View source for Portal:Department of Defense/Section 1


==Organizational structure==
{{Main|Organizational structure of the United States Department of Defense}}{{See also|List of Department of Defense agencies}}[[File:Organization of U.S. Space Force.png|thumb|Organization of the Department of Defense following the creation of the United States Space Force]][[File:DoD Organization December 2013.jpg|thumb|A December 2013 Department of Defense organizational chart]]The [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]], appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the [[United States Senate|Senate]], is by federal law ({{UnitedStatesCode|10|113}}) the head of the Department of Defense, "the principal assistant to the President in all matters relating to Department of Defense", and has "authority, direction, and control over the Department of Defense". Because the [[Constitution of the United States|Constitution]] vests all military authority in [[United States Congress|Congress]] and the president, the statutory authority of the secretary of defense is derived from their constitutional authority. Since it is impractical for either Congress or the president to participate in every piece of Department of Defense affairs, the secretary of defense and the secretary's subordinate officials generally exercise military authority.

The Department of Defense is composed of the Office of the Secretary of Defense ([[Office of the Secretary of Defense|OSD]]), the Joint Chiefs of Staff ([[Joint Chiefs of Staff|JCS]]) and the Joint Staff ([[Joint Staff|JS]]), Office of the Inspector General ([[Office of the Inspector General, U.S. Department of Defense|DODIG]]), the [[Unified Combatant Command|Combatant Commands]], the Military Departments ([[United States Department of the Army|Department of the Army]] (DA), [[United States Department of the Navy|Department of the Navy]] (DON) & [[United States Department of the Air Force|Department of the Air Force]] (DAF)), the [[List of Department of Defense agencies|Defense Agencies and Department of Defense Field Activities]], the [[National Guard Bureau]] (NGB), and such other offices, agencies, activities, organizations, and commands established or designated by law, or by the president or by the secretary of defense. Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 describes the organizational relationships within the department and is the foundational issuance for delineating the major functions of the department. The latest version, signed by former Secretary of Defense [[Robert Gates]] in December 2010, is the first major re-write since 1987.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://odam.defense.gov/omp/Functions/Organizational_Portfolios/Evolution%20of%205100.1.html |title=Organizational and Management Planning |publisher=Odam.defense.gov |access-date=June 15, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507124537/http://odam.defense.gov/omp/Functions/Organizational_Portfolios/Evolution%20of%205100.1.html |archive-date=May 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/510001p.pdf |title=Directives Division |website=www.dtic.mil |access-date=May 3, 2012 |archive-date=May 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525175933/http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/510001p.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Office of the Secretary of Defense===
{{Main|Office of the Secretary of Defense}}[[File:DoD Structure Jan2008.png|thumb|right|A 2008 Office of the Secretary of Defense organizational chart]]The [[Office of the Secretary of Defense]] ('''OSD''') is the secretary and their deputies, including predominantly civilian staff. OSD is the principal staff element of the Secretary of Defense in the exercise of policy development, planning, resource management, fiscal and program evaluation and oversight, and interface and exchange with other [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal government]] departments and agencies, foreign governments, and international organizations, through formal and informal processes. OSD also performs oversight and management of the Defense Agencies, Department of Defense Field Activities, and specialized [[Secretary of Defense-Empowered Cross-Functional Teams|Cross Functional Teams]].
====Defense agencies====
{{see also|Combat support agency}}OSD is a parent agency of the following defense agencies:{{Columns-list|
*[[Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute]] (AFRRI)
*[[Department of Defense Education Activity]] (DoDEA)
*[[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (DARPA)
*[[Defense Commissary Agency]] (DeCA)
*[[Defense Contract Audit Agency]] (DCAA)
*[[Defense Contract Management Agency]] (DCMA)
*[[Defense Finance and Accounting Service]] (DFAS)
*[[Defense Health Agency]] (DHA)
*[[Defense Information Systems Agency]] (DISA)
*[[Defense Legal Services Agency]]
*[[Defense Logistics Agency]] (DLA)
*[[Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency]] (DPAA)
*[[Defense Security Cooperation Agency]] (DSCA)
*[[Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency]] (DCSA)
*[[Defense Technical Information Center]] (DTIC)
*[[Defense Threat Reduction Agency]] (DTRA)
*[[Space Development Agency]] (SDA)
}}
====National intelligence agencies====
Several defense agencies are members of the [[United States Intelligence Community]]. These are national-level intelligence services that operate under the Department of Defense jurisdiction but simultaneously fall under the authorities of the [[Director of National Intelligence|Office of the Director of National Intelligence]]. They fulfill the requirements of national policymakers and war planners, serve as [[Combat support agency|Combat Support Agencies]], and also assist and deploy alongside non-Department of Defense intelligence or law enforcement services such as the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] and the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]. The military services each have their intelligence elements that are distinct from but subject to coordination by national intelligence agencies under the Department of Defense. Department of Defense manages the nation's coordinating authorities and assets in disciplines of [[signals intelligence]], [[geospatial intelligence]], and [[measurement and signature intelligence]], and also builds, launches, and operates the Intelligence Community's satellite assets. Department of Defense also has its own [[Human intelligence (intelligence collection)|human intelligence]] [[Defense Clandestine Service|service]], which contributes to the CIA's human intelligence efforts while also focusing on military human intelligence priorities. These agencies are directly overseen by the [[Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security]].<gallery class="center" caption="National Intelligence Agencies under the Department of Defense">
File:US Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) seal (vector).svg|[[Defense Intelligence Agency]]
File:US-NationalGeospatialIntelligenceAgency-2008Seal.svg|[[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]
File:US-NationalReconnaissanceOffice-Seal.svg|[[National Reconnaissance Office]]
File:National Security Agency.svg|[[National Security Agency]]
</gallery>
===Joint Chiefs of Staff===
{{Main|Joint Chiefs of Staff}}[[File:The Joint Staff Org Chart.jpg|thumb|[[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] and Joint Staff organizational chart]]The [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] (JCS) is a body of senior uniformed leaders in the Department of Defense who advise the secretary of defense, the [[United States Homeland Security Council|Homeland Security Council]], the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]] and the president on military matters. The composition of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is defined by statute and consists of the [[chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]] (CJCS), [[Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff|vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]] (VCJCS), senior enlisted advisor to the chairman (SEAC), the Military Service chiefs from the [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Army]], [[Commandant of the United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], [[Chief of Naval Operations|Navy]], [[Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force|Air Force]], and [[United States Space Force|Space Force]], in addition to the chief of [[National Guard Bureau]], all appointed by the president following [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] confirmation.<ref>[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/151-] 10 USC 151. Joint Chiefs of Staff: composition; functions</ref> Each of the individual Military Service Chiefs, outside their Joint Chiefs of Staff obligations, works directly for the secretary of the military department concerned: the [[Secretary of the Army]], [[Secretary of the Navy]], and [[Secretary of the Air Force]].<ref>[[Title 10 of the United States Code|10 U.S.C.]] [http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C305.txt §&nbsp;3033] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312222246/http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C305.txt |date=March 12, 2013 }}</ref><ref>[[Title 10 of the United States Code|10 U.S.C.]] [http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C505.txt §&nbsp;5033] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312222228/http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C505.txt |date=March 12, 2013 }}</ref><ref>[[Title 10 of the United States Code|10 U.S.C.]] [http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C506.txt §&nbsp;5043] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312221844/http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C506.txt |date=March 12, 2013 }}</ref><ref>[[Title 10 of the United States Code|10 U.S.C.]] [http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C805.txt §&nbsp;8033] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312222221/http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C805.txt |date=March 12, 2013 }}</ref>

Following the [[Goldwater–Nichols Act]] in 1986, the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] no longer maintained operational command authority individually or collectively. The act designated the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) as the "principal military adviser to the President, the National Security Council, the Homeland Security Council, and the Secretary of Defense".<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 U.S. Code § 151(b)(1) – Joint Chiefs of Staff: composition; functions|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/151 |access-date=July 20, 2023 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute |language=en}}</ref> The remaining Joint Chiefs of Staff may only have their advice relayed to the President, National Security Council, the [[United States Homeland Security Council|Homeland Security Council]], or the Secretary of Defense after submitting it to the CJCS. By law, the chairman has to present that advice whenever he is presenting his own.<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 U.S. Code § 151 – Joint Chiefs of Staff: composition; functions|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/151 |access-date=July 20, 2023 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute |language=en}}</ref>   The chain of command goes from the [[President of the United States|president]] to the [[United States Secretary of Defense|secretary of defense]] to the [[Unified Combatant Command|commanders of the Combatant Commands]].<ref>[[Title 10 of the United States Code|10 U.S.C.]] [http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C6.txt §&nbsp;162(b)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529014041/http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C6.txt |date=May 29, 2013}}</ref> Goldwater–Nichols also created the office of vice-chairman, and the chairman is now designated as the ''principal military adviser'' to the secretary of defense, the Homeland Security Council, the National Security Council and to the president.<ref>[[Title 10 of the United States Code|10 U.S.C]] [http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C5.txt §&nbsp;151(b)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312222255/http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C5.txt|date=March 12, 2013}}</ref>

The Joint Staff (JS) is a headquarters staff at the [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] made up of personnel from all five services that assist the chairman and vice chairman in discharging their duties. It is managed by the [[Director of the Joint Staff]] (DJS) who is a [[Lieutenant General (United States)|lieutenant general]] or [[Vice Admiral (United States)|vice admiral]].<ref>[[Title 10 of the United States Code|10 U.S.C]] [http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C5.txt §&nbsp;155] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312222255/http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C5.txt|date=March 12, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Polmar, Norman |chapter=Defense organization |title=The Naval Institute guide to the ships and aircraft of the U.S. fleet|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=2005|isbn=978-1-59114-685-8|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MwyTX-iA2wC&pg=PA19 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/navalinstitutegu0018polm}}</ref>
===Military departments and services===
There are three military departments within the Department of Defense:
#the [[United States Department of the Army|Department of the Army]], within which the [[United States Army]] is organized.
#the [[United States Department of the Navy|Department of the Navy]], within which the [[United States Navy]] and the [[United States Marine Corps]] are organized.
#the [[United States Department of the Air Force|Department of the Air Force]], within which the [[United States Air Force]] and [[United States Space Force]] are organized.
The Military Departments are each headed by their secretary (i.e., [[United States Secretary of the Army|Secretary of the Army]], [[United States Secretary of the Navy|Secretary of the Navy]] and [[United States Secretary of the Air Force|Secretary of the Air Force]]), appointed by the president, with the advice and consent of the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. They have the legal authority under [[Title 10 of the United States Code]] to conduct all the affairs of their respective departments within which the military services are organized.<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|10|3013}}, {{UnitedStatesCode|10|5013}} and {{UnitedStatesCode|10|8013}}</ref> The secretaries of the Military Departments are (by law) subordinate to the [[United States Secretary of Defense|secretary of defense]] and (by SecDef delegation) to the [[United States Deputy Secretary of Defense|deputy secretary of defense]].

Secretaries of military departments, in turn, normally exercise authority over their forces by delegation through their respective service chiefs (i.e., [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Chief of Staff of the Army]], [[Commandant of the United States Marine Corps|Commandant of the Marine Corps]], [[Chief of Naval Operations]],  [[Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force|Chief of Staff of the Air Force]], and [[Chief of Space Operations]]) over forces not assigned to a [[Unified Combatant Command|Combatant Command]].<ref name="Polmar, Norman 2005 20">{{cite book |author=Polmar, Norman |chapter=Defense Organization |title=The Naval Institute guide to the ships and aircraft of the U.S. fleet|publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-59114-685-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/navalinstitutegu0018polm/page/20 20]|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MwyTX-iA2wC&pg=PA20|url=https://archive.org/details/navalinstitutegu0018polm/page/20}}</ref>

Secretaries of Military Departments and service chiefs do not possess operational command authority over U.S. troops (this power was stripped from them in the [[Defense Reorganization Act of 1958]]), and instead, Military Departments are tasked solely with "the training, provision of equipment, and administration of troops."<ref name="Polmar, Norman 2005 20" /><gallery class="center" caption="Military Departments of the Department of Defense">
File:United States Department of the Army Seal.svg|[[United States Department of the Army|Department of the Army]]
File:United States Department of the Navy Seal.svg|[[United States Department of the Navy|Department of the Navy]]
File:Seal of the US Air Force.svg|[[United States Department of the Air Force|Department of the Air Force]]
</gallery><gallery class="center" caption="Military Services of the Department of Defense">
File:Mark of the United States Army.svg|[[United States Army|U.S. Army]]
File:Emblem of the United States Marine Corps.svg|[[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine Corps]]
File:Emblem of the United States Navy.svg|[[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]]
File:Mark of the United States Air Force.svg|[[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]]
File:United States Space Force emblem.png|[[United States Space Force|U.S. Space Force]]
</gallery>
===Unified Combatant Commands===
{{main|Unified combatant command}}[[File:GCCMAP 2019.png|thumb|U.S. Department of Defense combatant command areas of responsibility]]A [[unified combatant command]] is a military command composed of personnel/equipment from at least two Military Departments, which has a broad/continuing mission.<ref>{{cite book |author=Watson, Cynthia A. |title=Combatant Commands: Origins, Structure, and Engagements |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2010|isbn=978-0-313-35432-8|page=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v183dxvXOa0C&pg=PA3}}</ref><ref name="ABA-p44">{{cite book |editor=Whitley, Joe D. |title=Homeland security: legal and policy issues |chapter=Unified Combatant Commands and USNORTHCOM |publisher=American Bar Association |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60442-462-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJI54yr1ymQC&pg=PA44|display-editors=etal}}</ref>

These military departments are responsible for equipping and training troops to fight, while the Unified Combatant Commands are responsible for military forces' actual operational command.<ref name="ABA-p44" /> Almost all operational U.S. forces are under the authority of a Unified Command.<ref name="Polmar, Norman 2005 20" /> The Unified Commands are governed by a [[Unified Command Plan]]—a frequently updated document (produced by the DoD), which lays out the Command's mission, geographical/functional responsibilities, and force structure.<ref name="ABA-p44" />

During military operations, the chain of command runs from the president to the [[United States Secretary of Defense|secretary of defense]] to the [[combatant commander]]s of the Combatant Commands.<ref name="Polmar, Norman 2005 20" />

{{As of|2019}}, the United States has eleven Combatant Commands, organized either on a geographical basis (known as "[[area of responsibility]]", AOR) or on a global, functional basis:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defense.gov/Our-Story/Combatant-Commands/ |title=Combat Commands |website=US Department of Defense |access-date=January 14, 2020 |archive-date=January 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117001237/https://www.defense.gov/Our-Story/Combatant-Commands/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[U.S. Northern Command]] (USNORTHCOM)
*[[U.S. Southern Command]] (USSOUTHCOM)
*[[U.S. Central Command]] (USCENTCOM)
*[[U.S. European Command]] (USEUCOM)
*[[U.S. Indo-Pacific Command]] (USINDOPACOM)
*[[U.S. Africa Command]] (USAFRICOM)
*[[U.S. Strategic Command]] (USSTRATCOM)
*[[U.S. Special Operations Command]] (USSOCOM)
*[[U.S. Transportation Command]] (USTRANSCOM)
*[[U.S. Cyber Command]] (USCYBERCOM)
*[[U.S. Space Command]] (USSPACECOM)