc-bowman-climate-action-20210628-q7jx7ji3jvfnln34444hx2gezq-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On July 6, the 58-member bipartisan House [[Problem Solvers Caucus]] stated their support for the bipartisan bill and called for an expeditious and independent House vote.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pramuk |first=Jacob |date=July 6, 2021 |title=Bipartisan House group's endorsement of Senate infrastructure plan could trip up Pelosi's strategy |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/06/infrastructure-house-problem-solvers-caucus-endorses-bipartisan-plan.html |access-date=July 7, 2021 |publisher=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=July 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707012548/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/06/infrastructure-house-problem-solvers-caucus-endorses-bipartisan-plan.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On July 21, a group of 65 former governors and mayors endorsed the plan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schnell |first=Mychael |date=July 21, 2021 |title=65 former governors, mayors back bipartisan infrastructure deal |url=https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/564123-former-governors-mayors-backing-bipartisan-infrastructure-deal |url-status=live |access-date=July 22, 2021 |website=The Hill |language=en |archive-date=July 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722030640/https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/564123-former-governors-mayors-backing-bipartisan-infrastructure-deal }}</ref>

Ahead of a procedural vote on August 7, former president [[Donald Trump]] attacked the bill and said he would support Republican [[Partisan primary|primary]] challengers of senators who vote for it.<ref name=":14" /> He reiterated his criticisms following the bill's passage by Congress.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lonas |first=Lexi |date=November 13, 2021 |title=Trump slams McConnell, says senator should attend Biden signing ceremony |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/581434-trump-slams-mcconnell-says-senator-should-attend-biden-signing-ceremony |url-status=live |access-date=November 14, 2021 |website=The Hill |language=en |archive-date=November 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114002059/https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/581434-trump-slams-mcconnell-says-senator-should-attend-biden-signing-ceremony }}</ref>

Following the bill's passage by Congress in November, Trump criticized it as containing "only 11% for real Infrastructure", calling it "the Elect Democrats in 2022/24 Act", and attacked Republicans who had supported it, saying in particular that McConnell had lent "lifelines to those who are destroying" the country.<ref name=":0" /> Various House Republicans also criticized the 13 Republican representatives who voted for the bill.<ref name="Elbeshbishi">{{cite news |last1=Elbeshbishi |first1=Sarah |date=November 8, 2021 |title=House GOP members who voted for infrastructure bill face backlash from Republican colleagues |work=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/11/06/house-gop-members-who-voted-infrastructure-bill-face-backlash/6318451001/ |access-date=November 10, 2021 |archive-date=November 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109180553/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/11/06/house-gop-members-who-voted-infrastructure-bill-face-backlash/6318451001/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lauren Boebert]] described them as "RINOS" ([[Republican in Name Only]]).<ref name="Elbeshbishi" /> [[Mary Miller (politician)|Mary Miller]] called them "spineless" and said they helped enact a "socialist takeover".<ref name="Elbeshbishi" /> [[Marjorie Taylor Greene]] called them "traitors" and "American job & energy killers", who "are China-First and America-Last", because they "agree with Globalist Joe [Biden] that America must depend on China to drive" electric vehicles.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jenkins |first1=Cameron |date=November 9, 2021 |title=GOP rep shares threatening voicemail after infrastructure vote |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/580666-gop-rep-shares-threatening-voicemail-after-infrastructure-vote |access-date=November 10, 2021 |archive-date=November 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109202326/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/580666-gop-rep-shares-threatening-voicemail-after-infrastructure-vote |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Gary Palmer (politician)|Gary Palmer]] was criticized for touting funding for the Birmingham Northern Beltline that he added to the bill, while neglecting to mention that he voted against the final bill.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Koplowitz |first1=Howard |date=November 16, 2021 |title=Palmer roasted for 'hypocrisy' of securing Northern Beltline funding, voting against it |work=[[AL.com]] |url=https://www.al.com/politics/2021/11/palmer-roasted-for-hypocrisy-of-securing-beltline-funding-voting-against-it.html |access-date=November 16, 2021 |archive-date=November 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117003004/https://www.al.com/politics/2021/11/palmer-roasted-for-hypocrisy-of-securing-beltline-funding-voting-against-it.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Paul Gosar]] was also criticized for taking credit for the bill's funding for [[Kingman Airport (Arizona)|Kingman Airport]] despite voting against it.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Wade |first1=Peter |date=December 13, 2021 |title=Paul Gosar Takes Credit for Covid Funding He Bashed as a 'Democrat Spending Bonanza' |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/gosar-takes-credit-american-rescue-plan-1271047/ |access-date=December 14, 2021 |archive-date=December 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214155056/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/gosar-takes-credit-american-rescue-plan-1271047/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Several Republican governors who condemned the bill, including [[Kristi Noem]] of [[South Dakota]] and [[Greg Gianforte]] of [[Montana]], accepted the funding and directed it to various programs.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rappeport |first1=Alan |date=December 15, 2021 |title=Republicans Who Assailed Biden's Stimulus Bill Are Embracing the Money |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/15/us/politics/biden-stimulus-bill-republicans.html |access-date=December 15, 2021 |archive-date=December 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215100611/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/15/us/politics/biden-stimulus-bill-republicans.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Others ===
On June 22, the [[United States Chamber of Commerce|U.S. Chamber of Commerce]], [[Business Roundtable]] and [[No Labels]] made a joint statement urging the president to consider a bipartisan bill.<ref name="Evers2">{{Cite web |last=Evers-Hillstrom |first=Karl |date=June 22, 2021 |title=Business groups urge Biden to embrace bipartisan infrastructure package |url=https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/business-a-lobbying/559689-business-groups-urge-biden-to-embrace-bipartisan |url-status=live |access-date=June 23, 2021 |website=The Hill |language=en |archive-date=June 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622223543/https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/business-a-lobbying/559689-business-groups-urge-biden-to-embrace-bipartisan }}</ref> The former two groups have lobbied for the plan not to raise corporate taxes, and to instead impose user fees and borrow from other federal funds.<ref name="Evers2" />

According to an early August Harvard CAPS-[[Harris Poll]] survey, about 72% of voters support the bill.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Greenwood |first=Max |date=August 2, 2021 |title=Poll shows broad support for bipartisan infrastructure bill |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/565958-poll-shows-broad-support-for-bipartisan-infrastructure-bill |url-status=live |access-date=August 6, 2021 |website=The Hill |language=en |archive-date=August 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802185350/https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/565958-poll-shows-broad-support-for-bipartisan-infrastructure-bill }}</ref>

On September 24, leaders from the [[United States Conference of Mayors|U.S. Conference of Mayors]], the [[National League of Cities]], the [[National Urban League]], and other Black American advocacy groups signaled their support for the bill.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Marty |date=September 24, 2021 |title=US mayors, Black leaders push for passage of bipartisan infrastructure bill |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/573846-us-mayors-black-leaders-push-for-passage-of-bipartisan-infrastructure-bill |url-status=live |access-date=September 26, 2021 |website=The Hill |language=en |archive-date=September 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924182658/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/573846-us-mayors-black-leaders-push-for-passage-of-bipartisan-infrastructure-bill }}</ref>

On September 25, [[Peter J. Wallison]] authored an opinion piece for ''[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]'' in which he argued that Republicans should try to pass the bipartisan bill to prevent it from being used as further leverage to pass the reconciliation bill.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wallison |first=Peter J. |date=September 25, 2021 |title=GOP should grab the chance to upend Pelosi's plan on reconciliation |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/campaign/573852-gop-should-grab-the-chance-to-upend-pelosis-plan-on-reconciliation |url-status=live |access-date=September 28, 2021 |website=The Hill |language=en |archive-date=September 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927232705/https://thehill.com/opinion/campaign/573852-gop-should-grab-the-chance-to-upend-pelosis-plan-on-reconciliation }}</ref> Subsequently, Republican House leaders formally opposed the bipartisan bill.<ref name=":212" />

"Historians, economists and engineers interviewed by The Associated Press welcomed Biden's efforts. But they stressed that $1&nbsp;trillion was not nearly enough to overcome the government's failure for decades to maintain and upgrade the country's infrastructure."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Boak |first1=Josh |last2=Long |first2=Colleen |title=Biden signs $1T infrastructure deal with bipartisan crowd |url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-congress-infrastructure-bill-signing-b5b8cca843133de060778f049861b144 |access-date=November 15, 2021 |work=Associated Press News |date=November 15, 2021 |language=en |archive-date=November 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116045821/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-congress-infrastructure-bill-signing-b5b8cca843133de060778f049861b144 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The think tank [[Transportation for America]] praised the House version of the bill,<ref name="Davis 2021">{{cite web |last=Davis |first=Steve |date=2021-06-07 |title=New House transportation bill goes 3 for 3 on T4America's core principles |url=https://t4america.org/2021/06/07/new-house-transportation-bill-goes-3-for-3-on-t4americas-core-principles/ |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Transportation For America |archive-date=October 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006004525/https://t4america.org/2021/06/07/new-house-transportation-bill-goes-3-for-3-on-t4americas-core-principles/ |url-status=live }}</ref> but heavily criticized the Senate version for its shortcomings on safety, climate resilience, long-term transit and rail funding and transit-oriented development, and maintenance spending, though it later noted that the final version that became law made small steps to address them.<ref name="Osborne press release 2021">{{cite web |last=Osborne |first=Beth |date=2021-05-26 |title=Release: Transportation for America on the Surface Transportation Reauthorization Act of 2021 |url=https://t4america.org/2021/05/26/release-transportation-for-america-on-the-surface-transportation-reauthorization-act-of-2021/ |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Transportation For America |archive-date=October 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006004525/https://t4america.org/2021/05/26/release-transportation-for-america-on-the-surface-transportation-reauthorization-act-of-2021/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="T4A Senate BIL review">{{cite web |last=Pérez |first=Benito |date=2021-06-29 |title=The bipartisan infrastructure deal: What we know and don't know |url=https://t4america.org/2021/06/29/the-bipartisan-infrastructure-deal-what-we-know-and-dont-know/ |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Transportation For America |archive-date=October 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006004526/https://t4america.org/2021/06/29/the-bipartisan-infrastructure-deal-what-we-know-and-dont-know/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Grimminger 2021">{{cite web | last=Grimminger | first=Abigail | title=The bipartisan infrastructure deal's passage: More money for more of the same | website=Transportation For America | date=12 August 2021 | url=https://t4america.org/2021/08/12/the-bid-passage/ | access-date=6 October 2022 | archive-date=October 6, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006005916/https://t4america.org/2021/08/12/the-bid-passage/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="T4A December review">{{cite web | last=Pérez | first=Benito | title=Lemonade from lemons: Improvements worth celebrating within flawed infrastructure bill | website=Transportation For America | date=2 December 2021 | url=https://t4america.org/2021/12/02/lemonade-from-lemons-infra-bill/ | access-date=6 October 2022 | archive-date=October 6, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006005917/https://t4america.org/2021/12/02/lemonade-from-lemons-infra-bill/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

The nuclear industry favored the legislation as it signaled continued federal government support.<ref>Staff. (November 16, 2021). "Nuclear-supporting infrastructure bill becomes US law". [https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Nuclear-supporting-infrastructure-bill-becomes-US World Nuclear News website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222134053/https://world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Nuclear-supporting-infrastructure-bill-becomes-US |date=December 22, 2021 }}  Retrieved January 14, 2022.</ref>

Polling from Third Way and Impact Research released in July 2022 showed that only 24% of voters were aware the bill was signed into law, despite House Democrats holding over 1,000 events to promote it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Democrats have another infrastructure problem |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/07/22/democrats-infrastructure-agenda-problems-00047164 |access-date=2022-09-05 |website=POLITICO |date=July 22, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=September 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905114957/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/07/22/democrats-infrastructure-agenda-problems-00047164 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Reception to the drunk driver detection and distraction detection requirements have been mixed. [[Mothers Against Drunk Driving]] praised the requirement as "the beginning of the end of drunk driving".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Domonoske |first1=Camila |title=What if cars could stop you from driving drunk? A peek at the latest tech |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/12/31/1065246981/what-if-cars-could-stop-you-from-driving-drunk-a-peek-at-the-latest-tech |date=December 31, 2021}}</ref> In contrast, the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] has expressed concern that the technology developed could pose a severe privacy risk to drivers if it collects or stores unnecessary data.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stanley |first1=Jay |title=Congressional Drunk Driver Detection Mandate Raises Privacy Questions {{!}} ACLU |url=https://www.aclu.org/news/privacy-technology/congressional-drunk-driver-detection-mandate-raises-privacy-questions |website=American Civil Liberties Union |date=22 November 2021}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]'', Aaron Gordon also argued that the technology is likely to have an unacceptably high false-positive rate — existing [[ignition interlock device]]s that are sometimes installed after drunk driving convictions are prone to catastrophic failures.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gordon |first1=Aaron |title=Every Car Made After 2027 May Have Drunk Driving Monitoring System |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/dyvk9z/every-car-made-after-2027-may-have-drunk-driving-monitoring-system |work=Vice |date=3 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2023, the [[Natural Resources Defense Council]] criticized the IIJA's hydrogen hubs program for its lack of transparency, emphasizing the need for detailed technical reports, public hearings to thwart local [[NIMBY]]ism and skepticism of hydrogen, and incorporation of environmental justice advocates into project leadership.<ref name="NRDC 2023">{{cite web | title=Success of Hydrogen Hubs Requires a Step Increase in Transparency |last1=Kamrath|first1=Erik|last2=Budden|first2=Pete| website=NRDC | date=October 1, 2023 | url=https://www.nrdc.org/bio/erik-kamrath/success-hydrogen-hubs-requires-step-increase-transparency | access-date=October 24, 2023}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Economics|Engineering|United States}}
* [[CHIPS and Science Act]] of 2022
* [[Inflation Reduction Act of 2022]]
* [[Infrastructure policy of Donald Trump]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-16776/uslm/COMPS-16776.xml Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act] as amended ([https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-16776/pdf/COMPS-16776.pdf PDF]/[https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-16776/ details]) in the [[United States Government Publishing Office|GPO]] [https://www.govinfo.gov/help/comps Statute Compilations collection]
* [https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/117/public/58?link-type=uslm Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act] as enacted ([https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/117/public/58?link-type=pdf&.pdf PDF]/[https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/117/public/58?link-type=details details]) in the [[United States Statutes at Large|US Statutes at Large]]
* {{USBill|117|hr|3684}} on [[Congress.gov]]
* [https://d2d.gsa.gov/report/bipartisan-infrastructure-law-bil-maps-dashboard BIL Maps Dashboard], [[General Services Administration]] database displaying geographic information on IIJA projects {{as of|2023|May|26|df=US|lc=y}}. Retrieved June 29, 2023.

{{US highway acts|state=collapsed}}
{{Joe Biden}}
{{United States environmental law}}

[[Category:Acts of the 117th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Presidency of Joe Biden]]
[[Category:Environmental policies approved in 2021]]
[[Category:Chuck Schumer]]